Papa Inoa o Russian nukelea mana mea kanu. Pehea na nukelea mana mea kanu ma Rusia

Nukelea ke kālaikūlohea, like me ka 'epekema ala aʻela ma hope o ka loaʻa i loko o ka makahiki 1986 o ka radioactivityʻepekema Becquerel a me Marie Curie, lilo ae la ke kumu ole wale o nā mea kaua nukelea akā, i nukelea hana.

Omaka nukelea Research ma Rusia

Kela manawa, Radium Komisina i hoʻokumu 'ia ma 1910 ma St. Petersburg, a komo pū hoʻi-ikeia physicists NN Beketov, A. P. Karpinsky, VI Vernadsky.

I ka like o ka radioactivity keʻano o ka hanaʻana a me ke kala o na ikehu lawe mai i loko o ke kahua mua o nukelea mana? Acaeoey i loko o Rusia, i loko o ka manawa mai ka 1921 a hiki i 1941. A laila, ka mea i hoao e hiki neutron ka hopu protons theoretically kākoʻo manawa kūpono o nukelea reactions ma fission o ka uranium.

Ma lalo o ke alakaʻi o I. V. Kurchatova aaiuo o ka hui ana o kekahi mau oihana, ua mālama 'ia no kekahi mau' hana ma ka hoʻokō 'ana o ke kaula naoh o ka uranium fission.

Iloko o ka haku o nukelea mea kaua i loko o ka USSR

I ka 1940, ua hoʻonui i ka nui ana helu a me ka mea hiki ka hoao ana, ua 'ae'ʻepekema, e paipai i ka aina o ka alakaʻi ua technically ke hoʻohana i ka nui'ātoma ikehu. I ka 1941, i ka mua cyclotron, i hoʻohana 'he kahua hoʻonohonohoʻana hoʻokolokolo' o ka excitation o nuclei hōʻeleu i Ion i kukulu ia ma Moscow. I ka hoomaka ana o ke kaua i neʻe ai i Ufa a me Kazan, a me ke kookoo e hele ai.

Ma 1943 ua he kūikawā keʻena hoʻokolohua o ka'ātoma nucleus ma lalo o ke alakaʻiʻana o I. V. Kurchatova, i ka manao o ka mea i ka hanaia ana o kekahi nukelea pōkā pahū a uranium wahie.

Ka hoʻohana a'ātoma hopeʻia ma ka Amerika Huipuia ma August 1945 ma Hiroshima a me Nagasaki hanaia kekahi precedent o monopoly ona o ka aina ka superweapon, a pela i hoʻoikaika i ka Soviet Union e oia i ka hana, e hana i kona mau nukelea pōkā pahū.

Ka hopena o kaʻaha hui ana i ka Launch o ka mua uranium-graphite nukelea mīkini'ātoma ma Rusia ma ke kauhale o Sarov (Gorky Māhele ') i ka MH 1946. Ma ka hōʻike mīkini'ātoma F-1 a me ka mua hoi malalo o nukelea naoh i hana.

Hanalima mīkini'ātoma no ka plutonium enrichment i kūkuluʻia ma ka makahiki 1948, ma Chelyabinsk. I ka 1949, ua alakaʻi i ka hōʻike plutonium nukelea e mālama ai ma o ka hoao ana paena ma Semipalatinsk.

Kēia pae hoomaka ana ma ka hoomakaukau mōʻaukala o ka wahi lulu nukelea ikehu. A ua i ka 1949, o ka manao hana e kūkulu i kekahi nukelea mana kanu i ka hoʻomaka 'ana.

I ka makahiki 1954 ma Obninsk i ee aku i ke ao nei ka mua (hōʻike liʻiliʻi) nukelea mea hoʻonoho kŘpa a haʻahaʻa mana (5 MW).

Hanalima pālua-manao mīkini'ātoma, kahi i hou i ka hana uila loaa hou a me nā mea kaua papa plutonium, i waiho ia ma Tomsk (Seversk) ma Siberian Nine Inch mea kanu.

Russian nukelea ikehu:ʻano o nā reactors

Nukelea mana o ka Soviet Union Ua initially hoʻomōhala ma o ka hoʻohana 'o kiʻekiʻe-mana reactors:

• Leki uea thermal mīkini'ātoma RBMK (RBMK); Wahie - iki waiwai uranium'okikene lua (2%), he naoh retarder - graphite coolant - kapuahi e ka wai huikala ma ka deuterium a me ka tritium (malamalama ka wai).
• Ka mīkini'ātoma WWER (VVER) thermal neutron lelo i loko o ka manaʻo koikoi ipu, wahie - uranium'okikene lua waiwai me 3-5% moderator - wai, ia mea i ke coolant.
• BN-600 - i ka hoʻokēʻai neutron mīkini'ātoma, wahie - waiwai uranium coolant - paʻakai. Ka honua ka wale kalepa mīkini'ātoma o kēiaʻano. Hoʻouka kekahi ma ka Beloyarsk wahi.
• EGP - thermal mīkini'ātoma (ikehu heterogeneous loop) wale hana ma Bilibino. Wehewehe aku i loko o ua overheating o ka coolant (ka wai) e wahi i loko o ka mīkini'ātoma wale. Ike like unpromising.

