Na ke kanaka haku o ka hydrogen pōkā pahū. I ka hoao ana o ka hydrogen pōkā pahū i loko o ka USSR, ka US, North Korea

Hydrogen a thermonuclear pōkā pahū ua lilo ke kihi o na mea kaua lāhui ma waena o ka US, a me ka USSR. Ka mau superpowers no kekahi mau makahiki arguing e pili ana i ka poe e lilo ana i ka mua nona o ka houʻano o ka luku mea kaua.

thermonuclear mea kaua pāhana

I ka hoʻomaka o ka Hawaii Kaua i ka hoao ana o ka hydrogen pōkā pahū no ka mea Soviet alakaʻi ka nui loa hoʻopaʻapaʻa i loko o ke kaua e kū'ē i kaʻAmelika Hui Pūʻia. Moscow makemake makemake e hoʻokō nukelea parity me Washington, a hahao i loko o ka lima lāhui i ou wahi lihi iki o ke kala. Eia naʻe, hana ma ka hanaia'na o ka hydrogen pōkā pahū ua i ka hoʻomaka 'ana ma muli o ka lokomaikaʻi hoʻolako' ia o, akā, no ka mea, o ka hōʻike clandestine konohiki ma Amerika. ma ka Kremlin i ka makahiki 1945, ua aʻo i kaʻAmelika Hui Pūʻia e hoomakaukau ana no ka hou kaua. Ua ua superbomb, i ka hei ana o i i ka inoa o Super.

Ke kumu o ka waiwai 'ike ua Klaus Fuchs - limahana o ka Los Alamos National keʻena hoʻokolohua, USA. He haawi mai la i ka Soviet Union ka mea i ho'ākāka 'ike no ka malu' Amelika ulu superbomb. Ma ka makahiki 1950 Super pāhana i kiola ia i loko o ka ikona kaʻa, me Western haumana, ua lilo i mea maopopo ole e i keia ano o na mea hou e hoʻomaopopo. Ke poo o kēia polokalamu ua Edward kilokilo.

I ka MH 1946, Klaus Fuchs a me Dzhon Fon Neyman hoʻomohala i ka papahana manaʻo a me ka Palapala Sila Nui Super iho kahua. Fundamentally hou i loko o ka mea, ua ka loina hooponopono o radioactive implosion. Ma ka USSR, keia noaia hoʻomaka e e noonoo hope - i ka 1948. Ma kekahi mau mākou ke olelo ia ma ka loiloi mua ke kahua o ka Soviet'ātoma papahana ua loa ma muli o ka US ike houluulu akamai. Eia naʻe, hoomau noiʻi ua ano e ka nānā 'ana ma luna o kēia mau mea, Soviet epekema me ka nui loa mamua o ko lākou Western counterparts, ia ae i ka USSR, e hele mua i ka mua, a laila, i ka loa ikaika loa thermonuclear pōkā pahū.

Ka mua Soviet study

December 17, 1945 ma ka halawai o ka kūikawā Komite Kau aku la lakou ma lalo o ka 'Aha o People ka Commissars o ka USSR, nukelea physicists Yakov Zeldovich, Isaak Pomeranchuk a me Iulio Hartion olelo ma "Ka hoʻohana' ana i nukelea ikaika o ka malamalama hehee wale." Kēia palapala discusses i ka hoʻohana ana i ka pōkā pahū me ka deuterium. Kēia hana ana i ka hoʻomaka o ka Soviet nukelea polokalamu.

I ka MH 1946,ʻimi naʻauao haʻawina kau ae i paʻa i loko o ka Institute o Nine ke kālaikūlohea. Ka mua hopena o keia hana i ua kūkākūkā i loko o kekahi o ka iao? Iiaie oaoieei ahalunakanawai a halawai ma ka First Nui Keʻena Luna. Mau makahiki ma hope, Lavrentiy Beriya kauoha Kurchatov a me Khariton kālailai mea ma luna o ka'ōnaehana o av Neumann, ka poe i lawe i ka Soviet Union aie i ka clandestine huna hana i loko o ke komohana. ʻikepili mai kēia mau palapala i ka hou impetus i ka noiʻi, i ke aloha no i na RDS-6 papahana i hanau.

