Postnonclassical 'epekema a me kona wahi i loko o ke akeakamai o ka' epekema

I ka waena o ka iwakalua kenekulia lilo i Ho'ākāka 'au hou no ka' epekema Loaʻaʻia o ka manaʻo kanaka. Aia mea he pono e hooholo i ka hana o ka 'epekema ma ka nohona a me ka nohona kanaka, ao ke ano, e like me ka hopena i kūpono i ka puana a ka' epekema a me ka 'ike loea. Kēia i alakai ai i ka reorientation o ke akeakamai o ka 'epekema, e like me ka ka mea i hoomaka i ka hana e like me ka mea i kia-nonclassical' epekema. A nui hopena ma luna o kona muli i philosophical a me ka ideological manao a me ka palapala manaʻo o keʻano o ka epistemological, a ? Iie hana, typical o ke kia-kaua wā. A ua hana i ka theme like, a me ka mea manaʻo nakeke o keia mau olelo i ka mea ia manawa me ka hooulu ana o ka akeakamai o ka 'epekema, aʻo ke kumuhana o philosophical hoihoi a me Ka Ikepili.

I ka pau ana o ka XIX kenekulia ka panina kumu hoʻohālike o ka 'epekema i ke kino me nā loina e lawe mai epistemological hanana hulina i kulike ai me ka methodological maikaʻi, i kūpono i loko o ke kūlanaʻano o kekahi? Iie ike, e like me ka meaʻikeʻia o nā ana hoʻohālike i ka makemakika kūpili, i' ae 'e möakäka hou i ka mall hiʻona o ka' epekema ike. I ka Ia manawa e huli mai i ka ulu ana o keia ike i nā ana i ka hoʻoponopono ulia, a me ia nā kuleana o ka panina 'epekema i loaa i ka loa ike,' aʻole e lawe i loko o ka nui i ke ola ana o ka ai-kapaia pilikino ike i nāʻano o ka rationality a me ka hōʻeuʻeu keʻano o ka hanaʻana. Penei, hoomaka ae la ke kahua, a hoomaka ae la e komo ai i ka inoa kūpono: kia-panina 'epekema.

Eia naʻe, hoao mai ana e kükulu i kekahi hoʻokahi 'epekema mau ma luna o ka muli o ka' ōlelo o ke kālaikūlohea a me ka makemakika. I ka pau ana o na 1960s, i kēia mau normativist Logical-makemakika Neo polokalamu, kena ae la ia ia ka poho nui i kanalua ai i loko o ke kaiāulu i mea ma nā mea a pau e hiki i kekahi rationing epistemological kaʻina. Kēia i ke kōkua ma ka postnonclassical kālaiʻike, e like me moʻomanaʻo-structuralism a me ka postpositivism, nana i hookomo aku i ka manaʻo i ka hoʻomanaʻo o ke positivism e auou caiaiai ma pluralism o methodological manaÿo, nema aku ana kekahi i kekahi, a pela kokoke i ka oiaio. I waena o kēia mau theories i ke kapa i ka kumumanaʻo o ka falsification Karla Poppera, i ka manaʻo o? Iie Hope Kuhn, hoʻomanaʻo o ka 'epekema noiʻi papahana Lakatos, i ka manaʻo o tacit ike Polanyi, a he nui na mea e ae.

Postnonclassical 'epekema i kona mau ano. Mua o nā mea a pau, ka mea, ua wehewehe aku ma ua olelo ia i ka manaʻo o ka relativity o ka ike ana o na rula i loko o ke kula o ka 'epekema a me nā hana. Eia hou, e like me ka mahele o ka 'epekema kükohu puunaue noʻonoʻo loi o laila,-kapaia scientific fundamentalism, ua ho'āʻo a e radically emi i ka na ike kumu i kekahi o kona? Ueo. I epistemology a me ka hoʻomanaʻo ia kuhi ia ma kekahi, a me ka ia manawa hiki coexist likeʻole hoʻokūkū ana theories a me ka "honua nānaina" e like me ka ka hakakā o kekahi mau papahana. Ma keia hihia, ke kākauʻana ma luna o ka 'ano o ka pili aloha ma waena o okoa theories a me kā lākou mau pūʻulu, o ka mea e ae mikanele, a me Competition, hou, noʻonoʻo loi, a no laila, ma luna o. I ka Ia manawa, i ka papa kuhikuhiE theme like o ka pono, e kiʻi a me ka poe enemi, a mau hoa paio a me ka hooponopono i kāna hana e lawelawe i loko o ka maluhia, ma kona manaʻo ma - i ole wale noiʻi akā, i loko o ka nohona kaiapuni.

Kekahi o ka ua ki nei manaÿo, i hana postnonclassical 'epekema o ka noho' ana. Ua pili ia i ka pono o ka hilinaʻi, nā loina a me nāʻano e aponoia ma ka 'epekema kaiaulu, a no ka hoʻopaʻa i ka ka hoʻomauʻana o ka moolelo. Mākou ke i aku nei au i ka noho 'ana o ka kŰia i hoohua mai i ka poe i hoalii mai ia i waena o ka' epekema kaiāulu. Ua hoi Ho'ākāka 'ka laulā o ka pilikia ka mea, e hana me ka. I ka wā o ka noho 'ua hoʻololi, aia no he ' epekema kipi , a me ka piha a hapa huli ana o ko ke ao nei kiʻi, a depicts he 'epekema, naʻe ka mea, ua dictated Logical ole wale, akā, axiological ka noʻonoʻoʻole.

Postnonclassical 'epekema ua i wehewehe aku ma ke alo o ka synergy. He He multidisciplinary huahelu o kekahi mau haʻawina i mea e imi ana i mau loina no ka mea physical, Nine Inch, liluwelo, waiwai, ka nohona, a me ka nenoai a me kā lākou ka hoʻoponopono-hui. No ka synergy kekahi hoʻohuʻu i ka manaʻo o ka chaos like me ka lahui luna 'mea, i mea mau palena papaha makaukau e hoike mai ai ia ia iho i loko o ka likeʻole ma o kauoha hale. Ua ia hoʻi, e haawi ana i ke kiʻi o ko ke ao nei, i i kūkuluʻia, e like me nā pōhaku lepo a haʻahaʻa (particles), ma ka lokomaikai o ka maluhia me ka 'ia paha o keʻano o ka hanaʻana.