Owai la ka mea ike electromagnetic a nalu? Nä hawewe electromagnetic - papaaina. Ano o nä hawewe electromagnetic

Nä hawewe electromagnetic (Table a e e hāʻawiʻia ma lalo nei) ho i ka haunaele o kaʻume mākenēki a me ka uila kihapai i māhele i loko o ka lewa. Ia ma laila i kekahi mau ano. I ka like o kēia mau hana hoʻohaunaele o ua hoʻoili i loko o ke kālaikūlohea. Nä hawewe electromagnetic i ua loaʻa ma muli o ia ka mea i ka uila alternatingʻume mākenēki kahua paha ke, a me keia ma ka huli paha ke uila.

mō'aukala noiʻi

Ka mua kumumanaʻo, i hiki ke noʻonoʻo pono i ke kahiko Lolina o electromagnetic a ale o hypotheses, eia ma ka liʻiliʻi loa i loko o ka wa o Huygens. I ka manawa, speculation i quantified ulu. Huygens i ka 1678, ka makahiki hua mai la i kekahi ano o ka "outline" kumumanaʻo - "hoonoho ma ka honua". I ka 1690 paʻiʻiaʻo ia i kekahi hana maikaʻi loa. Ua Ua ua oleloia i ka qualitative pähola 'o ka noʻonoʻo, refraction ma ke ano ma i ia mea i keia la na poe ma ka heluna o nā puke kula ( "nä hawewe electromagnetic", papa 9).

A me keia i ua ua kālaiʻia Huygens 'rula. Me ka mea, lilo iho la hiki, e hoʻopaʻa haʻawina ma ka noi o ke alo nalu. Keia rula hope loaʻa kona kūpono 'ana i loko o nā hana o Fresnel. Huygens-Fresnel rula i kūikawā manaʻo nui i loko o ka kumumanaʻo o ka diffraction a me ka nalu kumumanaʻo o ka malamalama.

I 1660-1670 makahiki o ke dala nui o ka mana a me kaʻimi naʻauao nā haʻawina i hanaʻia i loko o ke ao Hooke a me Newton. Owai la ka mea ike electromagnetic a nalu? Ka mea ho okolohua i lawelawe 'ia e ho'āʻo i ko lakou ola? He aha nō keʻano o ka electromagnetic a nalu? Ma keia hope.

hoaponoia Maxwell

Ma mua o ke kamailio e pili ana i ka poe i loaa electromagnetic a nalu, ia pono e mai la oia i ka mea mua nä känaka 'epekema i wānana i ko lakou ola ma ka mau, ua lilo Faraday. Kona kuhiakau ia i waiho aku i ka makahiki 1832, ka makahiki. ? Ieoaeunoai kumumanaʻo a laila komo i loko o Maxwell. I ka 1865, i ka iwa o ka makahiki ka mea, ua pau i ka hana. E like me ka hopena, Maxwell pololei formalized makemakika kumumanaʻo,'āpono mai i ka wa o kaʻike manaʻo ma lalo o noonoo. He ua, ua hoʻoholo māmā holo o ka propagation o nä hawewe electromagnetic no hoi, coincide me ka waiwai laila, pili malamalama holo. Kēia, ma ka huli, ae aku la ia ia e kākoʻo i ke kuhiakau i kuni mea he ano o ka pāhawewe noʻonoʻo.

mana ka loaʻaʻana

Maxwell ka kumumanaʻo Ua hoʻopaʻa i loko o ka ho okolohua o Hertz i ka 1888. Ua pono e mai la oia i ka German physicist i kona ike maopopo ana, e hōʻoleʻia kāna i ke kumumanaʻo, hoʻowahāwahā kona makemakika manawa. Eia naʻe, mahalo i kona ike maopopo ana Hertz i ka mea mua i loaa electromagnetic a hawewe i loko o nä hana kilokilo. Eia hou, i loko o ka papa o ko lākou mau ho okolohua, ua hōʻike 'epekema i ka waiwai a me nā' ano o ka pāhawewe.

Electromagnetic Kimi Hertz loaa no i ka lāʻau ikiʻai wale excitation moʻo o ka hoʻomaka koke kahe ana ma ka vibrator ma ka mea o ka kiʻekiʻe anakahi uila kumu. High alapine (frequency) paialewa hiki ke 'akomi i ma ka huakai kaapuni. Ke oscillation alapine (frequency) i ka ia e ia i ke kiʻekiʻe, ka mea kiekie ka capacitance a me ka inductance. Akā, i kēia alapine (frequency) kiʻekiʻe mea i kumu hoʻomalu kiʻekiʻe pele. E hana lākou ia mea, Hertz hoʻohana i ka 'ano mea mea, i ua e kapaʻia - "kūpenu iho ia i kukuna". Ka mea o ka oscillation kaapuni o ka hamama type.