"Ivy Mike" a me ka "Castle Bravo"

Nowemapa 1, 1952, ua loaa ia Americans i loko o ka mua thermonuclear honua 'ano mea pahū. Ka mea, ua mālie,ʻaʻole i ka pōkā pahū, akā, kona loa nui loa. Ke olonā wāwae ana Enivotek hāpapa, i loko o ka Moana Pākīpika. Edward kilokilo a me Stanislaw'Ulama (mea nae i kēlā me kēia no ia i ka mea nāna i hana o ka hydrogen pōkā pahū) koke mua ulu he mau-ke kahua manao, ka Americans a ho'āʻo. Ke i hoʻomākaukauʻia hiki ole ke ia me kekahi mea kaua, e like me ke kuʻi nukeliu i hoʻokō hoʻohana 'deuterium. Eia hou kekahi, ia hiʻona he nui kaumaha a me ka nui. Oia kekahi mea lele hiki ole e lulu aku i ka pelane.

Ikea ai o ka mea mua hydrogen pōkā pahū i lawelawe 'ia e Sovietʻepekema. Once i loko o ka US aʻo e pili ana i ka holomua 'ana o nā RDS-6s, ua lilo i mea akaka ia ia mea e pono ai me ka hikiwawe e loaa e emi i ka backlog o Lūkini mea kaua lāhui. US ho'āʻo ua March 1, 1954. E like me ka landfill i koho Bikini hāpapa i loko o ka Marshall Islands. Pacific keia pae aina, i wae mai ai,ʻaʻole ma ka iho. Aia ua aneaneʻaʻohe kanaka (a me ka mau kanaka, ka poe i noho ma luna o ka wahi mokupuni, i hoʻokuke akula i ka lā ma mua o ka ho okolohua).

Ka loa luku Naita o ka hydrogen hopeʻia Americans hele mai i kaʻikeʻia e like me ka "Castle Bravo". kauoha mana i mua o mua mai 2,5 manawa kiʻekiʻe. Ka Naita alakai i ka mea hoʻohaumia o ka nui 'āpana o ka pāhawewe (na mokupuni a me ka Pacific), i alakai aku ai i ke Temepela, a me ka hou ana o ka nukelea polokalamu.

Ka hooulu ana o RDS-6s

Ka papahana mea i kapaia ka mua Soviet thermonuclear pōkā pahū RDS-6s. Ke kuka i kākauʻia e ka hale hoʻokamakama physicist Andreem Saharovym. I ka makahiki 1950, i ka USSR Kukamalu o Kuhina ua hoʻoholo ihola e kālele ana kona hana ma luna o ka ulu ana o ke kaua hou ma ka CB-11. E like me keia olelo hooholo, he pae o nā kānakaʻepekema alakaʻiʻia Igorya Tamma hele aku la i loko o ka paʻa Arzamas-16.

No Ua hoomakaukauia ka Semipalatinsk hoao ana paena no keia Kiure papahana. Mua e hoʻomaka ana i ka hoao ana o ka hydrogen pōkā pahū, malaila i hoʻouka kekahi lehulehu ana, Filming a me ka hoʻopaʻa 'ia e na manao ona. Eia hou kekahi, ma ka aoao o na haumana, he aneane elua tausani nā hoailona. An wahi mea ua loli ana i ka hoao ana o ka hydrogen pōkā pahū, i ka loaʻa o 190 hale.

Semipalatinsk hoʻokolohua ua kū hoʻokahi,ʻaʻole wale nō no ka mea, o ka mea hou kaua. Mākou hoʻohana kū hoʻokahi intakes papahana no Nine Inch a me ka radioactive Eia kekahi laʻana. Ka mea, ke wehe wale i ka ikaika hawewe. Filming a me ka hoʻopaʻa 'ia e nā mea i hoʻouka kekahi ma ka pela i hoomakaukau paʻa i nā hale ma luna o kaʻili, a me ka lola honua bunkers.

Alarm Clock

I ka MH 1946, Edward kilokilo, ka mea i hana i loko o ka US, ua ulu ka prototype o na RDS-6s. He Ua kapa Alarm Clock. Initially, o ka mea i manao ai, ua manaoia like i kekahi koho no Super. Ma Aperila, 1947 ma ke keʻena hoʻokolohua ma Los Alamos hoʻomaka i ka moʻo o ka ho okolohua ke hoʻololi i ka noiʻi i ke ano o thermonuclear kumu.

