Mea ulana pukapuka, a me ka 'ike loea i ulanaʻia. 'ike loea hou aʻeo ka hoʻolele'

I kēia lā, latike a me ka mea ulana pukapuka, loea e hoʻohui i kanaka a pau ma luna o ka honua, a hoomakaukau ia mau mea i komo i ka nui maʻamau i loko o ke ao nei - kanaka kamaʻilio. People 'ia eʻauʻau kai a me ka hula a me kou mau hoa a pau e noho ana ma na wahi e ae o ke ao nei.

i ike nā hanana a pau ma luna o ka honua i loko o kekona. Kekahi mea hiki ke hoʻohui i ka Internet a me kau i kona'āpana o ka 'ike.

enehana aʻeo ka hoʻolele 'ike: na aa o ko lākou me Kinohi

Ma ka lua o ka hapalua o ka hope kenekulia kanaka noho maikai ana ka mea i hanaʻia e nā o kona loa nuiʻepekema, aʻanoʻenehana na hana - kamepiula a me ka kelekaʻaʻike loea. About ka hapaha o ke kenekulia ua Hawaiʻi kū kaʻawale nā kēia mau hana, a me ka loko ia, pakahi, i ua hana kamepiula, a kele'ōlelo latike. Naʻe, i loko o ka hope hapaha o ka iwakalua kenekulia like me ka hopena o ka evolution a me ka interpenetration o kēia mau lālā o kanaka ike, a me ua mea mākou i kapa aku ai i ka manawa "aʻeo ka hoʻolele 'enehana" mea he subset o ka oi mau manaʻo o "' ike 'enehana".

E like me ka hopena o ko lākou mau helehelena, aia ua kekahi houʻanoʻenehana kipi i loko o ke ao nei. E like me he mau makahiki ma mua kona aina ili uhi ma ka mea ulana pukapuka, o ke alanui, i ka pau ana o ka hope ke kenekulia, a pau aina, nā kūlanakauhale a me nā kauhale, e hana a me nā papa hana e like me kanaka wahi i pili " 'ikepili superhighway." Naʻe, ka mea a pau lilo oihana mua o kekahi latike ʻikepili EYI ma waena o kamepiula 'ē aʻe, ma ka i ike EYI enehana kekahi i hoʻomaopopo.

Lātike Technology: manaʻo a me ka maʻiʻo

Aʻeo ka hoʻolele 'enehana Ua lawa no ka hana o ka ʻikepili-aaioee aʻeo ka hoʻolele' manaʻo aukahi i ka rula e hoohalike ai a me ka EYI o ka 'ike, hoʻokō like me ka ai-kapaia "hae Hola Pūnaewele", like hoʻi me lako e pono ai, a me ka mea ulana pukapuka adapters me Keaukaha, uwea a me ka puluniu optic,ʻokoʻa nā mea hoʻopili ( nā mea hoʻopili).

"Ka lawa kūpono" 'o ia hoʻi i ka luna' o kona minimization o, oiai e malama ana i ka manawa kūpono o ke kūkulu i ka workable i ulanaʻia. Ka mea, e ka Loaʻaʻia o ka hoʻomaikaʻi i, no ka laʻana, ma ka pili ana ia subnets, e noi ana i ka hoʻohana 'ana o Hola Pūnaewele ma ia wahi pae, like hoʻi me spetskommunikatorov, mau haawiia keia i like "routers". Me ka hou ana o ka mea ulana pukapuka, i wikiwiki a me ka oi ike loea, akā, ma ka lilo o ke kipa superstructures ma ka mea ulana pukapuka, nń ku enehana ke keʻena o kona manawa.

Ka manawa "aʻeo ka hoʻolele 'enehana" ua loa pinepine hoʻohana' ia i loko o ka luna ololi hoohalike, akā, pinepine ka mea, uaʻoi aku ko lāua broadly hoohalike ana me kekahi huapalapala o na rula a me ke kukulu ana i kekahi mauʻano o nā lātike, e like me "kūloko kamepiula kūkākūkā 'enehana."

A prototype o ka 'ike loea hou aʻeo ka hoʻolele'

Ka mua prototype o ke kamepiula pukapuka, akā,ʻaʻole i ka mea ulana pukapuka ia iho, hoomaka ae la ma na 60-80s. ka hope kenekulia, nunui-maʻi kahua. Ka hōʻike i ke kaʻina o ke kanaka hoʻoponopono a me ka keyboard, a i Aia ma nui mamao mai ka mainframe, a hoʻohuiʻia ia ia Via kelepona modems paha laina hoʻolimalimaʻia, maʻi mai o nā pā o ITC, a heleleʻi i waena o ka hale.