E hoohauhee ana i ka hoao ana Hertz

Ikamu i ka pāhawewe Ua lawe mai ma ke kumu o ka loaa ana vibrator. Keia mea i ka like 'ole e like me ia o ka K'lauea noonoo. Ma lalo o ka aoao o ka hawewe electromagnetic uila alternating kahua excitationʻikena fluctuations mai ai i loko o ka loaa noonoo. Inā ma keia mea kona maoli alapine (frequency) a me ka alapine (frequency) o koko coincide, ka resonance mai. E like me ka hopena, o na kanaka haunaele iloko o ka? Eaia nakeke me ka oi aku ikaika hawewe. Kanaka noiʻi haʻawina ia, ae nānā ana i nā hunaahi ma waena o conductors i loko o ka uuku nahā i.

Penei, Hertz i ka mea mua i loaa electromagnetic a nalu, hoao i ko lakou ikaika, e noonoo pono i na conductors. Ka mea, Ua aneane hoapono mai i ke kahua o ke ku ana ka malamalama. Eia kekahi, Hertz paa māmā holo o ka propagation o nä hawewe electromagnetic i ka lewa.

I ka like o nā 'ano o ka

Nä hawewe electromagnetic hoʻopulapula ma aneane pau hana kūpono. Ma ka makahiki, a ua piha i ka waiwai o ka pāhawewe i loko o kekahi mau hihia e puunaue pono lawa. Akā, ka mea iki hoʻololi 'ana i kā lākou mau hana.

Nä hawewe electromagnetic i loko o vacuo manao me ka attenuation. Ka mea, e haawi i ka mamao o kekahi ana nui. Ke poʻo kumu a mea 'ano nā polarization nalu, alapine (frequency) a me ka lōʻihi. Description o na waiwai ua lawe mai i loko o ka? Aieao o electrodynamics. Naʻe, i ka pāhawewe ano o kekahi mau wahi o ka pae e komo i loko o aku kekahi mau mea o ke kālaikūlohea. O ka lolouila, no kekahi laʻana, e like me optics.

Hoʻopaʻa haʻawina paakiki electromagnetic a pāhawewe o pōkole-nalu spectral hope o ka pauku epa me ka ikehu kiʻekiʻe. Ua haawiia i keʻano o kēia manaʻo pohaku e e pakiko-hahau, a hui me ka nawaliwali hana kūleʻa i loko o ka hoʻokahi kumumanaʻo.

Kumumanaʻo noi i loko o këia o ka waiwai

I kēia manawa, aia nei likeʻole kāu kiʻina hana no e pono ai hōʻikeʻia nani a me këia i ka waiwai o ka hōʻike 'ana a me ka kuekueni. Ka loa kumu o ka ai a me ka piha pähola 'o quantum electrodynamics ua noʻonoʻo pono. Mea ma kekahi 'ole ka' ē aʻe simplifications i hiki e loaa i ka keia mau kiʻina hana, i mea hoʻomano hoʻohana i loko o nā kula.

Description me ka mahalo i ka haʻahaʻa-alapine (frequency) ka pāhawewe i loko o ka macroscopic 'ia ua lawe mai ma ka mea o ka panina electrodynamics. Ua Ua nānā 'ana i Maxwell mau nā helu kaulike. Ma ke noi, he mau palapala noi, e Nohie. ka'ōnohi optics ka wā këia i hoʻohana. Ka nalu kumumanaʻo ua pili i ka hihia ma kekahi mau wahi o ka'ōnohi'ōnaehana o ka nui kokoke i ka ke kōā. Quantum optics ua hoʻohana 'ia ka wā lula' hoopuehu keʻano o ka hanaʻana i, omo o photons.

Geometric'ōnohi kumumanaʻo - ka ke kaupalenaʻana hihia i loko i ka ke kōā o ka ole ae. He nui no hoi kekahi mau pili a me nā paepae kahua pauku. Mau nā, no kekahi laʻana, nā astrophysics, kālaimeaola o ka hihiʻo a me ka kāʻamaʻai, photochemistry. Pehea e hoʻolaha electromagnetic a nalu? Ka papaʻaina maopopo hōʻike ua hōʻike ma lalo o ka puunaue no ka pae.

