Nitration o toluene: no AiON helu kaulike

E ka kamailio e pili ana ana i ka nitration o toluene. Hoomakaukau like me ma ka reacting he nui helu o semifinished huahana hoʻohana ma o ka hana o ka pōkā pahū, pharmaceuticals.

I ka nui o ka nitration

Benzene nā mea loaʻa like onaona nitro hui i loaʻa i loko o kaʻiʻo nō o kēia Nine Inch oihana puolo. Nitrobenzene ma aniline He palapala huahana, ala, mea lāʻau lapaʻau? Iecaianoaaiiie. He mea he'ūheheʻe maikaʻi no he nui loa ke aloha i huiʻia, me kelulose a me ka nitrite e hana i kekahi gelatinous nui me ia. I kaʻaila kā hana ka mea, ua hoʻohana 'ia e like me ka hoomaemae i no ka lubricating mea kāhinu,. A hiki i ka nitration o ka toluene Ua makaukau benzidine, aniline, aminosalicylicʻakika, phenylenediamine.

Ano o ka nitration

Nitration wehewehe aku muliwai NO2 pae i loko o ka lātoma o ka ke aloha i huiʻia. Ke kaumaha ma muli o ka hoʻomakaʻia, i kēia kaʻina puka mai i kekahi'ano'ē, nucleophilic, electrophilicʻano papa hana. Ka hana (particles) hana like nitronium cations, Ion a me radicals NO2. Toluene nitration naoh pili ia i ka hope. No ka 'ē aʻe ke aloha' ona i hakahaka nitration, a me ka hou ana o ka waʻa hoopaa.

Nitration o toluene i loko o ka lātoma o ka onaona hydrocarbon ua lawe mai ka hoʻohana 'ana nitratingʻakika (sulfuric a nitric nāʻakika). Ka hōʻeleu hōʻike waiwai sulfuricʻakika lawelawe me ke kaʻina hana 'o ia hoʻi vodotnimayuschego.

kaʻina helu kaulike

Nitration o toluene komo ai hakahaka o kekahi hydrogen'Ātoma ma nitro. Pehea i ke ano o ka mākau alu?

I mea e wehewehe i ka nitration o toluene, hiki e na poe o ka naoh helu kaulike like penei:

ArH + HONO2 + = Ara-NO2 + h2 O

Ua apono 'oe e e hookolokoloia mai ai au wale ma luna o ka mau papa o ka AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN, akā,' aʻole e hōʻike i nā hiʻona o keia kaʻina. I ka mea aia no he naoh ma waena o ka onaona hydrocarbons, a me nā huahana o nitricʻakika.

Ua haawiia i ka huina hoonui i ka wai lātoma, e ho'ēmi i kā ka lehulehu o nitricʻakika, nitration o toluene nolaila, 'aʻole hoʻi. I mea e pale aku i kēia pilikia, ke kaʻina ua lawe mai ma haʻahaʻa mahana ka hoʻohana nitricʻakika i loko o ka oi dala.

Hou o sulfuricʻakika like dehydrating konohiki i hoʻohana , acetic anhydride, polyphosphoricʻakika, boron trifluoride. Ka mea, ā nā snizat hokii o nitricʻakika, hoomahuahua i ka ka hoʻokōʻana o ka AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN.

Nā nuances o ke kaʻina

Ua ho'ākāka ke nitration o toluene i loko o ka hopena o umikumamaiwa kenekulia V. Markovnikov. He ua hiki ke hookupaa aku i ka loulou ma waena o ke alo i loko o ka läÿau, naoh i kia sulfuricʻakika a me ke kaʻina pele kōmi. Ma kēia? Iecaianoaaiiuo nitrotoluene anhydrous nitricʻakika e ia, ia ma hōʻemi iki oi.

No hoi, a me ka sulfonation nitration o toluene komo ai ka hoʻohana 'ana i loaʻa dehydrating boron fluoride ke keʻena. Kona pōkole i loko o ka naoh kaʻina mau hiʻohiʻona nō e emi i ka lilo ana o ka huina hoonui i loaa, aʻo kona loaʻa ka nitration o toluene. Helu kaulike e kahe ana o kaʻina nui, ua like penei:

ArH + HNO3 + BF3 = Ara-NO2 + BF3 · h2 O

Ma hope o ka pau ana o ka naoh wai ua hoʻolauna, ai ka monohydrate boron fluoride dihydrate 'ano apau loa. Ua Ua weheʻia i loko o vacuo, alaila, hui aku kalipuna fluoride, hoi mai ana i ka palapala hui palapala.

