Pehea e kiʻi mai kekahi alkane alkane? He aha hou aku hiki ke loaa mai i ke alkane?

Study o ka 'ole o ke aloha i huiʻia, ka Nine Inch waiwai hōʻikeʻia e lākou mau reactions, ae e pakaʻano o nā huahana a me ka waiwai o ka ia maka pono hana. Aaioee o hydrocarbons he Wehewehe i nā hāʻina i na pilikia. I ka ninau: "Pehea e kiʻi mai kekahi alkane alkane" Nine Inch 'epekema a me ka hana pono o kaʻaila ńlua haawi kupono pane. E i ka pilikia o ka pilina o kekahi papa o ka hydrocarbons like hoʻi me kā lākou nā mea loaʻa iā mākou hoʻokolokolo ai. E kālele ana ma luna o hanalima ano o aaioee carbonaceous mea.

Aaiaoe relatedness ke aloha waiwai

I ka kuʻina kakahiaka nui o ka ao a me ka? Iecaianoaaiiie o hydrocarbons a me nā mea loaʻa chemists manaʻo ia e noho kaʻawale i kēia mau pūʻulu mai kekahi i kekahi. Ua hoʻonui 'ike i hoʻokahe i ke kukui ma luna o ka aaiaoe pilina o ka papa kuhikuhiE papa o ka waiwai. I ka papa kuhikuhiE ana i hoʻomōhala i loaa ia aoao e hoʻololi i ka 'ole, hoʻomāhuahua i ka mea paʻa kauoha. Ka loa nui pilikia o kaʻimi naʻauao noiʻi a me ka experimentation:

• pehea e kiʻi mai kekahi alkane alkane;
• pehea e kō lanahu, maka ka aila a me ka maoli kinoea;
• pehea e hoʻomaka i ka dehydrogenation o paʻa kūhohonu loa hydrocarbons;
• nā mai o ka alkane e loaa alkyne (acetylene).

Ua ike noiʻi a me nā loea i loaʻa nō kekahi ou wahi lihi iki o ka manao lokahi nā mahele mai kekahi i ka mea'ē aʻe hydrocarbons.

Ka mea hiki manaʻo nui o aaiaoe kona piko a walaʻauʻanaʻano o ka hui

Ka hoʻohui o ka hydrocarbon i huiʻia, ua maopopo ma ka hana o ke aloha kemika like me ka 'epekema a me ka? Iecaianoaaiiie oihana puolo. Ma ka hooulu ana o keia pilikia - pehea e kiʻi mai kekahi alkane alkane - nui na makana i ka Lūkini, a Soviet ke aloha chemists. He nui nā mea hoʻohana i kēia mau hana, i ka naoh-loli i catalytic keʻano o ka hanaʻana i lawe mai ma luna 'ike loea. Close ano laulea a me ka ae loli 'o ke aloha i huiʻia i hoʻohana e hoʻoponopono i keʻano o ka mea hiki hana me:

• loaa ana mai i kekahi ano o ka maka mea o keʻano o nā mea;
• ka? iecaianoaaiiie o ka luna 'huahana ma ka haku mele' ana mai simpler i huiʻia, a me ka hope versa;
• hookuu ana o keʻano o ka waiwai, a i ke kiʻekiʻe koi;
• ke ole ia he nui ka depletion o maoli hydrocarbon waiwai;
• ka naauao ana o ka aila-lanahu hohono, aila shale, peat.