Mea Maluna

Aia mau alapine (frequency) papa koa o nä hawewe electromagnetic. Ma waena o ia mau mea, aohe mea i abrupt nā mahele, i kekahi manawa ka mea, ano. Na palena ma waena o ia mea, aole i pili. Aie i ka mea i ua haawi noke i ke kahe, ka alapine ua rigidly me ka lōʻihi hou pili. Ma lalo nō o ka papa koa o nä hawewe electromagnetic.

Ultrashort malamalama i hiki ke maheleia i micrometer (iiaciiie-millimeter), millimeter, kenimika, decimeter, mika. Inā ka ke kōā o ka electromagnetic a pāhawewe o ka emi o ka mika, laila kona kapa oscillation o Naha Pōhaku kiʻekiʻe alapine (frequency) (SHF).

Ano o nä hawewe electromagnetic

Luna, papa koa o nä hawewe electromagnetic. He aha nō keʻano o nā a pele? Group o ionizing pāhawewe nā gamma a me ka X-kukuna. Ua pono e olelo aku i ka mea hiki ke ionize nā'ātoma a me ultraviolet malamalama, a hiki i nanaia ka malamalama. Nā margins i nā gamma a me ka X-Ray koko, i ho'ākāka 'loa conditional. Me kekahi mau kohoʻia maliu mokuna 20 eV - 0,1 MeV. Gamma-kahe ana ma ka puali ololi ano kinoea ma ka nucleus, X - e-'ātoma iwi i ejection mai na orbits haʻahaʻa-e moe ana o electrons. Naʻe, i kēia Mea Maluna aole i pili i ka hana pāhawewe ua loaʻa me ka nuclei a me nā'ātoma.

X-Ray koko ua loaʻa ka wā decelerating hookeai, papa mai (particles) (protons, electrons, a me kekahi poe e ae), a nolaila, na keʻano o ka hanaʻana i ana i loko o ka'ātoma huina'ine leho. Gamma oscillations i hoʻomaka ai i ka hopena o keʻano o ka hanaʻana i loko o ka'ātoma nuclei a me ka huli ana o ka haʻahaʻa (particles).

Radio muliwai

Aie i ka waiwai nui o ka lōʻihi o ka noonoo ana o kēia mau nalu e e lawe mai me ka lawe i ka mooolelo o ka atomistic 'ole o ka meakino. Me he koe, e mālamaʻoukou wale nō i ka pōkole kahawai i mea e pili ana i ka welaʻula māhele 'āina. Ma ka Radio quantum waiwai oscillations ana loa nawaliwali. Aka hoi, e pono e noonoo, no ka laʻana, ka wā ke kālailai i ka hakakino kūlana o ka manawa a me ka alapine (frequency) i ke anuanu maila 'nakeke a hiki i ka wela o kekahi mau degere Kelvin.

Quantum waiwai i lawe i moolelo i loko o ka ho'ākāka 'ana no oscillators a me amplifiers ma ka millimeter a me ka kenimika papa koa. Radio kau ua hana i ka neʻeʻana o AC conductors kūpono alapine (frequency). A maalo ae la oia electromagnetic a hawewe i loko o ka lewa excites ka alternating pono, e like me ia. Keia waiwai ua hoʻohana 'ia i loko o ka manao o antennas i loko o ka Radio.

hiki lua i pele

Ultraviolet a he pāhawewe mea hiki ma ke ala ano o ka olelo no laila,-kapaia'ōnohi spectral māhele 'āina. Kahińuli keia wahi ua kena ae la i wale i ke koke o ka lakou mau wahi, akā, e like me na mea i hoʻohana 'ia i loko o ke ao, a uluʻano nui i loko o ke ao o hiki malamalama. Mau nā, i loko o 'ana, na aniani a me nā aniani kaulona no hoʻomālama ka pāhawewe, diffraction papa manamana, prisms, a me na mea e ae.

Frequency'ōnohi ale e like me ka poe o na nā lātoma a me na nā'ātoma, a me kā lākou mau loa - me ka intermolecular mamao a me hakakino Ana. No ia mea, nui ma keia kahua iʻike manaʻo i i ke kumu ma ka'ātoma 'ole o ka waiwai. No ka mea ua kumu, ho'ā hoʻi me ka nalu, a mai ka quantum waiwai.

Ka muli o ka'ōnohi lua i pele

Ke kahi kaulana loa o ka la. Star 'ilikai (photosphere) i ka wela o ka 6000 ° Kelvin, a hoʻokuʻu akula olinolino keokeo malamalama. Ke kiʻekiʻe waiwai o ka mea ana pae ua aia i loko o ka "maka" ciia - 550 HI. Aia mea no hoi kekahi i kā mākou pilikia makapō pā lonoaʻili. Fluctuations ma ka'ōnohi huahelu i hoʻomaka ai ka wā 'enaʻena kino. i welaʻula lua i pele nolaila, haawiia no hoi i like ka wela.

