Polymorphism - He aha ka mea? aaiaoe polymorphism

Aaiaoe polymorphism - he ano ma i he mea heʻano lōʻihi o nā'ōewe, akā, i ke alapine (frequency) o ka loa kākaʻikahi ike'ōewe i loko o ka heluna kanaka o ka oi ma mua o kekahi pakeneka. Malama ana ia mea ku pono i ka ikaika mutation o nā'ōewe, e like me kā lākou mau recombination. E like me ka noiʻi, nā kānakaʻepekema, ka poe alakai aku ia i ka aaiaoe polymorphism Ua laha, no ka mea,'ōewe pu malu ana ke e mau miliona.

nui lako hou

Mai ka lako hou i nui o ka polymorphism mea hilinaʻi nui ma luna o ka mea maikaʻi ka hoʻololiʻana o ka heluna kanaka i ka hou 'ia, a ma keia hihia, no ka evolution mea nui wikiwiki. An auhau o ka huina helu o ka polymorphic alleles ka hoʻohana kahiko aaiaoe ki ina hana like,ʻaʻole nō he mea hiki manawa kūpono. Keia mea aie a hiki i ka nui, e hoike ana i ke alo aku o kekahi mau'ōewe i loko o ka genotype ua lawe mai ma ka aoao o kanaka i iʻokoʻa phenotypic ano i ho'ākāka 'genome. Inā 'oe i ike i ka nui o o ka kekahi heluna hoʻohui pū kanaka me kekahi phenotypes, e lilo ia i hiki ke kau i ka helu o ka alleles i aloha ia i ke kahua o ka moʻolelo.

Pehea ka mea, a pau, hoomaka ae la?

hoomaka aaiaoe? e ulu ana ma ka 60-ies o ka hope ke kenekulia, ka mea, ua laila i hoomaka ia e hoʻohana electrophoresis o nā polokina a me nā'ūhū i loko o ka tuko pīlali, i ae mai, e hooholo i ka aaiaoe polymorphism. He aha ka keia hana? Ua mea ma ka mea e hookomo ana neʻeʻana mai o nā polokina i loko o ka uila ke kahua, a hilinaʻi ma o ka nui o kaʻi aku kumuʻiʻo, kona hoʻonohonohoʻia, a me ka upenaʻoihana i loko o kaʻokoʻa pauku o ka tuko pīlali. A laila, ke kaumaha ma muli o ka wahi, a me ka helu o nā kiko i ikea lawe hooholo 'ike waiwai. E loiloi i ka kumuʻiʻo polymorphism i loko o ka heluna kanaka, ka mea i pono, e ninaninau ma kahi o 20 a oi loci. A laila, hoʻohana 'i ka makemakika iaoia ua nānā' ia ma ka helu o nā alleles, a me ka lākiō o ka homo- a me heterozygotes. E like me ka haʻawina, kekahi nā'ōewe paha e monomorphic, a me kekahi poe e ae - loa polymorphous.

'ano o ka polymorphism

I ka manaʻo o ka polymorphism ka loa palahalaha, e ka loaʻa o malumalu a me ka 'O ke kaulike mana. Ua hilinaʻi nui ma luna o ka waiwai o ka mea e wae'ōewe a me maoli koho, a waiho puʻe ma ka heluna kanaka. Eia hou, ka mea hiki ia i'ōewe, a me ka chromosome.

'ōewe a me ka chromosomal polymorphism

'ōewe polymorphism ua hōʻike i loko o ke kino alleles o ka oi ma mua o kekahi Kuhina Nui mamuli o keia hiki e ke koko. Chromosomal ho i ka oko loko o ka chromosomes e ia lŘlŘ ma muli o ka aberrations. Ma ka heterochromatin wahi he mea oko ao. I ka wa e kaawale aku o ka pathology e hiki aku ai i ka hoʻohuikau 'ole ka make ana o ia mau mutations i'ākilikai.