Haku mele 'ana o maoli kalapona kumu

A pau 'ano o nā hydrocarbons loaʻa maoli ai i kaʻiʻo mea. Ka mea, e malama aku i hoʻomaka mea no ka aaioee a me ka makaukau o ke aloha i huiʻia o kekahi mele. Ka loa nui kumu o alkanes a me alkenes:

1. Natural kinoea. Ka maʻiʻo o ke kali methane hydrocarbon i loko o nā kula ihoiho 80-98%. Ka i koe, i huiʻia o ka naikokene, carbon dioxide, ethane, propane, butane.
2. Oil. Ka maoli hui o isomeric hydrocarbons mai okoa hoʻokomo kālā oko ma ka haku mele 'ana. Ma kekahi 'ano o ka "ʻeleʻele gula" Kīwala'ō alkanes, e haku' ē aʻe o ka cycloparaffins a me Arena. Domeʻaila hele kinoea i loaʻa paraffins.
3. Punk. ? Iecaianoaaiiuo o ka mea kupono lanahu no metallurgy pu haawi lanahu hohono i loaʻa ma luna o 400 eiiiiiaiou, i ka papa kuhikuhiE poe - i ka Arena.
4. Nō hoʻi a me ka ai maka oukou ia mea - he nui a me nā pae, i ka loaʻa o ka lāʻau, anoano a me nā hua o hanalima ulu, holoholona bipi kūpaluʻia.

Ke hiki nā mahele ma waena o ke aloha i huiʻia

E like me kekahi hapa o ka hoʻokomo kālā o "ʻeleʻele gula" i pinepine ike cycloalkanes paha naphthenes. Aaioee maka mea e hāʻawi mai ai marginal cyclic hydrocarbons me 5-7 C nā'ātoma i loko o ke apo no ka ihu, ka mea, i ka mea nui he mea hiki cia. Pehea e kiʻi mai kekahi alkane cycloalkane ina naphthenes me ke koe depleted? No ke kaupalenaʻana cyclic hydrocarbon i huiʻia mai paʻa kūhohonu loa acyclic dehydrocyclization iaoia ua hoʻohana 'ia. Lei o ka 4 a oi C nā'ātoma i hoopili, aia no he hale lio pōʻaiapuni. Other maikaʻi loa loli 'o ke aloha' ona hiki ke lewa i loko o alodio manaʻo:

• ʻaila kā hydrocarbons → → → alkane carboxylicʻakika.
• Natural kinoea paʻa kūhohonu loa hydrocarbons → → carboxylicʻakika.
• Lanahu hydrocarbons → → → alkanes → unsaturated hydrocarbon polymers.
• ʻaila kā hydrocarbons → → → Arena isopropyl-benzene → benzene → acetone, phenol.
• Natural kinoea → → ethanol unsaturated hydrocarbons.
• Lanahu → metanola.
• ʻaila kā hydrocarbons → → → alkenes butadiene a me ka isoprene.

E ka Nine Inch hui hiki ke loaa ma ka aaiaoe kinship ke aloha waiwai mākou noʻonoʻo.

Pehea e kiʻi mai kekahi alkane alkane

I hana Aneane pau ano o ka paʻa kūhohonu loa hydrocarbons loaa mai ka aila a me ka kinoea kumu waiwai. Hoohehee maemae au ia - he laekahi 'ano no ka loaa ana alkanes mai alkanes:

A) kinowai paraffin hydrocarbons haawi kauoha distillation o ka maka aila (haʻahaʻa hua o ka pale huahana).

B) Thermal a me catalyticʻuʻina o kaʻaila ua hoʻohana 'ia no ka hoʻoulu i ka pakeneka o ka malamalama welau, ka hoʻomaikaʻi i ka mea e like ai o ka hydrocarbons (kakolina, kerosene). Ka aila hapa Ua noho solyarovoe hexadecane, a haawi mai i ka palaho dodecane a me ka butylene. Dodecane ia i loko o ka kerosene hapa ua hoolilo i ka hoʻoholumua i disintegration, ka mea, ua loaa ia ia mai paʻa kūhohonu loa hydrocarbon nonane a me ka propene (alkene). Hoomau iho la lakouʻuʻina ke alakai i ke kahua o ka heptane a me ka'etolina.

