Poʻokela i ka haku mele o ka pakebona

Kākau moʻolelo Jules Michelet ma ka XIX kenekulia, ka mea, ua ka mua manawa hoʻohana i ka manawa "pakebona". Mea hoʻokani pila a me i ka haku mele, a e e kūkākūkā i loko o keia 'atikala e pili ana i ka manawa e hoomaka ana ma ka XIV kenekulia, ka wā e puku i ka medieval ekalesia domination hele mai i ka naita ma moʻomeheu, a me kona kuleana i loko o ke kanaka kanaka.

Music o ka pakebona

Europa'āina ma kekahi manawa, ua komo i ka au hou. A iki mua manaʻo o ka humanism i waho ma Italy, akā, i loko o ka wahine moʻomeheu Kīwala'ō ma lalo o ka Hōlani kula, ma ka mua kūikawā parametrized (hale kamala) i ua hoʻokumu i ka Hale Pule Nui, lńkou wā e hiki mai i ka haku mele. I ka papa kuhikuhiE Huli i o ka manawa i hoikeia ma ka papaʻaina ma lalo:

Ka loa kaulana i ka haku mele o ka pakebona i loko o ka Netherlands - o Giyom Dyufai, Iakoba Obrecht, Josquin Des Prez.

nui Hōlani

Johannes Ockeghem Ua aoia o ma Notre Dame parametrized (Aioaa?), A ma ka 40-ies o ka XV kenekulia Chapel lilo i chorister ma ke alo o ke Duke Charles I (France). Ia hope iho, alakai aku la oia i ka Capella o ke alo alii. Ua noho a hiki i ka oo elemakule, oia i haʻalele i ka hoʻoilina nui i loko o nā mea a pau Huli i, ua hoao aku au ia ia iho i ka poʻokela polyphonists. Hiki mai i ka palapala o kona 13 nā paʻi hua i kapaia o Chigi codex, kekahi o i ua pena ma 8 koho. He hoʻohana i nā kanaka wale no, aka, i ko lakou mau Lau Makani.

Orlando Lasso Ua hānauʻia i loko o ka mea manawa Pelekiuma (Mons) i ka 1532-m. Kona wahine akamai i loko o kakahiaka kamaliʻi. Ke keiki i ili mai o ka hale, ekolu manawa i ka hana i kekahi mele nui. A pau kona ola, ua lilo ia ma Bavaria, kahi Albrecht V ma Duke pahale hana me ke ano, a laila, alakaʻi i ka Capella. Kona loa 'oihana hui kōkua hoʻololi Munich ma ka Europa mele oaio, kipa ma na mea he nui kaulana i ka haku mele o ka pakebona.

Ia ia, ua hiki i ka noiʻi i na talena like Johann Eckard, Leonard Lechner, Ikalia D. Gabrieli. Kona hope kanu wahi i loko o ka 1594-mika, oia loaʻa i loko o ka palena o ka ekalesia ma Munich, e waiho i ka Kiure hoʻoilina: oi ma mua o 750 motets, 60 nā paʻi hua a me nā haneri o nā mele, i waena a me ka loa hanohano ua Susanne un jour. HOU distinguishes mea motets ( "wanana o ka Sibyls"), akā, uaʻikeʻo ia i ke aloha i ka naita ma mele, a ua he wahi lihi iki o ka Quotes (vilanella O Bella fusa).

Italian kula

Poʻokela i ka haku mele o ka pakebona ma Italy i hou i ka hana kuʻuna mau mea o 'Imi ulu vocal mele (hui, kui & kūlou mea, hoʻokani piano). Ka loa, he pono ole mea hana i ka lute, a ma ka hope o ka XV kenekulia ua he harpsichord - ka hoʻokomo o ka hoʻokani piano. Ma ke kumu o na kumu o ka poʻe mele Hawaiʻi mau loa influential kula o ka haku mele 'ana. Roman (Giovanni Palestrina) a me Venetian (Andrea Gabrieli).

Dzhovanni Perluidzhi Palestrina i ka inoa o ka inoa o ke kulanakauhale kokoke i Roma, i kona wahi i hānauʻia ai, a mālama ihola iā like me ka papa kuhikuhi ekalesia organist a me ka choirmaster. kona la aku o ka hanau ka loa He kokekau wale, akā, make iholaʻo ia i loko o 1594-m. No ka lōʻihi ola kakau iho la ma kahi o 100 200 nā paʻi hua a me motets. Kona "Mass o Pope Marcellus" evoked i ka manaʻo mahalo o Pope Pius IV, a ua lilo i kumu hoʻohālike o ka Hui kapu mele. Giovanni - ka koʻikoʻi loa, 'elele o vocal himeni ana me ka wahine hele pū.

Andrea Gabrieli, pu me kona haumāna a me ka hanauna o Giovanni hana i loko o ka Capella o St. Mark ka (XVI kenekulia), " 'ia nā pōpō" papa hīmeni e mele ana, kani hui, a me nā mea paʻahana a. Venetian School gravitated i ka naita ma mele, a me ka? Iecaianoaaiiie o "Oedipus" ma Sophocles ma ke kahua, ua kākau Andrea Gabrieli Choir mele, i ka hāpana pü maila polyphony a me ka harbinger o ka wā e hiki mai o ke keaka mele.

Hiʻona o ke kula Kelemānia

German aina i imua ma Ludwig Senfl, maikaʻi polyphonist ka XVI kenekulia, i ole ma, nae, o ka nui o ka Hōlani haku. Songs o ka haku mele-mea hoolea, mai waena artisans (Die Meistersinger) - Ua hoi he kūikawā mele o ka pakebona. Kelemānia i ka haku mele i mele Inc: tinkers, shoemakers, weavers. Ka mea, ua hui pu ma ka ?? eoi? Ee. An poʻokela 'elele o ke kula Nuremberg hoomaka mele o nā hōkū Saks (makahiki o ke ola: 1494-1576).

