Ductile hao: ka waiwai, kaʻaʻai kahakai a me ka laulā

Hao - paakiki, ka popopo-hoʻopale, akā, fragile hao-kalapona oka a me ka kalapona maʻiʻo o C ma ka laulā, mai 2,14 a 6,67%. I loko nō o ka ola ana o kekahi mau 'pilikia, ka mea, i keʻano o ke ano, ka waiwai, noi. Hoʻomano hoʻohana 'ia ka ductile hoolei hao.

moʻolelo

Kēia mea iʻikeʻia, mai ka IV kenekulia BC. e ka. Kona Pākē aʻa i loko o ka VI. BC. e ka. Ma Europa, i ka mua olelo ai o Iosepa i ka hanalima? Iecaianoaaiiuo o ka oka a pau i hana ia XIV, a ma Rusia - XVI kenekulia. Akā, ductile hao? Iecaianoaaiiuo enehana ua Palapala Sila Nui i loko o Rusia ma ka XIX kenekulia. Ma hope iho o ka hooulu ana o ka MH Annosovym.

Mai ka oho ka hao i kaupalena ma ka hoʻohana 'ana i ka haʻahaʻa ma paʻi waiwai, a me ka kila - e pipiʻi, a i ka haahaa paakiki a me ka mea paʻa, ala ae la ka ninau o ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia e pili ana i ka ikaika ike loea, mau nō, paa, oiai ua mahuahua, a me ka kekahi kohoʻia.

Kuʻi hao i ole, nae, ma muli o ke ea ano, ka mea lends ia i kekahi mauʻano o ea hana (e laʻa me, forging).

? iecaianoaaiiuo

Na ka papa kuhikuhiE ala - smelting ma ka hoʻohanuʻana umu.

Ka hoʻomaka mea no ka hoʻohanuʻana aaioee:

• Kauoha - hao e hoohehee ai i loaʻa ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia'okesaside i loko o ka palapala Ferum.
• Wahie - Coke, a kūlohelohe kinoea.
• Oxygen ma - Ua injected ma kūikawā ihe.
• Fluxes - Nine Inch ho okumu ma luna o ke kumu o ka manganese, a (ole) silikone.

Kahua o ka hoʻonaʻauao o ka hoʻohanuʻana umu hao lā:

1. Loaa o ka maemae hao ma Nine Inch naoh o ka hao ka mea e hoohehee me ka o oxygen lako ma tuyeres.
2. 'ā o Coke ho okumu a me ka kalapona oxides.
3. Carburizing i loko o ke gula hao reactions me CO a me CO _2.
4. Saturation o Fe ₃ C me manganese a me ka silikone ke kaumaha ma muli o ka makemake waiwai o ka auoiaea.
5. Ninini i ka pau metala i loko o ka hopena he ma o ka taphole; ninini slag ma ka slag piula wai puka.

Ma ka pau 'ana o ka hoʻohanuʻana kapuahi pae'ōnaehana kalapona loaa hao, slag a me flue kinoea.

Metal huahana manufacturing kikowaena

Ke kaumaha ma muli o ka anuanu ana, i ka microstructure o ke kalapona saturation a me ka mea hoʻonui i loaa kekahi mau ano o ka hao:

1. Puaa (keʻokeʻo) kalapona i loko o ka ua nakiiia ma na palapala, i ka iniiaiie lepo pipili no hoi. Hoʻohana 'ia e like me ka maka mea no ka smelting o nā hao-kalapona oka a aaioee. Up i ka 80% o ka hua oka a kikowaena.
2. Foundry (oho) kalapona ma o ka palapala o ka loa a he noa graphite, o kona papa. Malootvetstvennyh hoʻohana no ka? Iecaianoaaiiie o ke kino wahi. Up i 19% hua mai la ia e ka hoʻohanuʻana kapuahi ninini.
3. Special: waiwai ferroalloys. 1-2%ʻano noʻonoʻo? Iecaianoaaiiuo.

Ductile hao i hoomakaukauia ma ka wela kanaka o ka puaʻa.

I ka kumumanaʻo o ka hao-hale

Kalapona me Ferum ke hana kekahi mauʻano o ka oka a no ke aniani puka olu oia i 'ano like ka hoike ana ma keʻano o ka microstructure.