Isomerization a alkylation

Catalytic isomerization o alkanes ae maʻamau 'ole ai manamana loaa: N3S- (CH2) 3 -CH 3 → Ch (CH3) 2-CH2-CH3. Ke huahana o kēia kaʻina - isopentane. Normal butane na i loko o nā kinoea ńlua hōʻeleu i loko o ka isomerization naoh ua hoohuliia i loko o isobutane. Ke kūpono huahana hiki e alkylated me isobutylene ma ke alo o ka hōʻeleu, a no ka loaa isooctane - kiʻekiʻe-kbps wahie. Inā mākou e lawe i ka alkylating konohiki, ka'etolina, ke naoh me ka isobutane loaa kemikala wahie neohexane.

Pehea e kiʻi mai kekahi alkane alkene a me alkadienes

I hana unsaturated acyclic hydrocarbons me kekahi papalua hoopaa i loaa mai ma kaʻaila kā ńlua. Ma kiʻekiʻe mahana, ka decomposition o alkanes (pyrolysis). Alkenes loaa hou mai o ka huina o ke kaumaha o ka waena a me ka hope naoh nā huahana. 'etolina loaa mai ma ka dehydrogenation o ethane ma luna o ka nikala hōʻeleu: C2H6 + C2H4 → h2 ↑. Butane ma lalo o like rula haawi 2-butene, ka poʻe i ke kahua o ka ethane a me ka'etolina. Dehydrogenation mau hiʻohiʻona nō mākou, e huli pāʻoihana a hiki i ka pilikia o ana i ka loaʻa mai o ka alkane alkadienes. Ka wā iiyoaiiay wehe 'ana o nā nā lātoma o ka hydrogen mai hydrocarbon, helu 4 kalapona nā'ātoma, i ka i kēia loli' ana: butane butene → → butadiene. Ka hope loa huahana mea nui no ka? Iecaianoaaiiie o kemikala laholio. Like me hoomakaukau butadiene kekahi pīlali i mimics ka maoli counterpart waiwai waiwai: isopentane → → isoprene isoprene laholio.

Like o ka alkane, e loaa acetylene

Hydrocarbon me kekahi Triple hoopaa - acetylene - mea nui loa i loko o ka hanalima kaiaulu, kūkuluʻia a me nā wahi o oicyenoaaiiie aayoaeuiinoe. Ke kahiko kaʻina hana no ka makaukau o ka simplest alkyne ua pili i ka hana o ka wai ma luna o paa na apana o ke kalipuna carbide. Ma wahi o keia iaoia hele mai i kaʻuʻina o maoli kinoea. Ano, i ka Nine Inch hana hana ike pehea e kiʻi mai kekahi alkane alkyne ma ka haahaa kāki. Ma kūikawāʻanoʻenehana manao maalea ma kiʻekiʻe ana wela paha ma lalo o ka aoao o ka uila hookuuia ia lŘlŘ dehydrogenation o methane - ka predominant waiwai o maoli kinoea: 2SN4 → HC≡CH + 3H2. Acetylene ua hoʻomano hoʻohana ', ka mea, ua hoomakaukauia mai acetaldehyde i ua hou ia i loko o ka? Iecaianoaaiiie o aceticʻakika, kemikala kēpau, Ka lula ea Ke, kemikala olona, rubbers a me rubbers.

Pehea e kiʻi i ka Arena o ka paʻa kūhohonu loa hydrocarbons

By paraffin lei reactions alakai i ka benzene a me kona nā mea loaʻa. flavoring kaʻina aʻo Lūkini, a Soviet chemists ma ka XX kenekulia. Ke ae pā o kā lākou hana i mālama 'ia ma "Pehea e kii mai ka alkane, benzene a me kona homologues" ho'ēmi i kā i ka dehydrocyclization hexane, heptane a me nā paʻa kūhohonu loa hydrocarbons: S6N14 → C6H6 + 4H2; S7N16 → C6H5-CH3 + 4H2. ala i kekahi mea no ka hoʻololi kemikala o acyclic hydrocarbons cycloparaffins ukali ma dehydration: hexane → → cyclohexane benzene.