I huina, Rusia ke mahuahua NPP i ka hana i keia la i 33 iniha, kapuaʻi, me ka huina pau nona iho o luna o 2.300 MW:

• VVER - 17 huahelu;
• reactors RMBK - 11 huahelu;
• reactors BN - 1 pa alima;
• reactors EGP - 4 ālai '.

Papa Inoa o Russian a me ka Soviet republics NPP manaʻo kōkua manawa mai ka makahiki 1954 a hiki i 2001.

1. Makahiki 1954, Obninsk, Obninsk, Kaluga Māhele '. Hana - ÷ a me ka hanalima. Mīkini'ātomaʻano - AM-1. Ua kū i ka 2002
2. 1958, Siberia, Tomsk-7 (Seversk) Tomsk māhele 'āina. Hana - e hoʻomōhala mea kaua-papa plutonium, hou ka wela a me ka wela i ka wai no ka Seversk a me Tomsk. Mīkini'ātomaʻano - EI-2, 3-ADE, ADE-4, 5-ADE. Eia hoi i papani ai hoi i ka 2008 ma lalo o ka aelike me kaʻAmelika Hui Pūʻia.
3. 1958, Krasnoyarsk, Krasnoyarsk-27 (Zheleznogorsk). mīkini'ātomaʻAno - ADE, ADE 1, ADE-2. Hana - e hoʻomōhala mea kaua-papa plutonium e hoʻa'ā i ka mea e hoohehee aaioee kanu ma Krasnoyarsk. Ka hope loa ana, i wahi i ka 2010 ma lalo o ka aelike me kaʻAmelika Hui Pūʻia.
4. 1964, Beloyarsk NPP, Zarechny, Sverdlovsk Māhele '. mīkini'ātomaʻAno - AMB 100, AMB-200, BN-600 a me BN-800. AMB-100 papani iho la i ka makahiki 1983, ka AMB-200 - i loko o ka makahiki 1990 hana.
5. 1964, Novovoronezh NPP. mīkini'ātomaʻano - VVER elima ālai '. Ka mua a me ka lua o ka holo ana. Kūlana - i kaʻikena.
6. Makahiki 1968, Dimitrovogradskaya, kulanakauhale Melekess (Dimitrovgrad 1972) Ulyanovsk māhele 'āina. Kind hoʻokumu noiʻi reactors - WORLD SM RBT-6, BOR-60 RBT-10/1 RBT-10/2, VC-50. BOR-60 a me VC-50 paka hou uila. Mau hoopomaikai io hooki manawa. Kūlana - ka mea wale nō wahi i ku ai me ka noiʻi reactors. Oaeuiinoe panina - 2020.
7. 1972, Shevchenko (Mangyshlak), Aktau, aneea oneiaey. BN, i papani ai hoi i ka makahiki 1990.
8. 1973, kola NPP, Polar Zori Murmansk māhele 'āina. Four VVER. Kūlana - i kaʻikena.
9. 1973, Leningrad, Sosnovy Bor, Leningrad māhele 'āina. Lau mīkini'ātoma RMBK-1000 (ka mea ia me ia ma ka Chernobyl). Kūlana - i kaʻikena.
10. 1974. Bilibino NPP Bilibino, Chukotka hana nona iho ala lihi. Kind o reactors - AMB (a ianoiyuaa a papani iho), BN a me ka eha EGP. Hana.
11. 1976. Kursk, Kurchatov Kursk māhele 'āina. Lau reactors hoonoho RMBK-1000. Hana.
12. 1976. Armenian, no Metsamor,'Ararata. mua i papani ai hoi i loko o nā VVER 1989 pa alima, i ka lua o ka hana.
13. Makahiki 1977. Chernobyl, Chernobyl, Ukraine. Lau reactors hoonoho RMBK-1000. I ka ha o ka aeie luku ma ka makahiki 1986, i ka lua o ka pa alima ua papani iho la i loko o ka makahiki 1991, ka mua - i ka 1996, i ke kolu o ka - ma ka 2000
14. 1980. Rovno, Kuznetsovsk, Rivne wahi., Ukraine. Ekolu huahelu me ka VVER reactors. Hana.
15. 1982. Smolensk, Desnogorsk Smolensk māhele 'āina, nā' iniha, me ka VVER-1000 RMBK. Hana.
16. 1982. South Ukraine NPP Yuzhnoukrainsk, Mykolayiv wahi., Ukraine. Ekolu VVER. Hana.
17. 1983. Ignalina, Visaginas (mamua Ignalina Apana), Lithuania. Elua RMBK mīkini'ātoma. ma ke noi ana o ka 'Eulopa Union i papani ai hoi i ka 2009 (me ka komo i loko o ka EEC).
18. Makahiki 1984. Kalinin NPP, Udomlya Tver māhele 'āina. Elua VVER. Hana.
19. Makahiki 1984. Zaporozhye, Energodar, Ukraine. Eono ālai 'ma ka VVER. Hana.
20. Makahiki 1985. Balakovo, Balakovo, Saratov māhele 'āina. Four VVER. Hana.
21. 1987. Khmelnytsky, Neteshin, Khmelnitsky wahi., Ukraine. One VVER. Hana.
22. 2001. Rostov (Volgodonsk), Volgodonsk, Rostov māhele 'āina. I ka 2014, hana ma ka ālai 'elua o ka VVER reactors. Mau huahelu ma lalo o kūkulu.

