Pehea e hoʻololi i ka hoohalike o ka halepaahao, a hana i ka mea i hiki mai ana o ka halepaahao kumumanaʻo

Mai ka loaʻa o ka halepaahao ma mua o ka papa kulana o ka halepaahao kumumanaʻo, ka mea i aneane 400 makahiki ia ua ua ua kālaiʻia. No ka mea mua manawa aeee i hookolokolo aku la ia i ka 1665, maiʻEnelani naturalist Robert Guk. Ka lōkahi o ka lahilahi māhele Cork ke kelepona hele 'ole, alaila, haawi mai ia i ka inoa o ka halepaahao.

I kona primitive microscope Hooke malie hiki ole ike a pau o nā hiʻona, akā, me ka hou ana o ka'ōnohi manaʻo, ka muli o kāu kiʻina hana o ka i hookohu aku i konohiki, kńnaka i increasingly bapetizo i loko o ka honua o ka maalea cytological hale.

Pehea i hana ai i ka halepaahao kumumanaʻo

A Kaka hiʻona'āina, ho ololi i ka hou papa o ka noiʻi ma luna o ka noho ana o ka halepaahao kumumanaʻo, i loko o ka 30s o XIX kenekulia. Scot R. Brown, këia mea kanu kuina ka hoʻohana 'ana i ka malamalama microscope, i loaʻa i loko o kanu keena like ua hoʻokōʻia o ka wepa i a laila kapa nuclei.

Mai ia manawa, ua nui ka hoailona no e like me kekahi i kekahi, mall huahelu o kekahi meaola i lilo i ke kumu o nā haʻina o ka hoʻohui o ke kumu o na mea ola a pau hoi. He mea känalua 'i ka makana moku'āina o ka halepaahao kumumanaʻo he i ka loulou i kēia hopena.

Ke kumu o na keena Ua i loko o 1838 ma ka German botanist Manuela Schleiden. Mass nana kanuʻia, ma kona hoʻomaopopo aku ia i loko o nā mea a pau e ola ana kanu'aʻaʻa Kora naʻEsau alo mea OAXA.

Kona compatriot zoologist Theodor Schwann i ka ia hopena a e pili ana i ka holoholona nā'aʻaʻa. Ma hope o ka hana o Schleiden a hoʻohālikelike na mea kanu a me ka holoholona keena këia, ka mea, ua manao ia hoʻowahāwahā i ke 'ano, ka mea a pau kaʻana like i na hiʻona - ka hoʻonaniʻia Kora naʻEsau.

Ke kelepona hele pähola 'o Schwann a me Schleiden

Ma ka lawe pu ana i ka mea e pili ana i halepaahao T. Schwann a me M. Schleiden nui i ka papa kuhikuhiE postulate o ka halepaahao kumumanaʻo. Ua oia ma na mea ana a pau meaola (mea kanu a me nā holoholona) ua i mai o aeee i mea like me ka 'ole.

I ka makahiki 1858 ka mea i i kekahi hou hou i ka halepaahao kumumanaʻo. Rudolf Virhov hoao i ke kino maoli he aie i ka mea i loaʻa i loko o aeea helu ma ka mahele ana i ka palapala makua. He mea maopopo, akā, no ka manawa o kona loaʻa ua loa holomua a me ka Uluwehi O.

I ia manawa, ua ua kālaiʻia i ka papa kulana o ka Schwann aeea pähola ma ka heluna o nā puke like penei:

1. A pau nā'aʻaʻa o ola meaola i kekahi ke kelepona hele 'ole.
2. Animal keena, a kanu i hanaʻia ma ke ano ki ina hana (aeea mahele) a i ka like 'ole.
3. Ke kino ninoieo o nā pūʻulu o aeee, kēlā hiki ke kuokoa ola.

Lilo kekahi o nāʻano nui discoveries o ka XIX kenekulia, ke kelepona hele kumumanaʻo waiho iho la i ke kahua manaʻo o ka hoʻohui o ke kumu, a me ka ho'ānoʻole evolutionary ulu o ke ola meaola.

Hou 'ana i ka cytological ike

Hou ana o ka noiʻi 'epekema a me ka lako a ua' ae 'ʻepekema, e me ka nui loa deepen i ka ike e pili ana i ka' ole a me ka halepaahao aayoaeuiinoe:

• ai loulou 'ole a me ka hana ana o kanaka, organelles a pau aeee (cytostructure specialization);
• kēlā me kēia aeea pākahi hōʻike i nā waiwai a pau hoʻomaopop 'ana i ke ola meaola (ulu, paʻi, kūkaʻi o ka mea a me ka ikehu mai ke kaiapuni, ua hoʻoneʻe i ka loli iki ana loa ke hakuloli i ka loli listen'ōlelo.);
• organelles hiki ole pākahi ho'āʻo like waiwai;
• e loaʻa holoholona, fungi, mea kanu ma ka hookahi 'ole a me ka oihana o ka organelles;
• All keena ma ke kino e interrelated a me ka hana harmoniously, ae hana i na luna 'hana.

Me ka hou discoveries, Ua maemae ka olelo a Schwann a me Schleiden ka kumumanaʻo, a inā. Hoikehonua, scientific honua hoʻohana holomua postulates he kumu pähola 'i loko o kālaimeaola.

5 kūlana o kēia aeea kumumanaʻo

I moʻokalaleo ua nui na helu o na tenets o ke kālā no ke kelepona hele kumumanaʻo, ka loa piha mana he elima 'ikamu:

1. Ke aeea o ka liilii loa (haʻahaʻa) ola'ōnaehana, me ka 'ole o ka hookumu ana, nā'ōlelo, a me ka hoʻomōhala aayoaeuiinoe o meaola. Ole-ke kelepona hale a hiki ole ke kapaia e ola ana.
2. Na keena e hōʻike wale nō ma ka mahele ana i ka na poʻe.
3. Ke Nine Inch haku mele 'ana a me ka' ole o ka mall huahelu o nā meaola e noho ana, ua like.
4. Multicellular meaola? Acaeoey? A ulu ma fission o kekahi / mau o ka mua keena.
5. A like ke kelepona hele 'ole o ka meaola noho ka Honua, paipai i na kumu o ke kumu.

Ka loiloi mua a me ka papa kulana o ka halepaahao kumumanaʻo nui i loko, he pono ole. Wa Mamua a me postulates noonoo i ka papa moku'āina o ka ike ma ka 'ole, ke ola a me ka AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN o aeee widening.