hoʻololi polymorphism

Hoʻololi polymorphism ia lŘlŘ ka wā o ka heluna kanaka o ka hope allele, i kekahi manawa, i ka mau, kekahi mea hoakaka kona Burela nui adaptability (i kapa mau allelism). A i ka likeʻole ma ua kuhikuhi naeaeaa i loko o ka pakeneka o genotypes, ia ia lŘlŘ ma muli o ka evolution, a me konaʻano ua lawe mai. Ke kŰia o hanalima hana hiki ia he maikai hoʻohālike, a emi iho i ka malumalu polymorphism. He aha ka mea hōʻike he mea hahai ia me ka hooulu ana o ka hana i loli kona keʻokeʻo mau'ēheu ma luna o pouli. O kŰia hoomaka ae la e e malama maʻEnelani, kahi oi ma mua o 80 laha 'o Letra Kolohe Kai peppered mu o haikea holika kala like' ole i pouli, no ka manawa mua loa i kekahi ma hope o ka makahiki 1848 ma Manchester ma ka pili ana me ka kokololio kūpono 'ana o ka hana. Kela manawa, i ka 1895, oi ma mua o 95% o na pulelehua i lilo i ka uliuli o na eheu. Oia loli i pili i ka mea i laau nui ilpko o lilo oi smoky a me ka huali hahai mea pio oluolu a me blackbirds Robin. Ua lawe loli wahi ma ka lilo ana o ka mutant alleles melanistic.

'O ke kaulike polymorphism

Ka manawa "polymorphism 'O ke kaulike" characterizes i ka wa e kaawale aku o kekahi laulā naeaeaa ka lākiō. O ka mea okoa pepa i loko o ka heluna kanaka o ka genotypes i ka pilina paʻa i loko o nā kūlana o ka kaianoho koholā. Kēia 'o ia hoʻi ia, mai kekahi hanauna a hiki i ka lākiō koe ka mea akā, e ĸokoĸa ana nä pane iki i loko o ka haawi waiwai, i mea ikaika. I e like me ka hoʻololi, he 'O ke kaulike polymorphism - aha ka ia? He mea kuhikuhi i ka kūpaʻa evolutionary kaʻina. I. I. Shmalgauzen i ka 1940 haawi aku la ia i ka inoa o ka equilibrium heteromorphism.

Kumu hoʻohālike 'O ke kaulike polymorphism

A kumu hoʻohālike maikaʻi o ka 'O ke kaulike polymorphism i ia i ke alo o na sexes elua i loko o na mea he nui monogamous holoholona. O ke kumu ho i ka mea i ka mea, i kekahi like paha e wae pono. Ka lākiō o ia i loko o ka hookahi heluna manawa like. Inā he mea i ka heluna kanaka o ka mare lehulehu e wae lākiō o nā sexes i e hihia hoʻi, i loko o a ina o ka poeikohoia o ka ia ke keka hiki e kekahi loa luku 'ole wehe' ia mai ke kumu kāki no ka oi loa ma mua o ka mea ku pono ke keka.

Kekahi hana e ia i nā pūʻulu koko o ka AB0 nenoaiu. Ma keia hihia, ke alapine (frequency) o ka mea okoa genotypes i loko o kekahi populations i e kekahi, akā, ma luna o ka par me ia, mai ia hanauna aku ia hanauna aku, ia 'aʻole e hoʻololi i kona hana mau. Aloha i,ʻaʻohe genotype i ole e wae ia Morohiha maluna o ka mea 'ē aʻe. Wahi a ka 'ikepili helu, na kanaka, ka poe i ka pūʻulu mua o ke koko i ka oi aku ke ola expectancy ma mua o ke koena o ka ikaika keka me nā koko pūʻulu. Ma ka par me keia, no ka pilikia o peptic ulcer maʻi 12 duodenal ulcer ma ke alo o ka hui mua ma luna, akā, ka mea hiki ke perforated, a me ka mea, e lilo ia i kumu no ka make i loko o ka hihia o ka lohi kokua.

aaiaoe equilibrium

Kēia embrittlement i ke 'aʻe i loko o ka heluna kanaka e like me ka hopena o mutations i kupu mai spontaneously, pela ka mea, e lilo ia i kekahi hapa, a ma kēlā me kēia hanauna. Haʻawina Ua hōʻike ia polymorphisms o nā'ōewe o ka hemostatic'ōnaehana, ho omńkalakala i haawi mai i ka ike i ka evolutionary kaʻina ka poʻea pau i kēia mau loli paha, conversely, ua ālai ''āina nui. Inā mākou e hahai i ka papa o ka mutant kaʻina hana i loko o ka hāʻawi heluna kanaka, ia mea i hiki i ka hoʻoponopono kona waiwai no ka hoʻololiʻana. Ua hiki e like me kekahi ina ua ole ke hoʻokoe 'ia i ka mutation i loko o ke koho kaʻina hana, a me na nā pilikia i kona hoolaha malaila.