I ka Ia manawa, koe wale no ka mea kamepiula Aʻole i ka ITC, a pau mea hoʻohana i hāʻawiʻia i ka manawa e komo i ka maʻi papa kī kā lākou mau hana a kanaka hoʻoponopono lākou hooko i ke kanaka hoʻoponopono, a me ka hana i kekahi hana hana'ōnaehana. Mau nenoai e hoʻokō i nā algorithms kaawale manawa a me ka'ōhui aaioee, i kapaʻia kākou hana e komo ai nenoai.

Wan

Ma hope o ka nunui-maʻi nenoai ma ka hopena o 60s. Iwakalua kenekulia. Ua Ua hana, a me ka mua 'ano o ka mea ulana pukapuka, - ka global ē aʻeo ka hoʻolele (GCS). A nakinaki lākou i ka supercomputers i ola i hookahi kope, a hoahu nāʻikepili a me ka lako polokalamu i ka nui kamepiula 'ē aʻe, hoʻonoho ihola ia i mamao mai ai i na tausani o ka kilomika, Via kelepona latike a me modems. Ua ulana pukapuka, enehana i mua hoao i loko o ka nunui-maʻi nenoai.

Ka mua SSC i ka makahiki 1969 ua lilo i ka ARPANET, ka poe i hana i loko o ka US Keʻena o Pale Kaua, a integrates heterogeneous kamepiula 'ē aʻe me kekahi pae'ōnaehana nenoai. Ka mea, Ua lako pono me ka dopmoduley no ka mea e kō o ke kamailio ana o ka mea ulana pukapuka, Hola Pūnaewele, he pono ole i ka lala a pau o ka pukapuka o ke kamepiula 'ē aʻe. Ua ua ma luna o kona hoʻokumu paʻaʻana o ka 'enehana aʻeo ka hoʻolele' ia i loko o ka a ianoiyuaa a? Ac?.

Ka mua laʻana o ka hoʻohui o ke kamepiula a me ka kelekaʻaʻike latike

GCS ili loulou, mai ka mua a me ka honua latike - .. kelepona, oa e kau laina hou o ka mamao loa ka mea, ua nui loa pipiʻi. No laila, no ka mea, he nui na makahiki ka mea, hoʻohana Analog leo kaha no EYI i wale kekahi kamailio ana o ka haawiia manawa. Digitalʻikepili ua hoololiia ma luna o ka loa haʻahaʻa māmā (na umi o ka kbit / s), a me ka hiki, e kali i ka EYI o kaʻikepili AEIU, a e-mail.

Eia naʻe, loaʻa maila iā ia kelepona laina, SCS i ole lawe lākou kāna mau 'ōlelo enehana, ma muli o ka rula o ka huakai kaapuni a ka hoʻololiʻana, ka wā kēlā me kēia paʻa o nā mea kūʻai mai i nā mea a pau i ke kau ahaolelo manawa ku moana ma ka ikaika holo. Ka GCS hoʻohana hou 'ē aʻeo ka enehana, ma muli o ka rula o ka moku holoahi ka hoʻololiʻana, ma iʻikepili ma o ka palapala o nā haʻawina liʻiliʻi o nā pākeke ma ka ikaika ana i haawi mai ai i loko o ka unswitched ulana pukapuka, a me ka loaa ma nā haka i loko o kā lākou mau mea ulana pukapuka, wahi nā loina i loko iho i loko o ka moku holoahi UACIeIIeXEeAIE EU.

mua LAN

Ka muli i ka hopena o 70s. Iwakalua kenekulia. LSI ua alakai ai i ka haku o ka ieie-kamepiula me ka haahaa uku a me ka waiwai functionality. Ka mea, hoomaka ae la e maoli paʻi me ka nui kamepiula 'ē aʻe.

Ka mea, ua lilo loa mahalo ieie-kamepiula PDP-11ʻohana. Ka mea, Ua hoʻouka kekahi ma nā mea a pau, a he uuku loa? Iecaianoaaiiuo huahelu, e kū i ka oaoieei-kaʻina a me kēia kaʻina huahelu, e like me ka pono me ka 'Oihana'ōnaehana poe e hana oihana hana.