Mai Alarm Clock, kńnaka manao i ka ikehu nui. Akuma ka hewahewa kona manao, e hana e like me ka wahie no ka mea likiuma deuteride. Noiʻi iʻaʻole i hoʻohana keia waiwai, akā, ka mea, ua manaoia i ka mea e hoomahuahua i ka ka hoʻokōʻana o ke kuʻi nukeliu reactions. He hana hoihoi i kilokilo i kaulana mua i loko o kona mau Memo kaukaʻi nukelea polokalamu o hou? Acaeoey o kamepiula 'ē aʻe. Kēiaʻano hana ua pono no kānakaʻepekema i hou pololei a me ka luna 'ho.

he Alarm Clock a me RDS-6s nui ma ka ho'ānoʻole, akā, he nui a me kaʻokoʻa. Ka Amelika mana uaʻaʻole i hiki i ka Soviet no ka mea, o kona nui. Ka nui ka nui o ka papahana, ua ili mai Super. Ma ka hopena, i ka Americans i, e haawi aku i keia ulu ana. Nā haʻawina i wahi i ka makahiki 1954, ma hope a ua lilo i mea akaka i ka papahana mea pono ole.

I ka Naita o ka mua H-pōkā pahū

Ka mua ana August 12, 1953 i loko o kanaka mōʻaukala, he hoao ana o ka hydrogen pōkā pahū. Ma ke kakahiaka ma luna o ka moana lipolipo mea ikea ka brightest waihonaʻike i hoopouli iho la i ke ahiahi, ma na goggles. I ka Naita o ka RDS-6s hoao mana 20 mau manawa hou ma mua o ka'ātoma pōkā pahū. I ka hoʻokolohua Ua kuhi holomua. ʻepekema, ua hiki ke hoʻokō nuiʻanoʻenehana Ua Hopu. Mua me ka wahie o ke likiuma hydride i hoʻohana. Loko o ke kahahńnai o ka 4 kilomika, mai ka epicenter o ka hoʻohanuʻana nalu luku a pau na hale.

Mahope ikea ai o ka hydrogen pōkā pahū i loko o ka USSR i ka nānā 'ana ma luna o ka ike i loaa ma ka hoʻohana' ana i RDS-6s. Kēia kŘpuna kaua ua ole wale no ka mana nui. An nui lanakila ana o ka hope ua kona compactness. Ka iwi Ua waiho ia ma ka Li-16. Ka pomaikai nui ae Soviet kānakaʻepekema, e hele mamua o ka Americans. Ma kaʻAmelika Hui Pūʻia i kēia manawa ua he thermonuclear mea, i ka nui o ka hale. Ua ua transportable.

Ka wā ma Moscow, i mai la i ka Soviet hydrogen pōkā pahū mea makaukau, ma Wakinekona hoopaapaa aku i ka 'ike. I ka papa kuhikuhiE hoʻopaʻapaʻa o ka Americans i ka mea o ka thermonuclear pōkā pahū e e i ia ma lalo o ka noaia TellerąUlam. Ua Ua nānā ma luna o ka loina o ka pāhawewe implosion. Kēia papahana e e hoʻokō i loko o ka Soviet Union mau makahiki ma hope, i ka 1955.

Ka hanaia'na o ka RDS-6s i ka nui na makana physicist Andrei Sakharov. Ka hydrogen pōkā pahū ua i kona brainchild - ia i? Aaeaaaaony i ka poe hoʻokahuli aupuni oaoieei-pāʻoihana e ana ke hoʻokō i nā ho'āʻo ma ma ka Semipalatinsk hoao paena. Young Sakharov koke lilo i academician i loko o ka Academy o Sciences o ka USSR, Hero o Socialist na Hana Lima a me laureate o ka Stalin uku. Awards a mau mekala i i hookoia, a me nā kānakaʻepekema: Yuli Khariton a me Kirill Shchelkin, Yakov Zeldovich, Nikolai Uhane, etc. I 1953 hydrogen pōkā pahū ho'āʻo hōʻike i Soviet 'epekema ke lanakila i ka mea ia a nei ua fiction a me ka Fantasy ... No laila, koke ma hope o ka holomua Naita o ka RDS-6s hoomaka ae la e hoʻomōhala i nui ikaika lele.