Hânau 'ia i loko o ka ohana o tailors, i kona ola a pau āna i hana shoemaker, luku erudition a me ka wahine a me ka palapala, ai' pono. ka Baibala He heluhelu i loko o ke ano o ka nui reformer Luther, i ike i ka haku mele kahiko a me ka mahaloʻia e Boccaccio. E like me ka poʻe mele, Sachs i ole mau ano o ka polyphony, akā, i hana mai i kaʻoli o ke mele, aee ??. Ka mea, ua kokoke ia i ka hula, ka mea, he mama, e hoomanao, a i ka kekahi pāpana. Ka hana kaulana loa i "kala, hoʻoikaika".

Pakebona: France hoʻokani pila a me ka i ka haku mele

Palani bila moʻomeheu, e 'ike ana no hoi i ka pakebona wale nō i loko o ka XVI kenekulia, ka wā i hoomakaukauia nohona lepo i loko o ke aupuni.

Kekahi o ka mea maikai ka poeikohoia o Kleman Zhaneken. Ua ua ike i ka mea i hānau i loko o Chatellerault (hope o ka XV kenekulia) a hele aku la mai ke mele-keiki i ka haku mele o ke alii. O kona noʻeau hooilina malamaia wale naita ma mele paʻi Attenyanom. Ka mea, he 260, akā, maoli kaulana hoʻolimalima i e ka poe i hala i ka hoao ana o ka manawa: "Birdsong", "Ideas", "Skylark", "Kaua", "kahea ana o Paris". Lakou mau paʻi, a hoʻohana 'ia ma ka' ē aʻe no ka aaioee.

ʻo kāna mau mele i Ua vociferous, a me ka pü maila, e hoohuli, kahi i hou e onomatopoeia a me cantilena o ka leo uwa makana kuleana no nāʻano o ka hana. Ua ua i ka wiwo ole hoao e huli hou ano o ka nānā ai.

Mawaena o na i ka haku mele kaulana i loko o Farani - Guillaume ieoaeunoai, Zhak Modyui, Baifa Jean Claude Lejeune, Claude Gudimel, i hāʻawi mai i ke mele i ka harmonious neeaa, i ka pilina i ka kaʻaluna o ka mele ma ka mau lehulehu.

I ka haku mele o ka pakebona England

XV kenekulia ma 'Enelani i wahi ma lalo o ka aoao o na hana o John Dabsteyla a me XVI - Uilyama Borda. He mau hakuʻohana i ka uhane mele. Bird hoʻomaka 'organist ma Lincoln Hale Pule Nui, a ua pau i kona' oihana i loko o ka Royal Chapel ma Lākana. No ka mea manawa mua ia ua hiki e hai aku i ka mele a me ka entrepreneurship. I ka 1575, ma keʻano neʻepapa me ka haku mele Tallis lilo i monopolist i loko o ka puke o ka mea hana i i ole lawe mai ia ia e pono ai. Akā, i ka manawa lōʻihi i loko o ka pā hale e paku ana i ko lakou pono i ka waiwai. Ma hope o kona make ana (1623) i loko o nā palapala kūhelu o ka Capella, ua kapaia "ka mea hoʻoheheʻe kālā o ke mele."

He aha Ka haʻalele hope o na i ka haku mele nui o ka pakebona? Bird okoa paʻi anthologies (Cantiones Sacrae, Gradualia) Ua malamaia na mea he nui i kākau limaʻia, e noonoo pono i kupono wahi lulu lawelawe wale no ia. Ua paʻiʻia hope madrigals (Musica Transalpina) hōʻike he ole nui o Italian kākau, akā, kekahi mau nā paʻi hua a me motets komo i ke gula dala o ke kapu mele.

Spain Cristobal de Ka Morales

Ka maikai 'elele o ka Paniolo mele kula a kaahele lakou ma ka Waikikana, e olelo ana ma o ka papal Chapel. Lakou i manao ai i ka hopena o ka Hōlani a me ka Italia kākau, nolaila, wale he mau hoʻokele e lilo kaulana ma waho o ka'āina. Pakebona i ka haku mele mai Spain he polyphonists e pili ana pü maila hana. Na brightest 'elele - Cristobal de Ka Morales (XVI kenekulia), ka mea i alakai i ka parametrized ma Toledo, a hoʻonaʻauao oi ma mua o kekahi haumāna. A follower o Josquin Des Prez, Cristobal privnos kūikawāʻano hana i loko o ka moʻo o na hana i kapaia o homophonic.

Ka nui hiʻona loaa mau requiem kākau (hope - elima balota) ". An makaukau kanaka", e like me ka Mass He palapala iho la a me ka naita ma hana (ke cantata i loko o ka hanohano o ka maluhia Kuikahi i ka 1538), akā, e pili ana i kona mua hana. Poʻomanaʻo, 'o loko o ka pau ana o ke ola ana o ka Capella ma Malaga, noho ia i ka mea kākau o ka laa mele.

kahi o ka hopena

i hoomakaukau i ka uluʻana o ka vocal mele o ka XVII kenekulia a me ka muli o ka hou ano moʻokalaleo Ke i ka haku mele o ka pakebona a me kā lākou mau hana - i ke keaka mele, i auou caiaiai na intricacies o na leo e hele mai ana supremacy o alakai i kaʻoli. Ka mea, i kekahi maoli Hopu i loko o ka ulu ana o ka wahine moʻomeheu a me ka ia i ka hoʻomaka o kēia nō.