Owai la ka mea ike i ka North Pole? Mōʻaukala o ka loaʻa o ka North Pole

Ke ola ana o ka Akau Leeuwerikplein kaupoku o ka Honua ma kiʻekiʻe lakikū no kenekulia o Laielohelohe i ka noonoo ana o ka noiʻi a me ka huakaʻi. O ka mea nana i wehe i ka North Pole, e hoonani i kona inoa i emi o Columbus, Magellan a me nā explorers nui. Huakaʻi kaua, i loko o ka mea kiʻekiʻe akau lakikū i hoʻokū pono ia mai i loko o Rusia, UK, USA, Norway, Italy. He nui nā huakaʻi make ma mua e holo ai i ka pahu hopu. Lākou mau inoa iloko o me ka mahalo mamo.

I ka loaʻa mai o ka North Pole. prehistory

Lūkini explorers mai Novgorod ma ka XI-XII kenekulia hiki i ka mokuna o ka White Sea.

I nā makahiki 1595-1597 V. Barents, a me kona mau luina haʻalele i ka hooilo, i loko o ka Arctic, ma ke komohana o Novaya Zemlya, e imi mai a hiki i keia mokupuni o Spitsbergen.

PelekāneʻImi Loa G. Hudson i ka 1607 i hiki aku ai i ka hikina kae o Greenland, akā, i ka huakaʻi i ke ahulau ma ka hau. Ke kime e hoʻokele i hiki Spitsbergen, akā, ma luna o 80,23 ° hiki oleʻoni.

V. Bering i 1725-1734 makahiki, hele i ka First Kamchatka huakaʻi e makaikai i ka Polar lakikū.

No ke aha la paionia 'imi i ka North Pole?

Kekahi ma hope o kekahi, i Hoʻoili aʻela me ka hou huakaʻi, ka makemake nui o - ka loaʻa o ka North Pole. A hailona ana o kanaka, mai kekahi aina e hele aku i ka North. Ua paipai nō ho`ii mākaʻikaʻi maʻAʻole wale i ka hoʻokahi wale nō 'epekema hoihoi. New aoao ke emi i ka loihi e kalepa, a me kou moku, maiʻEulopa a hiki i Asia. Ka ninau ana o ka poe i loaa i ka North Pole, i kūkākūkā i loko o kēlā mau makahiki. Explorers a me nā huakaʻi no ka lōʻihi manawa ke komo iloko ma luna 80 ° akau ka latitu.

Manaʻo nā huakaʻi kaua, a hiki i ka North Pole

Ma ka XVII kenekulia ua he pähola 'o ka heheʻe o ka hau ma ke kauwela mahina kokoke ka North Geographic Pole. Kekahi noiʻi manaʻo i laila i ola i ke kai, ua i uhiia e ka hau. Keia kaao, ua hookumuia oia na mea he nui ho'āʻo e hiki kiʻekiʻe lakikū ma ka moana wai ma luna o na moku. Ka nui Russian nä känaka 'epekema Mikhail Lomonosov alakai hoʻomaulia hoʻopaʻa i kēia manawa kūpono. Empress Ana ke Great kena ka huakaʻi. Ma kona manao paa keia Adimarala V. Chichagov i ka 1765-m + a me ka m-1766 palua au i hele ai i loko o ka huli ana o ka noa wai pokole, kahi e hiki ke kiʻi i ka North Pole. Adimarala hikiʻole eʻoni aʻe ma luna o 80,30 °. Au e i kiʻi i ka discoverer o ka North Pole, mai ke poo o ka Beritaniaʻoihana moku huakaʻi K. Phipps. He ua hiki ke hoʻokō i ka 1773 wale ka latitu 80,48 °. ho'āʻo pomaikai ole oe e lanakila i ka i koe mau degere i ka North Pole nei i ke kāʻei kua o ka manaʻo o ka wai hele i loko o ka lakikū kiʻekiʻe.

New Polar huakaʻi ma luna o ke kai, a ma luna o ka hau

I ka 1827, Pelekāne Uilyam Parri ua hoʻoholo ihola e hele i ka North Pole ma luna o ka hau o ka Arctic. He hiki e kekahi o ka poe mua i hiki aku ai i ka North Pole. Kaʻeleu nui huakaʻi hoʻolako 'ia e ka Beritania Admiralty. Polar explorers holo mai maiʻEnelani ma March 1827 ma luna o ka moku, a hiki i ka mokupuni o Spitsbergen. Ke poo o ka huakaʻi, a me kona mau hoa kau i luna o ka waapa i hoʻolako pono me ka kūikawā kukini. Neʻe i ka hau poe hiki 82,45 °. Keia mooolelo i hoʻonohoʻia ma luna o July 23, 1827, a noho no aneane 50 makahiki. Mawaena o na komo ana o ka huakaʻi ua D. Ross, ka mea i aie i ka loaʻa mai o ka Northʻume mākenēki Pole. A hiki aku i hoʻonoho mai ke Briton J. Nera, ka poe i hele akau i ka 1875. Mau moku, a laila, ma luna o ka maa aku ai, i kanaka kauō hana lima paukū e hoʻokele i loaʻa i loko o May 1876 a hiki i ka latitu o 83,20 °. I ia manawa ka mea, ua i hou mooolelo i loko o ka Polar lakikū, akā,ʻaʻole lālā o ka huakaʻi i ke koko, ka poe i loaa i ka North Pole.