Specificity o nitration

Aia nō kekahi mau hiʻona o ke kaʻina hana pili i ke koho ana o ka reagents, kūpapakū hoʻohana 'naoh. E noonoo i kekahi o ko lākou hou koho:

• 60-65 pakeneka nitricʻakika i loko o ka läÿau, o ka 96 pakeneka sulfuricʻakika;
• hui o 98% nitricʻakika a me kia sulfuricʻakika no naohʻuʻuku ke aloha 'ona;
• potasiuma nitrate ole'amoniuma me kia sulfuricʻakika - mea he wae maikaʻi no ka? iecaianoaaiiie o ka pīlali o nitro i huiʻia.

Nā kinetics o nitration

Onaona hydrocarbons, interacting me ka läÿau, o ka sulfuric a me nitric nāʻakika, nitro ionically. V. Markovnikov hiki ke emi iho i ka specificity o ka AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN. Ke kaʻina hana i wahi i loko o kekahi mau kahua o ka hoʻonaʻauao. Nitrosernayaʻakika ua mua ia o Adamu, i undergoes dissociation ma koʻana koko pāʻoihana. i reacted Nitronium Ion me toluene, e hana me ke huahana nitrotoluene. I ka wa i hoʻohuiʻia i ka läÿau, o ka wai nā lātoma ia lŘlŘ i deceleration.

Ma nā'uheheʻe me ke aloha ano - nitromethane, acetonitrile, sulfolane - e leie aku i ka ho okumu ana o ka cation hoʻonui i ka uku o ka nitration.

Ke kūpono nitronium cation pili i ke onaona nucleus o toluene, pela i hanaʻia waena. Eia ka mea, he proton nahā i, e alakai ana i ka ho okumu nitrotoluene.

No ka piha ano o ka mākau alu mākou ke noonoo i ke kahua o kekahi "sigma" a me ka "pi" eiiieaena. Education "sigma" o ka luna 'o ka uku-ke kaupalenaʻanaʻanuʻu o ka AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN. Ke naoh pākēneka ua pololei e pili ana i ka rapidity o nitronium cation IeIIeYOA i ka kalapona'Ātoma i loko o ka nucleus o onaona i huiʻia. proton splitting aku o ka toluene ua lawe mai aneane nei.

Wale ma kekahi wahi, i hiki, aia paha e kekahi pilikia me ka hope pili me ka nui iniiaiie kinetic kālaiōewe kanawai. Keia mea aie a hiki i ka hoʻonui o ka hoʻi kaʻina hana i loko o ke alo o nā pilikia o nāʻano likeʻole.

I ka wa koho o ka hōʻeleu, a me ka dehydrating Agena me kia sulfuricʻakika kaʻina he mea equilibrium naeaeaa ma ke kahua o ka naoh huahana.

ka hopena

Ua hana i loko o ka nitration o toluene nitrotoluene, i mea he waiwai huina hoonui o ka Nine Inch hana. He keia waiwai o ka mea pahū hui, no laila, ke koi i ka huaʻai mālili hana. Mawaena o ka mea pili i kona hanalima hana? Aneie pilikia, e hoailona oukou i ka pono o ka paa nui o kia sulfuricʻakika.

No ka Makuakane i keia pilikia, chemists e imi i mea e hōʻemi ai wao sulfuricʻakika loaa ma hope o ka nitration kaʻina. No ka laʻana, ua lawe ke kaʻina mai ma lalo mahana, ka meakino hoʻohana mea hiki wawe ka regenerable. Sulfuricʻakika he ikaika oxidizing ka waiwai, i negatively e loli ai ua hoonuiia ka ka popopo o ke hooheheeia pilikia i ola meaola. I kaʻaeʻana i nā mea a pau maluhia mau hae hiki ke Makuakane me kēia mau pilikia, loaa kiʻekiʻe ma Hawaiʻi nitro i huiʻia.