Nukelea ikehu ma hope o ka Chernobyl ulia

1986 hoao ona no ka hana. Ka hopena o ka ke kanaka-i ka hewa, ua ai unexpected no ka känaka i maoli impulse i ka panina o na mea he nui nukelea mana mea kanu. Ka helu o nukelea mana mea kanu a puni ka honua emi mai. Ua paniʻia ka Soviet Union ma lalo kūkulu pāhana ole wale lulu popilikia wahi, akā, i huakaʻi i ke kai.

Papa Inoa o Russian nukelea mana kanu, i ka hana o ka i i kaulia ana:

• Gorkovskaya AST (paio hahana maoli nō mea kanu);
• Crimea;
• Voronezh AST.

Papa Inoa o Russian nukelea mana mea kanu, hōʻoki aku i ka manao a me ka hoomakaukau mau puʻu kaua:

• Arkhangelsk;
• Volgograd;
• Aole loa East;
• Ivanovskaia AST (paio hahana maoli nō mea kanu);
• Karelian Karelian NPP NPP-2;
• Krasnodar.

Haalele nukelea mana mea kanu Rusia: 'ehaʻeha ka

Loaa i ka paena hana ma luna o ka una hewa - ke kumu kākau i nā kūhelu kumu i loko o ka mālama 'ana o Lūkini nukelea mana kanu no? Ieoaeunoaa. Map o, pili hawewe mau mea o ke aupuni isolates Crimea-Caucasus-Kopetdag ciia Baikal ho'āla, Hawaiian-Sayan, Aole loa Hikina a me Priamurskaya.

Mai keia wahi o Hawaii i ke kūkulu Crimean ku (mua aeie makaukau - 80%) Ua maoli hoʻomaka hoʻonuinui. Ke kumu maoli no ka malama ana o ka mana i koe me he nui ke kumu kūʻai lilo lakou malaila kulana home 'ole - ka waiwai ulia i loko o ka USSR. Ma ia manawa a lakou i conserved (literally kiola i loko no ka aihue i), he nui hanalima kahua, hoʻowahāwahā ke degere kiʻekiʻe o ka mākaukau.

Rostov NPP: ka resumption o ke kūkulu i ka lea o ka lehulehu manao

Ieoaeunoai o ka mea kanu i ka hoʻomaka 'ana i ka 1981. I ka makahiki 1990, ma lalo o puʻe mai kaʻeleu lehulehu Regional Council hoohana i ka hoʻoholo' ana ma luna o ka hana o ka mālama. I ka manao o ka aeie mua i ka manawa i mua 95% a me ka 2nd - 47%.

Ewalu makahiki ma hope, i ka 1998, ua hooponopono hou i ka palapala kikoo, ua hoemi ia i elua i ka helu o nā huahelu. Ma May 2000, i laila, kūkuluʻia, a ma May 2001 ua ua hō'ā i ka mua pa alima a hiki i ka maka aha. E hoʻomaka aʻe ka makahiki, ka mea i laila, kapili ana i ka lua. Ka hope loa Launch Uaʻula a kekahi mau manawa, a ma March 2010 pilipu iho la kona pili i ka maka aha o ka Russian Hui.