Aia i ka manaʻo o nā māhele hana-ākea kamepiula kumu waiwai, eia nae minicomputers i nō e hana autonomously.

Ke Hekikai o LAN-kūkākūkā

Ma ka hapalua like-80s. Iwakalua kenekulia. Ua hoʻolauna mākou loea hoʻohuiʻia ieie-kamepiula 'ē aʻe ma ka mea ulana pukapuka, ma muli ia o ka ka hoʻololiʻana o kaʻikepili nā pākeke, e like me ia ma GCS.

Ka mea, haliu ae la ka hana o ka pukapuka o ka poʻe koa hao wale, i kapaʻia ka kūloko (LAN - LAN), i loko o ka aneane AICIeOEOI hana. No kona hanaia'na, wale pono e kuai i kekahi mea ulana pukapuka mea hoʻopili i ka LAN-koho enehana, no kekahi laʻana, Ethernet, he hae uwea'ōnaehana, hoʻouka kekahi ma luna o kona uwea nā mea hoʻopili (maʻi) a hoʻohui i ka mea hoʻopili i ka ieie-kamepiula 'ē aʻe, a me kekahi i kekahi ma kēia mau uwea. Next, he kamepiula KikowaenaUa Ua hoʻouka kekahi i kekahi o ka pae'ōnaehana'ōnaehana papahana no LAN hui - i ulanaʻia. Ma hope iho o ia, ua hoʻomaka e hana, a me ka mea mahope ka piʻiʻana o kēlā me kēia hou minicomputers i ole i kekahi pilikia.

Ke inevitability o ka muli o ka Internet

Inā ka muli o minicomputers aeia e līkaia kamepiula waiwai kōā kaulike ma luna o ka mokuna o ka hana, ai ka muli i loko o ke kakahiaka 90s. PC alakai aku ai i kā lākou mau gradual muli mua i loko o kēlā me kēia wahiʻoihana na ike hana, a laila, i loko o ke kanaka kanaka e noho ai.

Ke pili haahaa kāki, a kiʻekiʻe pono o ka PC mua i haawi aku i ka hoʻonui ikaika i ka LAN-pukapuka, a laila, alakaʻi i ka muli o kekahi global ē aʻeo ka hoʻolele - Internet, sweeping ke ao nei i keia la.

Size o Internet kēlā me kēia mahina ua ulu ma 7-10%. He He kāna mau 'ōlelo mea hoʻopaʻa likeʻole kūloko a me ka honua latike o nā hana a me nā hui a puni ka honua i kekahi i kekahi.

Inā ka mua ke kahua ma ka Internet kuhikuhi pū i hikiʻikepili AEIU, a e-mail memo, akā, i kēia meaʻano nui hoakaka kākou komo i ka haawi Information o nā kumu waiwai a me ka lolouila palapala, i kalepa a me ka 'ole-kalepa informsluzhbam nā mea he nui. Kona noa ka hookipaia palapala māmala'ōlelo i loko o ka 'ikepili ma luna o kokoke pau mau mea o ka naauao a me ka kanaka aayoaeuiinoe - mai ka hou kuhikuhi ma ka' epekema i ka map map of.

XIX. Panel LAN-aʻeo ka hoʻolele 'enehana

Iwaena o lakou i na 'ike loea hou kāna mau' ōlelo ma i ke kumu o kekahi mau mea ulana pukapuka, hiki e kukuluia. Me lakou i mea hoike, pono-ike 'enehana e like me ka LAN-Ethernet (1980), hoailona alii (1985), a FDDI (hope 80s.).

Ma ka hopena o 90-ies. he alakaʻi LAN-Ethernet kūkākūkā 'enehana i waho' ike loea hou ma ka hui ana panina Lolina ia mea me ka ʻikepili EYI uku mai i ka 10 Mbit / s, a me Fast Ethernet (i ka 100 Mbit / c) a me Gigabit Ethernet (1000 Mbit / c). All Ethernet-enehana i like nā loina o ka hana, simplifying kā lākou hana a me ka hoʻohuiʻia LAN-latike ka nānā 'ana ma luna o ia mau mea.

Ma ka ia wā, i ka 'ōlelo o ka aneane pau kamepiula pae'ōnaehana'ōnaehana haku polokalamu, hoomaka ae la e kukulu iho i ko lakou mea ulana pukapuka oihana, e hoʻokō luna-i hoike ia' ike loea hou ma ka pūnaewele puni honua-ka nānā 'ana. Aia he oiaio, hana kūikawā kamaʻilio OS e like IOS Cisco Systems poe.