Pehea e loaa'eto a me nā waiʻona mai ke kino mai alkanes

I ka wā kahiko, i ka nīnau: "Pehea e kiʻi mai o ka alkane ka waiʻona" ua i noʻonoʻo ana ia manawa, ko kākou mau kūpuna pono ke ala hoʻohana ke kanakaʻona mau fermentation o ke kō-na huahana ma lalo o ka hana o ka hū nā'ūhū. Kiʻekiʻe oaoieei-manaʻo nui o ka ethanol kūpono i loko o ka huli 'ana no ka hou' ano o ka 'ole-ai lako e paka ethanol. Ma ka hapa mua o ka hope kenekulia ka mea, ua lilo ka paʻa mau maka mea no ka? Iecaianoaaiiie o ka laholio Lebedev hana. Kekahi hana i ua wānana A. M. Butlerovym, ka poe moe i ka makepono aoao o ka hana'etolina ka hoʻomohala i ke ala "no ka loaa ka waiʻona." Nā kumu o ka unsaturated hydrocarbons i nā huahana o kaʻaila kāʻuʻina a me catalytic dehydrogenation o alkanes. Hoomakaukauia mai ethane,'etolina, i ua oxidized ma ke alo o sulfuricʻakika: C2H6 C2H4 → → C2H5OH. Hydration 'ē aʻe alkenes, i mea i loaa mai ma ka hoohehee maemae au i haawi mai homologs kemikala ethanol. Ke keakea hoʻohikiʻia i loko o ka lilo ana o ka wa e noho ana oʻakika, a hoomalu nae lakou i ka manao maalea, mai kona corrosive loa. Hana hoʻoneʻe i ke ano o ka pololei hydration o alkenes ma i paa catalysts i hoʻohana. Metanola hua mai la i ka'okesaside o methane. 'etolina a me kona homologs hookauwa like maka mea no ka? Iecaianoaaiiie o ka waiʻona mai ke kino.

Like mai alkanes loaa aldehydes a me carboxylic nāʻakika

Ma hope o manao paa i ka pilikia o nike maka mea no ka waiʻona hana chemists ike pehea e kiʻi mai kekahi alkane aldehyde ma ka haahaa kāki. Kekahi ala e loaa acetaldehyde - hydration o acetylene. Ka holoʻokoʻa kaʻina i wahi e like me ka noaia: maoli kinoea → CH4 → → C2H2 CH3-COH. Māhuahua 'ana o maoli hydrocarbons no ka? Iecaianoaaiiie o'eto ka waiʻona. I ka waiwai o ka maka mea no ka? Iecaianoaaiiie o carbonyl a me ka carboxyl i huiʻia. Acetaldehyde hiki ke loaa ma ka dehydrogenation o ethane me ka consequent kahua o ethanol i loko o ka naoh o'okesaside a dehydrogenation. Kekahi o na koho - ka'okesaside o'etolina: C2H6 → C2H4 → C2H4O. Pehea e kiʻi mai kekahi alkane carboxylicʻakika? I ka ninau i ua i ka manawa lōʻihi i loko o ka mahele o ka pilikia. Aceticʻakika ua hana i ka fermentation o ka ai maka mea, i ka wa o ka maloo distillation o ka laau. Me ka loaʻa alkane kumu e leie aku butane'okesaside, a loaa nike aceticʻakika. C4H10 2 + ½ O2 + H2O → 2SN3SOON. Hoonohonoho? Iecaianoaaiiuo o nā carboxylic nāʻakika, paʻa kūhohonu loa a me ka unsaturated hydrocarbons.

ʻO kēia ao hoʻokele waiwai mea hiki ole ke manao wale ole maoli kinoea, ka aila a me ka lanahu mea. O kēia mau maoli nā mea huihuina hoʻokuʻu akula likeʻole alkanes mea i hoʻohana no ka? Iecaianoaaiiie o ka helu nui o ke aloha hoʻololi kemikala.