RDS-37

November 20, 1955 i hooholoia i ka aʻe hoao ana o ka hydrogen pōkā pahū i loko o ka USSR. Kēia manawa, ua mau-a e ku noaia TellerąUlam. Pōkā pahū RDS-37 i hele e lilo ana i ka pelane. Naʻe, ia ia i ai i ka lewa, ua lilo i mea akaka i ka ho'āʻo ma i ia e lawe mai i pilikia. Kue i ka ino Time], o ka malie deteriorated me ka nui loa, i mea ke kumu o ka landfill uhi anuanu overcast.

poe akamai i haʻakoi mua e pae i ka pelatano me ka thermonuclear pōkā pahū ma luna o ka moku. Kekahi manawa ma ka Central kauoha moʻomanaʻo i ke kūkākūkā e pili ana i mea e hana e hiki mai ana. Ua Ua manao i ka hāpai 'ana i papa i ka pōkā pahū ma na mauna kokoke, akā, ua hooleia keia koho like oi risky. Ia manawa, i ka pelane hoʻomau e E kahalina i kokoke ma ka honua, ka hana wahie.

I ka hope loa hua'ōlelo loaa Zel'dovich a me Sakharov. Hydrogen pōkā pahū exploded ole ma ka paena, e alakai i ka poino. Ua maopopo epekema i ke kamepiula a me ka kuleana pilikino, a aole nae i palapala e hooiaio ai i ka mokulele e i ka maluhia pae. Eia hoi, i ka luna o ka moku o ka Li-16 Fedor Golovashko loaa he kauoha i ka aina. Ke awa ua loa i laumania. Na pailota hōʻike i kona akamai, a i ole panic i loko o ka ulia pōpilikia. I kaʻoihana kaʻa ua hemolele. Ka Central E kauoha Post o ke ola exhaled.

Ka mea nāna i hana o ka hydrogen pōkā pahū, Sakharov a me kona hui neʻe akula i ka hōʻike. Ka lua o ka ho'āʻo i hoʻopaʻa 'ia no 22 November. Ma kēia lā, nā mea a pau i hele ai me kekahi hanana kekahi. Ka pōkā pahū ua hāʻule mai ke kiekie mai o 12 kilomika. Oiai ka iwi hina, ke pelane, ua, e haalele i ka palekana mamao mai ka epicenter. Ma hope o kekahi mau minuke i nukelea fungus i ke kiekie o 14 ei, a me kona anawaena - 30 kilomika.

Ka Naita me uaʻaʻole me ka lono kaumaha ulia. Ka hawewe, mai ka mamao o 200 kilomika kikeke ana i ke aniani, ma muli o ia i kekahi kanaka i poino. I pepehi i ke kaikamahine, ka poʻe i noho i loko o ka kokoke kauhale, a hina no ka nui palena. Kekahi luahi ua me kekahi koa i loko o ka kūikawā e kali ana wahi. kanu koa i loko o ka dugout, a make iho la ia o ka suffocation ma mua o ka hoa, ua hiki ke huki ia mai.

? Ac? O ka "King o pōkāpahū"

I ka makahiki 1954, i ka mea maikai nukelea physicists o ke aupuni ma lalo o ke alakaʻiʻana o Igor Kurchatov hoomaka ae la e hoʻomōhala i ka mana nui i loko o ka mōʻaukala o ke kanaka o ke thermonuclear pōkā pahū. Kēia papahana i hele i kekahi e Andrei Sakharov, Victor Adamski, Yuri Babayev, Yuri Smirnov, Yuri Trutnev, a no laila, ma luna o. D. No ai i kona mana a me ka nui o ka pōkā pahū mai i kapa ia ka "Tsar pōkā pahū". Hana Hoʻolohe i komo ma hope hoʻomanaʻo aʻela i kēia hopuna'ōlelo hele mai Khrushchev ka kaulana māmala'ōlelo e hōʻike ana e pili ana i "makuahine kiʻi aku" i ka un ma hope. Kauoha aku i ka papahana i kapaia AN602.

Iloko o na makahiki ehiku o? Acaeoey, he pōkā pahū ua hele ma kekahi mau reincarnations. Ma mua, ua? Oaony kānakaʻepekema, e hoʻohana i ka eiiiiiaiou o ka uranium a me ka naoh Jekyll-Hyde, akā, ma hope o ka manao, he ia e haalele no ka mea, o ka pilikia o radioactive mea hoʻohaumia.

Hoao i ka New Honua

No kekahi manawa "Tsar pōkā pahū" pāhana i shelved, me Khrushchev i hele ana i kaʻAmelika Hui Pūʻia, a me ka Hawaii War ua he pōkole ihola. I ka 1961, i ke kaua ma waena o nā'āina flared i hou, a hou ma Moscow hoʻomanaʻo o thermonuclear mea kaua. Khrushchev kūkala ka mai ana mai na hoao ana i loko o October 1961 i ka XXII Ahaolelo Lahui o ka CPSU.