Pehea i GCS enehana ka

GCS enehana ma Analog kelepona kaha aie i ke kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe o ei i loko o kēia mauʻano luna 'hooponopono algorithms a me kaʻikepili ke ola. An hoohalike o kēia mau mea i ka hooulu ana o X.25 'enehana mea no ka hoʻomaka o ka 70s. Iwakalua kenekulia. More holomua kūkākūkā loea - he ponoi mika, ISDN, ATM.

ISDN - he inoa pōkole ke ano, "kikohoʻe mea ulana pukapuka, a me noniakahi lawelawe", E ho oku ui lawe mai kākou wikiō conferencing. Kākou ka hookipaia ua hoʻolako 'ia e hāpai i ka PC ISDN adapters holo manawa wikiwiki ma mua o kekahi modems he nui loa. Aia Ua hoi he kūikawā lako polokalamu i leie aku Popular polokalamu kele pūnaewele, a me ka pae'ōnaehana nenoai hana me ISDN. Akā, ke kiʻekiʻe lilo o ka lako a pan, a me ka e waiho kūikawā loulou pono keakea, i ka ulu ana o keia 'enehana.

Wan enehana holo me ke kelepona latike. Ma hope iho o ka Hekikai o kikohoʻe telephony Spetstechnology Plesiochronous Digital luna kiʻekiʻe i ua ulu (PDH), i kākoʻo ka mämä holo i ka 140 Mbit / s, a hoʻohana 'ia no ka hana pāʻoihana o ko lākou mau latike.

New enehana Synchronous Digital luna kiʻekiʻe (SDH) i loko o ka hopena o 80s. Iwakalua kenekulia. hoomaka bandwidth kikohoʻe kelepona kaha i ka 10 GB / pela aku, he anuanu Wave Māhele Multiplexing (DWDM) 'enehana - i ka haneri GB / pela aku, a hiki mai i kekahi mau terabits / c.

Internet enehana

Internet aʻeo ka hoʻolele 'ike loea hou ma muli o ka pono o ka hypertext ōlelo (a HTML-'ōlelo) - spetsyazyka omaka lolouila palapala, ec i kauoha' ia paha o nā kailaʻae (Tags), hoʻolauna mālama 'haku polokalamu paena ma kela a me keia o ko lākou mauʻaoʻao. O ka hana ana, ma keia hihia mākou mea e kamailio pu ana e pili ana i ke kikokikona a Kimia palapala (kiʻi, nā kiʻi) i i mua ua "hoʻoili" mai ka Internet hoʻohana, ma ka hoomanao ana i kona PC, a nana aku la au ma ke kikokikona a Kimia me ka luna hoʻoponopono. 'O kēia ka ai-kapaia Web palapala nana aku la au ma ka polokalamu kele pūnaewele.

Developers o ka pūnaewele ioauoa ho okumu ia ma luna o ka HTML-'ōlelo (a ianoiyuaa a hana i na hana a me ka 'ike loea hou i hanaiaʻi, collectively kapaia "paenaʻia") ma ka palapala o ka palapala pūnaewele pu, a me ka paena mea nona e hoonoho iho i ka Internet kikowaena, ma lalo o ka hoʻolimalima, mai na ona o ka pūnaewele kikowaena, (no laila,-kapaia "puali"). Ka mea, e hana ana a puni ka uaki ma ka Internet, e lawelawe nei i ka pono o kona mea hoʻohana, e nānā i nā palapala pūnaewele i ua hou ia ia.

Nā polokalamu kele pūnaewele hoʻohana pcs, loaa ma ke kikowaena o kou Internet hana pūnaewele e nānā i kekahi kikowaena, ka helu wahi o ka i ua iloko o ia ma ka inoa o ka mea i noi pūnaewele paena, komo i kēia paena. Eia kekahi, ke kālailai i ka HTML-Tag o kēlā me kēiaʻaoʻao oe e niio?, Nā polokalamu kele pūnaewele hana i kona kiʻi ma luna o ka pale ma ke ano i loko i ka mea i hapai ia e ka mea haku polokalamu o ka paena - a me nā mea a pau i ka headlines, nā waihoʻoluʻu a me nā kinona hua, kela inserts i loko o ka palapala o nā kiʻi, kiʻi, kiʻi, a pela aku no. .