Nā loina a me nā loina o ka liberalism

A kamaaina o kekahi kēia aupuni o ka lehulehu i hiki ole ke manao wale ia wale 100 makahiki aku nei, i ole i kona mau kūpuna i ka hapa maikai o na pono a me nā manawa kūpono e i kēia manawa ia no ka haawi ia e nā mea a pau. Eia hoʻi, ka mea, aole oe i ike i nā mea i na mea he nui o na kanawai liberties, a mākou i ai haʻaheo o ka i kēia lā,ʻo ka loa nui aiee o liberalism. E ka loaʻa mai a me ka mea 'ano o ka philosophical nā mea kū mea i kona papa kuhikuhiE nā manaʻo.

Liberalism - He aha ka keia?

E like me ka olelo i kapaia o philosophical au, i malama ia e like me ke kumu no ka ho okumu ana o ka ideology i E hoomanao i ka mea kiekie waiwai o kanaka ke kaiāulu, ke alo o na lala o ka helu o nā pono kīvila.

Adherents o kēia mau manaʻo manaoio i ke kuokoa o ke kanaka e e waiho loihi ana i nā wahi likeʻole o ke ola. No keia kumu, kaʻawale nohona, ka nohona, a me ka waiwai kālai'āina liberalism.

ʻO kāna mau 'ōlelo aiee o ka noʻonoʻo ideologyʻeleu ole ma ka pono o ke kaiāulu me ka a pau, a ma luna o kēlā kanaka o ka' elele. Penei, Liberal (KS) manaoio i ka pono o na kamaaina wau e koho e alakai ai i ka pomaikai o ka aina, aʻaʻole hope versa.

Ke etymology o ka makahiki, a he manawa pōkole mōʻaukala kāʻei kua

Ka hua'ōlelo "liberalism", oddly lawa, ka akin i ka inoa o ka mau loa-ike momoku ahi Manufacturers o kou niho huahana - Libero a me Libresse. A pau o kēia mau hua'ōlelo i loko, mai ka Roma hua'ōlelo liber - "noa" a me ka libertatem - "kuokoa".

Hope mai ma luna o ka mea, i hele mai i loko o na 'ōlelo i ka hua'ōlelo "ku okoa." Ma Italian ka mea, libertà, English - ku okoa ana, i loko o ka Farani - liberté, Spanish - libertad.

Nā kêia kanaka o ka ideology ma lalo o noonoo ia e loaʻa i loko o kahiko Roma. Ke'ī mai, ma ka mōʻaukala o ke aupuni a pau ma waena o nā patricians (hanohano like paha) a me plebeians (kanaka o ka haahaa me Kinohi, i manaoia lua-papa) i mau hoopaapaa i like nā pono kīvila a me ke kuleana, ma mua o ka kānāwai. Ma keia hihia, kekahi o ka poe akeakamai o ka moana i Emperor (Mark Avrely) i loko o kona mau palapala e pili ana i ka 'ole pili aupuni o ke kaiāulu mea he maikaʻi moku'āina me kekahi ma i nā kānaka e like ka nānā' o ko lākou mau kumu.

Over ke kēia mau kenekulia, ke kamepiula loa e holumua ai nā loea kālai'āina a me ka poe akeakamai i hele mai i ka manaʻo o ka mea pono, e reorient ke kaiāulu kanaka, i ka lokomaikai hoi o ka loina. Loa pinepine, ua hiki i kekahi manawa, i ka wa kanaka o hoʻohiki ma o ka piha aupuni mō'ī (nā mea a pau i ka mana a me ka pono mai ke ano hanohano,) a me ka hooponopono ana o ke kaiāulu ma ka ekalesia.

Ka loa loa-ikeia thinkers, ka paepaeʻana i nā loina a me nā ideals o liberalism - ua Niccolo Machiavelli, Dzhon Lokk, Sharl Lui de Ka Montesquieu, Jean Jacques Rousseau, Beniamina Franklin, Thomas Honolulu, Devid Yum, Imanuela Kant a me Adamu Smith.