1. Anal i paa pāʻoihana α-hao - ferrite.
2. Anal i paa pāʻoihana γ-hao - austenite.
3. Ke Nine Inch ho okumu o Fe ₃ C (e paa ana moku'āina) - cementite. Ke iniiaiie ua hanaʻia e kokololio ka huʻihuʻiʻana o ka wai i hoʻoheheʻeʻia. Secondary - he kali hoʻi koʻu wela emi mai austenite. Tertiary - o ka holo anuanu maila 'o ka ferrite.
4. Mechanical läÿau, he ferrite a me ka cementite mānoanoa ko - perlite.
5. Mechanical hui o austenite mānoanoa ko a me pearlite a cementite - Ledebur.

No ka mea e hoolei aku i hao ua wehewehe aku ma kekahi kuikawa microstructure. Ke graphite hiki ia i loko o ka palapala, a ua nakiiia ma na ano o ka luna 'ole, a e ia i loko o ka noa moku'āina i loko o ka palapala o nā impurities. Ma ka waiwai loli kumu o mānoanoa ko elua, a me kēia mau me ka ho okumu. Graphite hapa nō ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia papa, flakes paha spheres.

Ka lau shape mea typical no poʻo hao-kalapona oka a pau. Ua ke kumu no kā lākou fragility a me ka unreliability.

Inclusions i fluffy ductile hao ma mua o ka maikaʻi ia ma luna o lākou me mechanical hana.

Ke spherical graphite 'ole no hoi hoonui ae i na mea e like ai o ka metala, me ka hoohuoi ana i ka mahuahua ma ka paakiki, mea paʻa, ke ahonui nui wahie. Ia ano, ua kiʻekiʻe ikaika hoolei hao. Ductile hao waiwai kona, lalau mai ferrite a me pearlite hoʻokumu paʻaʻana o ke alo o ke flake graphite inclusions.

Makaukau o ferritic ductile hao

Ua ua hua mai la ia mai ka keʻokeʻo puaʻa proeutectoid haʻahaʻa-kalapona oka a ingots ma annealing me ka kalapona maʻiʻo 2.4-2.8% a me ka AYEIE alo o ka mea hoʻonui (HI, Si, S, P). Ka pa mānoanoa annealed wahi pono e ole oi mamua o 5 knm. Ka hoike ana nui mānoanoa graphite mea i loko o ka palapala o ka papa, a ua i loaʻa ka mea i makemake waiwai.

E loaa nou ana la o ka hao, me ka ferritic kumu metala ua kau ma kūikawā pahu, a ninini one. Paa i Ua hoonoho hoailonaia he ipu i loko o ka hahana maoli nō kēia e'a'ā ana. E lawe mai i ka kēia mau kapuai i annealing:

1. No? Ieoaeunoai e enaena i ka umu i ka mahana o ka 1000? C, a ae e ku ma ka ikaika wela no ka 10 i ka 24 hola. E like me ka hopena o kēia mahaeʻana, a iniiaiie cementite Ledebur.
2. Ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia ua ho'ēmi i ka 720? C i loko o ka umu ahi.
3. I ka wela o ka 720? C hoole aku hooloihiia mai ka 15 a hiki i 30 hola. Kēia wela e hōʻoiaʻiʻo ka disintegration o ka haumāna cementite.
4. Ma kaʻanuʻu hope i ho'ēmi hou me ka hana umu a hiki i 500? C, a laila, e hooki i ka lewa.

Kēia annealing kaʻina ua kapaia graphitizing.

Ma hope o ka hana microstructure mea ferrite me ka mānoanoa o ka graphite flake. Kēiaʻano ua kapaia "chernoserdechnym" mai ka mokuāhana ma kaʻeleʻele.

Makaukau o pearlitic malleable hoolei hao

ia mea ua hoomahuahua ia keia ano o ka hao-kalapona oka a pau, i kekahi originates mai proeutectoid keʻokeʻo, akā, i ka kalapona maʻiʻo. 3-3.6%. No ka hoike ana a me pearlitic kumu, ka mea, e waiho ma ka pahu, a ninini i ka pepe iho la ka lepo hao i eliia, a me ka unahiʻole, wili. Annealing ke kaʻina hana no ia mea Nohie.