Ka ikaika o ka hahana maoli nō kēia kino i wahi, o ka mea kiekie oia ka alapine (frequency) ma ka pae nei i kā mākou. incandescence malama ma ka kekahi ka mahana ua hoalaia mai (glow i loko o ka hiki huahelu). I ka ia mua akakaʻulaʻula, alaila, he lenalena, a laila. Kukuluia'na a kakau o ka'ōnohi pele ke'ākoʻakoʻa i liluwelo a me ka Nine Inch reactions, kekahi o i ua hoʻohana 'ia i loko o ka Hawaii photo. No ka hapanui o mea ola ma luna o ka honua nei e like me ka ikehu kumu hanaʻia kāʻamaʻai. Kēia liluwelo naoh i wahi i loko o nā mea kanu ma lalo o ka aoao o ka'ōnohi pāhawewe lā.

Hiʻona o nä hawewe electromagnetic

Nā waiwai o ka meakino a me ke kumu pili o ka pele ano. A lele aku, i loko o 'ana, i ka manawa kaukaʻi o ke kula, i hoʻomōakaaka ke kahe type. No ka laʻana, i ka wa a ka mamao mai ka vibrator (mahuahua) ke kahahńnai o ka curvature i oi aku. I ka hopena o ka pelane hawewe electromagnetic. AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN a me ka lako e ia lŘlŘ like okoa. hiki nui e ho'ākāka 'ia ma ke omo a me ka ea puka keʻano o ka hanaʻana fluxes ka hoʻohana panina electrodynamic ka lākiō.. No ka nalu o ka'ōnohi huahelu, a me ka nui paakiki-kukuna e e ia i loko o ka mooolelo o ko lakou quantum ano.

kumu muliwai

I loko nō o ka physical oko, wahi - i loko o ka radioactive waiwai, he kīwī lēkio leo, i ke kukui - electromagnetic a ka nalu i malia e uila 'āhewa' ana i neʻe me ka hoʻonui. Aia nō nā papa kuhikuhi ano o ke kumu: microscopic a me ka macroscopic. Ka mua ia lŘlŘ abrupt hoʻololi o na (particles) i hoopiiia mai kekahi i kekahi kiʻekiʻe i loko o nā nā lātoma a me nā'ātoma.

Microscopic kumu hoʻokuʻu akula X-Ray, gamma, ultraviolet, welaʻula, i nanaia, a ma kekahi mau hihia, lōʻihi-nalu pāhawewe. E like me ka laʻana o ka hope o ka hydrogen spectral laina i hoʻopili like ai i ka nalu o 21 knm, O kŰia pakahi aku la ia nui ma ka Radio kilohōkū.

Sources macroscopicʻano ho i emitters ma a noa electrons conductors i i synchronous papa'āweʻaweʻa kemika oscillation. Ma nenoai o keia waeʻano i ua loaʻa lua i pele, mai millimeter a hiki i ka loihi (ma ka mana laina).

Ke 'ole a me ka ikaika o ka lua i pele

An uila kauoha neʻe me ka hoʻonui a me ka hoʻololi 'ana i ke kamepiula paialewa lakou aloha kekahi i kekahi, me kekahi koa. Lākou nui a me ka ao ao e kalele iho ma luna o ia aʻe e like me ka nui a me ka hoʻonohonohoʻia o ke kula, a iloko ona i kakauia na paialewa a me ka 'āhewa' ana, i ko lakou nui a me ka pili olelo. Kekahi 'ole ma o ka pou' ano a me ka hana meakino e like me loli ma ka uku ole lehulehu a me ka hāʻawi 'ana o ke kumu paialewa.

Aie i ka ka manaʻo pohihihi o ka nohona ma pilikia hoakaka e hoʻolauna i ke kānāwai o ka ikaika i loko o ka palapala o ka hookahi haʻilula ke ole. A me nā hale i kapaʻia he electromagnetic a ke kahua, a manaoia me e pono e like me ka makemakika e hoopii mai ai, nānā 'ia ma ka puunaue ana i' āhewa 'ana, a paialewa. Ia, ma ka huli, i ka mea i haawiia mai kahi, e lawe i ka mooolelo palena ana. Hua'ōlelo i ho'ākāka 'palapala AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN cii, a me nā' ano o ka mea. Inā ka mea, ua lawe mai ma luna o ka unbounded kahua, mau ana i complemented. E like me ka hana hou ana i na hihia o ka pāhawewe ke ano. Ma muli o ia mea, ua ua hoʻohiki ma ka "pololei" hana o ke kula i infinity.