Ua mea waiwai 'ana i kumumanaʻo mea a pau kēia mau kii i ole mau i lōkahi ma ka naauao o ka mea pono, e lilo ia i ka ideology hoʻopulapula e ia.

No ka laʻana, kekahi o ka mea e ālai 'ua ke kahe o ka waiwai. Ka mea i kona alo ua manaoia kekahi o na kumu nui aiee o ka lehulehu. Naʻe, i loko o ka XVIII-XIX kenekulia. ka hapanui o ka waiwai i loko o kekahi moku'āina i kia ma ka rula ana waiwai, a hoʻi ia wale ia ke hoakaka nanea i nā pono kīvila liberalisticheskoy ideology. Eia naʻe, keia mea ku i ka rula o ke kau like nā manawa kūpono no nā kānaka.

Ma ke ala, i ka hoopaapaa a uaʻaneʻane puni kela a me keia o na loina o ka liberalism. No laila, he wahi lihi iki o ka nīnau i na mana o ka mana. Kekahi thinkers manaoio aku i ka mea, e hooko wale nō ke kānāwai, me ka, keakea e ia ma kekahi kaʻina.

Naʻe, i kēia oihana Ua pâʻani 'o ia i loko o ka lima o ka poe ma ka mana wale no ka mea ana i kekahi aupuni kōkua i kūlana lālā o ke kaiāulu. Eia hou kekahi, ka mea i hana i ka momona ka lepo no ka monopolization o ka hana, a ua ku i ka rula o ka noa market hoʻokele waiwai. Ma ke ala, i loko o ka United States (ka mua aupuni i loko o ke ao nei, hoʻoholo ihola e kūkulu lākou iho ke kaiāulu kanaka, me ka nānā 'ana ma ka lokomaikai hoi o Hawaiʻi)' ole-ākeʻakeʻa o ka moku'āina i loko o ka ulu ana o ka oicyenoaaiiie keʻano o ka hanaʻana i alakai i ke kaumaha nui. Ma hope o ka mea i manao e noonoo keia rula a me ka ae i ka mana i lawe mai i ka hoʻokonukonu hana i loko o ka hoʻokele waiwai poepoe. Paradoxically, he uuku oi ma mua o 70 makahiki, i ka hainā o keia pono a hiki i ka muli o ka ulia i ka 2008

No ke aha lā i loko o ka Russian aupuni a pau o ka hua'ōlelo "kupono" ua o ka hopena maikaʻi connotation

E like me ka hala ole oe i ka etymology o ka makahiki "liberalism", keia ideology i loko o ka lokomaikai o ka hoʻolako 'kanaka ku okoa ana. No ke aha la, laila, i loko o ka Lūkini 'ōlelo i ka manawa mai i ka hopena maikaʻi connotation?

Ka mea e ka lokomaikai hoi o ka thinkers o aneane pau ao loa e ku ei ka unrestricted pono na'lii, a koi ana a pau poe kanaka, ua like ma mua o ka kānāwai nānā 'ole o ko lākou kūlana a me ka waiwai.

Ka mea, i nema aku i ka manaʻo o ke Akua kumu o ka mana, e manaoio ana i ke poʻo o ka moku'āina pono ia no ka pomaikai o kona poe kanaka, aʻaʻole hana ia e māʻona kā lākou mau iʻini ma waho, a mau manao wale.

Maoli ai, e like me ka laua i ka rula ana waiwai i loko o na mea he nui monarchical aina wale hiki ole ke ike pono. No ka mea, o keia, ma ka XVIII kenekulia. ma ka Russian aupuni a pau, a Pelekāne mana negatively ike ka lokomaikaʻi manaʻo, a ua hoʻonoho i ke kau ia iho e like me ka mea pepehi weliweli noa-manaʻo.