1. Metal mahana i hoala mai ai i ka 1000? C, mālama 60-100 hola.
2. Mea i manao ai me ia me ka mea e'a'ā ana.

No ka mea, yellowing ma lalo o ka hana o ka wela i loko o ka mea hao 'ia eiei?: Releasable i loko o ka cementite decomposition graphite lau lā'ī, hapa' ia 'annealedʻilikai wahi, maluhia iho la ma na mea i eliia a slag ili honua. Hoomakaukauia softer, uaua a me ka ductile topsheet "beloserdechnogo" ductile hao me ka paa waena.

Kēia annealing ua kapaia kāpili. Ua hoʻolako ka disintegration o cementite a me ka pearlite ledeburite ma luna o ka una honua a me ka graphite kūpono. Inā pono granular pearlitic ductile hoolei hao me kiekie ae toughness a me ka plasticity, hoʻohana hou nā enaena i ka 720? C. Pela i hana mānoanoa o ka perlite me ka flake graphite inclusions.

Ka waiwai, ka lepili a me ka noi o ferritic ductile hao

Lōʻihiʻia "ka luhi hewa" metala i loko o ka umu ahi i nā hualoaʻa ma ka piha disintegration o ledeburite a me ka cementite ma ferrite. Ma muli o keʻanoʻenehana intricacies, o ka oka a me ke kiʻekiʻe kalapona maʻiʻo - ferritic 'ole ano o ka haʻahaʻa-kalapona kila. Akā, kalapona ma iho ua e hele aku - ka mea hele aku, mai o ka pili i moku'āina o ka hao i loko o noa. Ana wela ai EUIAaIN ke kinona o ka graphite inclusions e flake.

Ferrite 'ole ke kumu o ka emi ana ma ka paakiki, mahuahua ikaika waiwai, i ke alo o na ano like toughness a me ka ductility.

Peni i hanaʻia e ka hao ferrite papa: KCH30-6, KCH33-8, KCH35-10, KCH37-12 kahi:

CN -? Ueo 'ike - malleable;

30, 33, 35, 37: σ _he, 300, 330, 350, 370 N / mm o ² - i kā mākou e haawe i ka mea hiki ke ku imua me ka uhai ana;

6, 8, 10, 12 - elongation, δ,% - plasticity inideka (ka mea kiekie oia ka mea nui, o ka oi susceptible ka metala puʻe lapaau).

Paakiki - kahi o 100-160 HB.

Keia mea nona ka hana i waena ma waena o ka mea me he kila a me ka hao-kalapona oka mea poʻo. Ductile hao me ka ferritic pearlitic kumu emi ma ka hua'ōlelo o ka Wear ia'ku, ka popopo ia'ku a me ka luhi ikaika, akā, kiekie ae ma paʻi hoomanawanui, ductility, hoolei iho la ano. A me kona haahaa ke kumukuai o ua hoʻomano ia i hana no ka hana o nā māhele ke hoʻohana i haʻahaʻa a me ka meakino wahie,: kona kapa, neo? Aaiiai?, E kūkulu axles, palama.

Ka waiwai, ka lepili a me ka noi o pearlitic malleable hoolei hao

Ma muli o ke kāpili annealing iniiaiie, kiʻekiʻe a me ka cementite Ledebur manawa e piha hoike mai ma ka austenite, a ma ka wela o ka 720? C ia iho i loko o perlite. I ka hope o ka me mechanical läÿau, o ferrite a me ka cementite mānoanoa ko tertiary. Maoli, hapa o ke kalapona i koe i loko o ua nakiiia ma na palapala, e hookomo ana i ka 'ole, he hapa - "kuu" i loko o ka flake graphite. A pau keia perlite hiki ia i ka pā a grainy. Pela i hana pearlitic malleable hoolei hao. Kona waiwai i ka paʻa kūhohonu loa ka paʻakikī a me ka emi pliable 'ole.