Ka Artic hau

Setback North American huakaʻi D. De Long, ka mea July 8, 1879, ua holo ma luna o ka sailboat "Jeannette" mai Kapalakiko mai. Ka moku i hooholoia ma ka Bering ala pololei a hiki Wrangel Island ma ka Arctic Ocean. Here vmerz sailboat ma ka hau, a ma kēia moku'āina hoomaka ae la e 'Aeʻa i ka North Pole. Akā, ma hope o 21 mahina, "Jeannette" Pohō lākou, ola wale i ka hapa uuku wale no o ke kime.

Experience De Long kōkua i ka hoʻolālā i ka huakaʻi a hiki i ka Norewai PolarʻImi Loa F. Nansen. He hoomakaukauia mai kekahi kūikawā moku "honua", hakuloli i ka 'Aeʻa o ka hau. Ke hele kaulana manao e lawe ma luna o ka Arctic Ocean, a lilo i ka mea mua, e ike i ka North Pole. "Honua" i ma luna o paa ka Hawaiian Sea ala, hove ia, a me March 14, 1895 i hiki aku ai ia laua 84,4 °. Nansen ma xi a me ka ilio sleds i 86,14 °, akā, i pani ma ka hau hummocks. I ka 1899, ua hiki ke kiʻi ma luna o ka hau maa aku ai i ilio i ka 86,34 ° lālā o Prince Amedeo Savoyskogo Luidzhi Ikalia Arctic poe.

Pīhoihoi a puni ka discoverer o ka North Pole

No ka mea, he nui na makahiki he mea kekahi hoopaapaa e pili ana i ka ka mea mua e ike i ka North Pole. A helu o nā huakaʻi koi a hiki i kēia kūlana. Kekahi o ia mau mea - American F. Cook, ka mea i koi ia ke maa aku ai i ilio, ia la mau conductors, ka Eskimos a hiki i ka North Pole April 21, 1908. Ke scientific kaiaulu Ua koi maopopo, akā Cook hiki ole hoʻolako ia. Ma ke ao nei i ike ai i ka hihia ma waena o nā Americans, kela mea keia mea o ka i kuleana i ka mea, i aku la ia - i ka discoverer o ka North Pole. Kekahi o ia mau mea - i ke kahu ai, a me ka lua - ka lunaʻenehana Robert Piri. He koi ana ia ia i noho ai ma ka latitu 90 ° April 6, 1909. Polar ukali ua compatriot M. Henson, like hoʻi me alakai makapo, ia i hoʻolimalima eha Eskimos. Apono Piri replete me inaccuracies, a me ka ua, ua ninau aku.

Russian huakaʻi i ka North Pole

Me intervening i loko o ka hoopaapaa, ka mea mua eo ka North Pole, ua hoomau Lūkini noiʻi e systematically makaikai, a hoʻomōhala i ka Arctic. I nā makahiki 1912-1914 huakaʻi G. Sedov pau keia mau Polar ka hooilo, ma luna o ka moku. I Soviet manawa, ka mea i lawe mai ai me ke kōkua o nā kānakaʻepekema pae mokulele 30 kilomika mai o ka North Pole. Mai keia May 21, 1937, hoomaka ae la ka honua i ka mua 'Aeʻa ma luna o ka hau noiʻi noaioee np-1.

I komo o ka huakaʻi.

1. Ivan Papanin (poo);
2. Peter Shirshov (oceanographer);
3. Eugene Fedorov (Meteorology);
4. Ernst Krenkel (Radio Aʻole).

He mau ae la ia eiwa mahina o ka 'Aeʻa, manawa a na explorers i ka malama ana. Floe ua i ka 2850 ei mai ka palapala wahi o ka pae ma luna o kona mau kanaka. Off ka mokuna o Greenland, noiʻi kau Soviet icebreakers.

Këia i ka Arctic hoomau ma ka hou Ka Wā Kaukani. Loaʻa, a ulu me ke koe o ka mea pōhaku hoʻokomo kālā ma luna o ka holopapa o ka Arctic kai, e hele ai i ka lawaiʻa. Nā'āina a i komo ai i ka Arctic, he mea he hailona o ka hoihoi. New huakaʻi, i hoomakaukauia kaʻepekema, industrialists, koa, e hele i ka North Pole. Aia i kekahi lahui sport kahua kolepa e hoailona i ka hoouka kaua ana o ka Polar kauwela. Followers Nansen Cook, Peary, Sedov, papanintsev hou-kuhikuhi 'ana i ke kūkulu'ākau o ka Honua a hiki i ka wahi me ka latitu 90 °, ka mea i ho'āʻo i ka lanakila o ka willpower a me ka naʻau ma luna o ka hoʻohalahala Polar hau.