Paradoxically, akā, 100 makahiki ma hope o ka Pelekania aupuni a pau i hooponopono hou manao ma keia ideology a me ka manawa i lilo i ka maikaʻi waiwai, e like me ma ke ao nei.

Akā, i loko o Rusia, ma naʻe o ke kipi ana o 1917 a me ka'ano'ē loli i loko o ke aupuni o ka nohona, hoomau i keia manawa i ka hopena maikaʻi connotation i ka inoa o ka philosophical paialewa a me ideologies.

Kora cia o Liberalism

A i hana mai ai me ke ano a me ka kumu o ka makahiki ma lalo o ka nāʻanaʻana, ia mea e pono ke ike i kekahi kumu ka mea, ua nānā 'ana:

• Ke ku okoa ana.
• Individualism.
• pono kīvila o.
• pluralism
• Nomokratiya.
• Egalitarianism.
• Rationalism.
• Progressivism.

ku okoa ana

Worth e noonoo pono i kela mea keia mea o lakou, ua aʻo e pili ana i ke kumu aiee o liberalism hou.

Mua o nā mea a pau o ke ku okoa ana o na kanaka. Kēia 'o ia hoʻi i nā lālā o ke kaiāulu i nā kānaka apau i ka ākeʻakeʻa kumu koho ana o kaʻoihana, ka hoʻomana, aoao o ke ola a me kaʻaʻahu, moe kohoʻia, Launa Male kūlana haʻahaʻa, ka helu ana o na keiki, a no laila, ma luna o. N.

Ke kuleana e kuokoa i loa nā kanaka, me ka māheleʻana i ia mau mea ma ka lāhui a me ka papa. Ma nā hua'ōlelo, ke ku okoa ana o kēlā me kēia kanaka e hoʻoholo i ke ku okoa ana o ka pau o ka hui, a i hope versa.

Ma keia lokomaikai hoi o ka theorists a me nā loea, ua ike i ka laina ma waena o kuokoa a me ka permissiveness i'āina lahilahi. A me ka pinepine o ka hana i kekahi loaa ia ana, hiki i irreparable ino i ka 'ē aʻe. No keia kumu, noʻonoʻo i ka ideology hoʻohuʻu kanaka ku okoa ana i loko o ke kānāwai.

individualism

I waena o nā lokomaikai hoi o ka Hawaiʻi i helu individualism. Haʻalele socialism, ua i hoʻomōhala ke kaiāulu kanaka, ma ka ho'āʻo e hoohui i na kanaka ma ka pūʻulu (imi e e ka hapanui o na ia a pau). Kona pahuhopu - ka makemake e hoʻonui loa i ka ulu ana o ka makakū individuality o kela a me keia.

kuleana

Nō hoʻi, ma ka lokomaikaʻi, ke kaiāulu, ke kupa i ke 'ano laulā huahelu o ka pono. Kekahi o ka mea nui o ka manawa, e nā waiwai a me ka pāʻoihana.

Ua hoʻomanaʻoʻia ai ia ia ina kekahi kanaka i kekahi mea pono - ia 'aʻole i manaʻo i ka mea pono i ka ai.

ʻO kāna mau 'ōlelo cia o liberalism a me ka egalitarianism nomokratiya

I loko nō o ka nohoaliʻi connivance pili i ka hana ana o kona poe kanaka, me ka lokomaikaʻi, ideology mea he 'O ke kaulike. Ma waho aʻeo ia na mea he nui o nā pono kīvila (kūkulu nānā 'ana i ia), mea kuleana ma mua o ka kānāwai kanaka i loko o ke kaiaulu. A ma ke alo o ka mea i pāpā ikaika a pau, mai ke aliʻi / Peresidena / luna i ka poʻeʻilihune noho kamaaina wau.

Other nui nā loina a me nā loina o liberalism - i ka wa e kaawale aku o ka māhele o ke kaiāulu i loko o papa (egalitarianism). E like me ka hiki i keia manao, loa a pau makaainana ole wale i like nā pono kīvila a me ke dute, akā, i nā manawa kūpono.