Chronology o ke ao

Corpuscular-kinetic Lomonosov pähola 'i loko o kekahi o ko lakou wahi mua mai i kekahi mau tenets o ka electromagnetic a kahua kumumanaʻo .. "Lobe" (rotational) noi o (particles), "zyblyuschayasya" (nalu) pähola' o ka malamalama, i kona noho pu ana me keʻano o ka uila, etc. welaʻula lua i pele i 'akomi i ka 1800 ma Herschel (Pelekāne nä känaka 'epekema), a ma ka, 1801-ka m aʻe, i ho'ākāka' ia ma Ritter ultraviolet. Ka pāhawewe ke pōkole ma mua o ultraviolet, i weheia Roentgen huahelu i ka 1895 makahiki, ma ka November 8. A laila, ka mea la ia mea e like me ka X-Ray.

Ole o nä hawewe electromagnetic i ua aʻoʻia he nui ka noiʻi. Naʻe, ka mea mua, e makaikai i na nā papaha o nā kahawai, kā lākou laulā ua lilo Narkevitch-Iodko (Hawaiian scientific huahelu). He aʻo i nā waiwai o ka lua i pele i pili i ka hana o ka laau lapaau. Gamma pāhawewe i loaa e Paul Villard i ka 1900. Ma ka Ia wā Planck alakaiʻimi naʻauao haʻawina o na waiwai o kaʻeleʻele kino. Iloko o ke ao ka mea, ua hamama quantum kaʻina. Kana hana i ka hoʻomaka o ka hooulu ana mai o quantum ke kālaikūlohea. A laila, Ua paʻiʻia kekahi mau Planck a me Einstein. Lākou noiʻi alakai i ke kahua o ia i kekahi mea me ka photon. Kēia, ma ka huli, ia i ka hoʻomaka o ka hanaia'na o ka quantum kumumanaʻo o ka electromagnetic a pele. Kona ulu hoʻomau i loko o nā hana o ke alakai akeakamai huahelu o ka iwakalua kenekulia.

E möakäka hou noiʻi a me ka hana ma luna o ka quantum kumumanaʻo o ka electromagnetic a pāhawewe a me kona AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN me ka mea i alakai e ho'ōla ai i ke kahua o ka quantum electrodynamics ma ke ano i loko i ka mea i koe i keia la. I waena o nā kānakaʻepekema poʻokela nāna i aʻo i kēia pukana, mākou e hōʻike, ma ka hou ana i Einstein a me Planck, Bohr, Bose, Dirac, Aloha de Broglie, Heisenberg, Tomonaga, Schwinger, Feynman.

ka hopena

Ka waiwai i loko o ke ao nei kēia o ke kālaikūlohea Ua lawa ka nui. Ua aneane na mea a pau i ka mea i hoʻohana 'ia i kēia lā i loko o kanaka ola, ikea mai la i ke aloha i ka mea hiki pono o ka noiʻi a nui ka noiʻi. Ka loaʻa o ka electromagnetic a nalu a me kā lākou ao, ma ka nui, alakai aku ai i ka hooulu ana iʻike mau, a ma hope lawe lima kaul, Radio transmitters. A mau mea nui e pili ana no ia i kaʻimi naʻauao ike i loko o ke kula o ka lapaau, hana, a me ka 'ike loea.

O ke kumu ho i ka laha ana o laupaʻi 'epekema. All physical ho okolohua me ka nānā 'ana ma ana, e like no me ka waiwai o nāʻike manaʻo i? Anoee me ka na hae. Ia mea no kēia mea i loko o ka hahau ulu luna 'ana kani a me nā huahelu. Mau lauana mea, he pono ole ia a pau na mea nenoai. No ka laʻana, nā kānāwai o ka mālama o ka ikehu i manaoia, he pono ole physical kānāwai.

'Epekema e like me ka a pau ua kapaʻia i loko o na hihia apau. O ke kumu ho kuhikuhi ana i ka mea i 'ē aʻe no ka hoʻopaʻi' haawi wehewehena a, ma ka huli, e hoolohe i nā kānāwai o ke kālaikūlohea. Pela, ma kemika aʻo nā'ātoma, he waiwai loko mai o ia mau mea, a me ka loli. Akā, Nine Inch waiwai o ke kino hoʻoholo ma ke kino ai 'ano o nā lātoma a me nā'ātoma. I kŰia mau mea e wehewehe i na pauku o ke kālaikūlohea, e like electromagnetism, thermodynamics, a me na mea e ae.