O, ka wā like me ka ferritic i oi aku ka popopo, e mae-hoʻopale waiwai, kā lākou mau mea paʻa mea nunui kiekie, akā, ma lalo ductility a me ka castability ano. Susceptibility i mechanical e stress māhuahua ili ana hoʻokoe iho i ka paakiki a me ka toughness o ka Kora naʻEsau huahana.

Peni i hana hao pearlitic: KCH45-7, KCH50-5, KCH56-4, KCH60-3, KCH65-3, KCH70-2, KCH80-1,5.

First huahelu - inoa ikaika: 450, 500, 560, 600, 650, 700 a me 800 N / mm o ^2, niioaaonoaaiii.

Lua - ductility notation elongation δ,% - 7, 5, 4, 3, 3, 2 a me ka 1.5.

Pearlite ductile hao palapala noi i loaʻa i loko o ÿole mechanical 'enekinia, a me ka mea hana i manao e hana ma kiʻekiʻe wahie, - nā kūpaʻa a me ka hōʻeuʻeu: camshafts, crankshafts, lālau māhele, Pistons, ai pili aku mau laau la.

wela lapaʻau

Ka mea i loaa mai ma muli o i ka wela lapaʻau,ʻo ia, i ka annealing i ke koiia mai e hai ana wela ololi ki ina hana like. Lākou ka papa kuhikuhiE manao - e oi aku ka ikaika, mea paʻa, ia'ku i ka popopo, a no ka poe oo hoi.

1. Hui ua hoʻohana 'ia no ka hale e noi ana kiʻekiʻe paakiki a me ka toughness; hua mai la ma ka hahana maoli nō kēia i ka 900? C, e ho'ēmi māhele i ka mńmń holo 'awelika o ma kahi o 100? C / kek. ka hoʻohana' ana i ka engine aila. Ma hope o ka mea, e ia he kiʻekiʻe hoomaha me ka hahana maoli nō kēia, e 650˚S a me ka ea anuanu maila '.
2. Normalization ua hoʻohana 'ia no ka meakino-pepa paia na mea māhele i loko o ka umu ahi e hahana maoli nō kēia i ka 900? C, haʻalele e ku ana ma keia wela no ka manawa o ka 1 a hiki i 1.5 hola, a mahope ka huʻihuʻiʻana ma ka lewa. Troostite i nā granular perlite, kona naueue ole a me ka pono o ke kū'ē, a komo. Ua Ua hoʻohana 'ia no ka Anati-kū'ē malleable hoolei hao me ka pearlitic manawa.
3. Annealing ua hana pinepine i loko o ka hana o ka antifriction: paio hahana maoli nō - i 900 C, paa i keia lōʻihi kau wela, anuanu me ka umu ahi?. Eia nae, ferritic a ferritic-pearlitic 'ole antifriction ductile hao.

Hahana maoli nō kēia i nā huahana hoolei hao hiki ke lawe mai nā Tuamotu paha eiiieaena. No ka topical pili kiʻekiʻe-alapine (frequency) paialewa ole acetylene lapalapa (paʻa ana i hoopio ai hoi i). No ka eiiieaena - paio hahana maoli nō e'a'ā ana. I ka wā o nā hualoaʻa paio hahana maoli nō o wale ka luna, ahu iho ua hoopaakikiia ko, ka mea maoli kona paakiki a me ka ikaika, akā, hoopaa iho la o ductility a me (viscosity) indices o ka Kora naʻEsau.

He nui ke kuhikuhi mai i ka hao forging hiki ole,ʻaʻole wale no ka lawa ma paʻi 'ano, akā, no hoi no ka mea, o kona kiʻekiʻe pā lonoaʻili i ka manawa e wela loli, i mea inevitable I hoopio ai hoi i ka wai anuanu maila' ia.

Anati-kū'ē malleable hoolei hao

Ua pili kēia likeʻole ma kekahi i malleable, a doped, ka mea, e oho (ASF), forging (APC) a me ka kiʻekiʻe ikaika (ACHV). APC ua hoʻohana 'ia no ka? Iecaianoaaiiie ductile hoolei aku i ka hao, a ua hoolilo i ka annealing paha normalization. ʻO keʻano o ka hanaʻana i lawe mai i ka mea e hoʻoikaika 'kona ÿano waiwai a me ke kahua o ka hou ano - lei ia'ku ma ke kū'ē i nā wahi.