Penei,ʻaʻohe mea i 'ohana i ke keiki i hanau, ina ia he mea i ke tālena, a imi i ka hoʻomohala ia -ʻo ia ke hoʻopaʻa haʻawina a me ka hana i loko o ka maikai kulanui o ka moku'āina.

Inā ke keiki o ke kiʻekiʻe-hanau a me ka waiwai 'ohana - naʻaupō,ʻo ia hiki ole kiʻi i ka maikai kiʻekiʻe kula palapala puka, a lawe i kekahi kulana koʻikoʻi ma lalo o ka malu o na makua, a, e i mea wale nōʻo ia i hewaʻiʻo.

Ua mea waiwai 'ana i kumumanaʻo i ka lā mua o ka egalitarianism ua nō i loko o ka Roma aupuni a pau. A laila, i kapaʻia kēia kŰia "clientele". O lalo laina ua i ka rootless, akā, loea kanaka (i kapaʻia ka mea, "nā mea mālama mai") ke loaʻa i ka patronage o ka maikaiʻohana a hiki komo i loko o kā lākou mau haku mele 'ana ma luna o ka like wawae eha. Makou manao me Kau waihonaʻeluaʻaoʻao aelike ma kākoʻo, na kanaka i haawiia mai ai ka manawa, e hana i ka manaʻo politika a me kekahi 'ē' oihana. Penei, loea poe kanaka i haawi mai i ka manawa lākou Loaʻaʻia, e hoʻomaopopo ai i ka pono o ka moku'āina.

Roma hanohano (na patricians) ma mōʻaukala ua aumeume ana me ka clientele, a hiki no nae ia i ka pilina i ka pomaikai o ke aupuni a pau. A hiki i ka mea e pono ai no nā mea mālama mai hooponopono iho i, e kali, no ka makahiki o ka ikaika loa ia lāhui kanaka i loko o ke ao nei i haule iho ai.

He hana hoihoi i ka malama hope ma mua o hookahi ma ka mōʻaukala o ka like au. Inā kaiāulu nō hoʻi ia moʻolelo paha ma ka liʻiliʻi loa hapa 'ia' kāpae i elitist - ia a māhuahua. A i ka wā hōʻole ma ka egalitarianism - hoomaka stagnation, a ma hope o ka emi.

pluralism

Noonoo pono i ka pili aiee o liberalism, e hoʻolohe i ka pluralism. Kēia inoa o ka oihana i ma kekahi pukana i ka ia manawa hiki ia i kekahi mau manaʻo, a me kekahi o ia mea i oi.

Ma kālai'āina, keia kŰia ka poʻea pau a hiki i ka nunui-aoʻao kahua; i hoomana - ka manawa kūpono o ka maluhia coexistence o kekahi mau denominations (haipule pluralism).

Rationalism a me ka progressivism

Ma waho a pau o ka luna, liberalism kākoʻo manaʻo i loko o ka lanakila o ka holomua a me ka manawa e hoʻololi i ke ao nei, ka hoʻohana 'ana i ka naauao a hiki.

E like me ia ia lakou, na nā papaha o ka 'epekema a me na kanaka naau i loa kiʻekiʻe, a ina ka mea, ua naʻauao hoʻohana no ka lehulehu pomaikai - ka Honua, e ulu ai na tausani o ka makahiki.

Ua hoʻokumu paʻa nā loina a me nā aiee o liberalism, ua hiki ke manao nei makou i kēia ideology ma ka kumumanaʻo, kekahi o ka loa e holumua ai i loko o ke ao nei. Naʻe, hoʻowahāwahā i ka nani o ka manaʻo, ka manaʻo o kekahi o ia mau mea, ma ka hana, 'aʻole i mau alakai no ka makemake hopena. No keia mea, i keia la o ka honua i ka loa e holumua ai ideology ke kaiāulu mea lokomaikaʻi, aupuni a ka lehulehu, naʻe ia mea no kahi loihi mai ka hemolele.