30 o ka Li-95B me ka pōkā pahū ma luna o ka moku i aku la, mai ke kia, a poai puni i ka New Honua. Ka mokulele i ka pahu hopu o, elua no hora. Kekahi Soviet hydrogen pōkā pahū ua hāʻule ma ka kiʻekiʻena o 10.500 mika ma ka nukelea hoao ana paena "maloo ihu". Ka iwi exploded i loko o ka lewa malie. Aia i kekahi fireball, i hiki ekolu kilomika o ke anawaena, a kokoke hoopa i ka lepo. E like me ke koho, i nā kānakaʻepekema hawewe hoali ae, mai ka Naita me ekolu manawa i kela kapa o ka Honua. E puhiʻoukou manaʻo, hoʻokahi tausani kilomika aku, a me nā mea a pau e ola ana a pau i ka mamao o ka hoʻokahi haneri kilomika ke kiʻi kolu-ka papahelu'ā (ka mea, i ole e hiki mai, e like me ka wahi ua paʻapū i).

I ia manawa, me ka mana nui thermonuclear pōkā pahū i loko o ka United States hoWomo mana "Tsar-pōkā pahū" eha manawa. Ke Soviet ke alakaʻi ua makemake ka hopena o ka ho okolohua. Moscow la ka mea a lakou i makemake ai, mai ka mea e hiki mai ai ka hydrogen pōkā pahū. Ke ho'āʻo hōʻike i ka USSR i kekahi mea pepehi loa oi ikaika ma mua o ka 'Amelika. I ka wā e hiki mai, he kŘpuna mooolelo "Tsar-pōkā pahū" a i ole, i kuʻiʻia. Ka Naita loa ikaika o ka hydrogen pōkā pahū ua he milestone i loko o ka moʻolelo o ka 'epekema a me ka Hawaii War.

Thermonuclear mea kaua i loko o nā'āina

Pelekāne kūpono 'ana o ka hydrogen pōkā pahū hoomaka i ka makahiki 1954. I ka papahana ka luna ua William Penney, ka mea i he lâlâ o ka Manhattan Project i loko o ka United States. Ka Beritania he mau hunahuna o ka 'ike e pili ana i ka' ole o thermonuclear mea kaua. 'Amelika allies i ole kaʻana like i ka' ike. Ma Washington, haawiia keia i ke'ātoma Energy Kanawai, i hooholoia i ka 1946. Ka mea wale nō koe nae ua no ka ae o Beritania e hoʻomaka loina o nā ho'āʻo ma. Eia hou, ka mea hoʻohana Kekoa e ohi i kekahi laʻana i koe ma hope o ka bombings o 'Amelika Kao lele lako kaua.

Mua i loko o London, ua hoʻoholo ihola e kali i ka haku o ka loa ikaika loa pōkā pahū. A hoomaka ae hoao "Orange Bulletin". Ma ka papa o ia i hāʻule loa ikaika loa thermonuclear hopeʻia,ʻaʻole mea i loko o ka mōʻaukala o ke kanaka. Kona drawback uaʻoi aku kumukuai. November 8, 1957 hydrogen pōkā pahū i ho'āʻo. Mōʻaukala o ka Beritania mau-ke kahua lima kūlana kiʻekiʻe - mea he laʻana o ka holomua holopono i loko o ka backlog o mau hoopaapaa ma waena o ka superpower.

Ma Kina, ua he hydrogen pōkā pahū i ka makahiki 1967, ma Farani - i ka makahiki 1968. Penei, ma ke aupuni hui-ona o ka thermonuclear mea kaua manawa elima Hawaii. E noho controversial 'ike e pili ana i ka hydrogen pōkā pahū ma North Korea. Ke poo o ko North Korea ka Kim Jong-un aku la ia, ua hiki ke kūkulu ia i ke Kao lele lako kaua me kona mau kānakaʻepekema. Iloko o ka ho'āʻo ma, seismologists puni ka hoʻopaʻa 'hawewe hana, kena ae la ia e ka nukelea Naita. Akā,ʻaʻohe kiko'ī e pili ana i ka hydrogen pōkā pahū i loko o ka DPRK mea nō ole.