'Ae' ia: 1-APC, APC-2. Hoʻohana 'ia no ka? Iecaianoaaiiie o crankshafts, kona kapa, nā mea pilihao.

Hopena o ka mea hoʻonui ma luna o ka waiwai

Kaawale mai o ka hao-graphite waihona ipu a me ka mea, i loko o ko lākou haku mele 'ana, a me nā eiiiiiaiou, a hoi i ka waiwai o ka nou ana la o ka hao: manganese, silikone, phosphorus, luaipele, kekahi alloying hehee wale.

Mangan iaono? Ienoai flowability o hoʻoheheʻeʻia metala, ka popopo ia'ku, a komo e kū'ē'ē mai. Ua ka poʻea pau i ka paakiki a me ka ikaika o ka paa ana o kalapona me ka hao i loko o ka Nine Inch haʻilula Fe ₃ C, ke kahua o granular perlite.

Silikone no hoi i ka maikaʻi ia ma luna o ka fluidity o ka oka a hoʻoheheʻeʻia, e ka poʻea pau i ka disintegration o cementite a me ka graphite inclusions e auaaeaiea.

Luaipele - io, akā, he inevitable ke keʻena. Ua ho'ēmi i kā ka mea me mechanical, a Nine Inch ka waiwai, stimulates ke kahua o ka mawae. Eia naʻe,ʻo ka naauao pilina me kona maʻiʻo o nā kumu mua (e laʻa me, manganese) pololeiʻiʻo nō ia microstructural keʻano o ka hanaʻana. Ke'ī mai, i ka wa a ka lākiō HI-S 0,8-1,2 perlite ua waiho waho ma kekahi ana wela ololi helu '. Ma ka hoʻoulu i ka lākiō i 3 ia mea hiki ke loaa i kekahi makemake 'ole ke kaumaha ma muli paʻa mua kiko'î.

Phosphorus ua hoʻololi no ka maikaʻi fluidity e loli ai i ka ikaika, emi ka toughness a me ka ductility, hopena ma luna o ka lōʻihi like 'ole o ka graphitization.

Chromium a me ka molybdenum alalai ho okumu o graphite flakes, ma kekahi mau Contents ka paipai i ke kahua o granular perlite.

Tungsten maoli ka ia'ku ka wā ke hoʻohana i ka mau o ka kiʻekiʻe mahana, e komo.

Aluminum, nikala a me ke keleawe he hoʻonui i ka graphitization.

Ma ka hōʻoiaʻana i ka nui o ka Nine Inch hehee wale i e i ka hao-kalapona oka a pau, e like me kā lākou mau hiʻohiʻona, ka mea hiki ke loli i nā waiwai hope loa o ka nou ana la o hao.

Pono a me ka keakea

Ductile chugun- mea me he ākea hana i loko o ke akamai. Kona papa kuhikuhi pono i:

• kiʻekiʻe pae o ka paakiki, e mae wale ia'ku, ikaika, a me ka fluidity;
• maʻamau ano o ka toughness a me ka ductility;
• processability ma ka puʻe lapaʻau, i Akä naÿe i ke oho hoolei hao;
• waiwai o nā nā kinolau? iaea'ikamu ma lalo o kekahi ano o ka thermal a me ka Nine Inch-thermal lapaʻau;
• haahaa kāki.

Ke keakea i ke kanaka 'ano:

• fragility;
• i ke alo o nā inclusions o graphite;
• ilihune hana i loko o ke okioki;
• nui ke kaumaha o ka hoike ana.

Ma nā'ano hemahema e pili ana i kēia manawa, kahi kino nui ka hao hao ma ka hana'onihana a me ka hana'ana i ka mīkini. Hō'ike'ia ia mau mea ko'iko'i nui e like me ke kiliwai, nā wahi wili'āpana, nā pulupulu, nā piston, nā ko'oko'o hui. Ke loa'a nā'ano'āpana'ano li'ili'i, he mea nui ka mea hao ma ka'oihana. He mea ma'amau ka palapala noi no kēlā mau ukana i hiki'ole ke ho'ohana i kekahi mau mea'ē a'e.