Ka hapanui o na hihia hōʻike ana i ka waiwai o ka emi o kekahi'ōewe, a ma ka hihia o ka ole o na mutants, e paʻi i ka mea a pau i hele mai ia i 0. Mutations o keia ano keia ano e kahili ae aʻeʻoukou i loko o ke kaʻina hana o ka maoli wae, akā, i kēia 'aʻole e hookaawale ia i ka hai loli o ka hookahi'ōewe e compensates no ka hoʻopau o ka a ua lawe mai ma ka wae. A laila, i ka equilibrium ua hiki, i ka mutated nā'ōewe ke'ākoʻakoʻa, a me, conversely, e nalo. Kēia kaʻina hiki aku ai i ke koena.

An kumu e maopopo i emi iho ke mea, ke ahaʻia, - pahikakiwi aeea anaemia. Ma keia hihia, no ka Hoʻohaku mutated'ōewe i loko o ka homozygous moku'āina ka poʻea pau i ka make i kakahiaka nui o ka meaola. Heterozygous meaola ola, akā, ka mea, ua oi susceptible i ka maʻi o ka malaria. Balanced'ōewe polymorphism pahikakiwi aeea anaemia hiki ke ike ia ma ka mahinaʻai o ka laha ana o Tropical ka maʻi. Ma ia he heluna o homozygotes (kanaka me ka like nā'ōewe) e eliminated, a me ka mea i pololei ia koho i loko o ka lokomaikai o ka heterozygotes (iʻa me ka okoa nā'ōewe). Aie i ke koho o ka mea e hanaia ma ke 'ano i loko o ka waiʻauʻau'ōewe o ka heluna kanaka e hele ana, e malama i loko o nā hanauna a pau o ka genotypes, a i ka maikaʻi adaptability o ka meaola i ka kaianoho koholā ana. A me ke alo o ka pahi-aeea anaemia'ōewe i loko o kanaka populations, loaʻa nō nā laha 'ana o nā'ōewe characterizing he polymorphism. He aha e hāʻawi mai ai? E ke pane i keia ninau e ka kŰia o ka heterosis.

Heterozygous mutations a me polymorphisms

Heterozygous polymorphism hoʻolako i phenotypic loli ma ke alo o ka recessive mutation, a hiki ina ka mea, i nā palapala. Akā, ma ka par a me ia mea, ke loaa i loko o ka heluna kanaka i ka kiʻekiʻe pae i i oi aku i ka palapala Hoʻohaku mutations.

Sine qua 'ole o ka evolutionary kaʻina

Ke evolutionary kaʻina mea ana, a me kona ano pono i ka polymorphism. He aha ka mea - hōʻike mai i ka ikaika adaptability e loli iki populations i kā lākou 'ia. Hetero meaola i noho i loko o ka ua pūʻulu e ia i loko o ka heterozygous moku'āina, a hele ia, mai ia hanauna aku ia hanauna aku no na makahiki. Ma ka par me ka phenotypic olelo o ia hiki ole e - i ka lilo ana o ka nui me ke koe o aaiaoe variability.

fibrinogen'ōewe

Ma ka hapanui o na hihia, ka noiʻi ia fibrinogen'ōewe polymorphism me ke koho mua ana no ka hooulu ana o ischemic hahau ana. Akā, ma ka manawa a hiki i ka mua i kahe ma i aaiaoe, a loaa kumumea ke kulia i ko lakou aoao ma ka hooulu ana o ka maʻi. Kēiaʻano o kaʻai e hoʻomōhala ana i aie i ka thrombosis o cerebral arteries, a ma këia i ka'ōewe polymorphism o fibrinogen, ke maopopo na mea he nui o na keʻano o ka hanaʻana me ka hoohuoi ana ia ano hiki ke Hāʻule maila lākou. E pili ana aaiaoe oko a me ke koko biochemical kiko'î a ianoiyuaa a poorly maopopoʻia e kānakaʻepekema. Hou haʻawina, e ho ololi i ka papa o ka maʻi, hoʻololi kona papa paha wale ai ke ao aku ia ia ma ka kakahiaka kahua o ka? Acaeoey.