Rostov NPP pa alima 3

I ka 2009, ua i ka hoʻoholo 'ana ma luna o ka ulu o ka Rostov nukelea mana mea kanu me ka mea hoʻonoho o kona eha hou ālai' ana ma ke kumu o ka VVER reactors.

Ua haawiia ka he pilikia i ka manawa uila wale mai ana ma luna o ka Crimean Peninsula e lilo Rostov NPP. 3 pa alima ma December 2014 i pili i ka mana'ōnaehana o ka Russian Hui a ka palena iki mana. Ma ka hapalua like-2015 ka mea, ua? Oaony e hoʻomaka kalepa ana (1011 MW), a e emi i ka pilikia o ka pōkole lako o ka uila mai Ukraine ma Crimea.

Nukelea ikehu i loko o kēia Russian

Ma ka hoʻomaka o ka 2015 a pau nukelea mana mea kanu Rusia (nei, a ma lalo o? Ieoaeunoai) i nāʻaha hui iho o "Rosenergoatom" e hopohopo nei. Ka ulia i loko o ke kaiaulu me ka pilikia a me ka poho i ua lanakila. Ma ka hoʻomaka o ka 2015 i loko o Rusia, he 10 nukelea mana mea kanu ma lalo o? Ieoaeunoai - 5 lepo kekahi lana wahi i ku ai, a.

Papa Inoa o Russian nukelea mana kanu ke hoʻohana i ka hoʻomaka o ka 2015:

• Beloyarsk (hoomaka ana o ka hana - 1964).
• Novovoronezh nukelea Power Plant (1964).
• Kola nukelea Power Plant (1973).
• Leningrad (1973).
• Bilibino (1974).
• Kursk (1976).
• Smolensk (1982).
• Kalinin NPP (1984).
• Balakovo (1985).
• Rostov (2001).

Russian nukelea mana mea kanu ma lalo o kūkulu

• Baltic NPP, Neman, Kaliningrad māhele 'āina. Elua ālai 'ma ke kumu o ka VVER-1200 reactors. ? Ieoaeunoai hoʻomaka i ka 2012. Omaka - i ka 2017, ka papahana 'auhau - i ka 2018

Ieaie? Oaony i ka Baltic NPP e mea hoʻolilo uila iʻEulopa aina: Kuekene, Lithuania, Latvia. uila kuai ana i loko o Rusia, e e i ma ka Lituania mana nenoaiu.

• Beloyarsk NPP-2, Zarechny, Sverdlovsk wahi, ma kaʻikena paena. Kekahi pa alima - ma muli o ka BN-800 mīkini'ātoma. Mua? Oaony no ka Launch i ka 2014, ua 'oni iki ma muli o i ka pōkole lako o Ukraine i pili i nā hanana pili aupuni o 2014.
• Leningrad NPP-2 i loko o Sosnovy Bor, Leningrad māhele 'āina. Chetyrehblokovaya ia hoonoho ai i ka nānā 'ana ma luna o VVER-1200 reactors. Ka mea, e panai ai no Sela (Leningrad). Ka mokuna mua? Oaony i hoʻolauna i ka 2015, hahai - 2017, 2018, 2019. niioaaonoaaiii.
• Novovoronezh NPP-2 i loko o Novovoronezh Voronezh māhele 'āina, i kahi loihi, mai ka hana. E puku i ka? Ieoaeunoaa o palaka eha, ka mua - ma ke kumu o ka VVER-1200 reactors, ke kēia - VVER-1300. Ka hoʻomaka o ka manao nona iho - ma 2015 (ka mokuna mua).
• Rostov (knm. Luna).

Nukelea Power hana LIKE: he hōʻuluʻulu manaʻo

Ma ka Europa hapa o ka aina i kūkulu Aneane pau Lūkini nukelea mana mea kanu. Map planetary hoʻoponoponoʻana o Kamehameha nukelea mana kanu hōʻike i ka lehulehu o nā mea i loko o ka hahai eha wahi: 'Eulopa,ʻo Aole loa Hikina (Japan, China, Korea), ka Middle Hikina, Central Amerika. E like me ka IAEA, ma kahi o 440 nukelea reactors hoʻohana i ka 2014.

Nukelea mana mea kanu i kia ma ka i kēia'āina:

• US nukelea mana kanu paka 836 630 000 000 kWh / makahiki ..;
• ma Farani - 439 730 000 000 kWh / makahiki ;.
• Japan - 263 830 000 000 kWh / makahiki ;.
• ma Rusia - 160 040 000 000 kWh / makahiki ;.
• ma Korea - 142 940 000 000 kWh / makahiki ;.
• ma Germany - 140 530 000 000 kWh / makahiki ..