Serological ho'āʻo ma: ke ano, hoʻohana

Keʻena hoʻokolohuaʻike, oʻaneʻane pau infectious mai ua ma muli o ka ka loaʻaʻana o ke koko i loko o ke ahonui o nā mea'aʻaʻa, a i hua mai ma ka pathogen antigen, serological ki ina hana like. Ka mea, hele aku la i loko o 'inikua me ka hana pono i ka hopena oʻumikumamāiwa - i kakahiaka nui iwakalua kenekulia.

Ka hooulu ana o ka 'epekema ua kōkua e hoakaka i ka antigenic' ole o microbes a me Nine Inch nā papakuhikuhi o ko lākou mau toxins. He mea hiki ke hana ole wale pākōlea akā, i PalekanaEND_LINK lāʻau lapaʻau. Ka mea i loaa ma ka lawelawe ana attenuated pathogens keʻena hoʻokolohua holoholona. Ma hope o kekahi mau lā o ka limu pulu koko 'Olu aʻiole hoʻomākaukau nā huahana hoʻohana no ka' ike o nā koʻohune a me kā lākou mau toxins ka hoʻohana serological ho'āʻo ma.

Ke waho hoike ana o keia naoh hilinaʻi nui ma luna o na olelo o kona hoʻomanaʻo a me ka moku'āina o antigens i loko o ka hoʻomanawanui ka koko. Inā microbes i insoluble (particles), ka mea, noho iho, lysed, immobilized paha e paa ana i ka lāʻau lapaʻau. Inā na antigens i wailana, eia kahi mea akaka i ka kŰia o ka neutralization a me ke kimu ole.

agglutination (PA)

Serological agglutination ho'āʻo mea mahalo maopopo. He oluolu i ka hana a me ka mea'ākeʻakeʻa e koke huai ae i ke alo o antigens ma hoʻomanawanui lāʻau lapaʻau. Ua Ua hoʻohana 'ia no ka holo ana Vidal naoh (ʻike, o ke typhoid, a paratyphoid) a me Weigl (typhus).

Ua Ua nānā 'ana i kekahi mau' AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN ma waena o kanaka nā mea'aʻaʻa (a agglutinins) a me ka microbial aeee (agglyutenogenami). Mahope o ko lakou AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN e hana (particles) e precipitate. Kēia mea he maikaʻi hōʻailona. No ka holo naoh i ke hoʻohana ola a make microbial Luna, fungi, protozoa, koko keena a me somatic keena.

Nine naoh ua maheleia i mau kahua o ka hoʻonaʻauao.

1. I Kekahi Mau nā mea'aʻaʻa i huiia (MA) a me antigens (AG).
2. Ole-i ho'ākāka '- ka palapala moʻopane o conglomerates AG-I, oa ke kahua o ka agglutinate.

Naohʻauhau'ēʻaʻe agglutination (TPHA)

Kēia naoh Ua oi ikepili koʻikoʻi ma mua o ka mea mua kekahi. Ua ua hoʻohana 'ia no kaʻike, o ka poe mai, kena ae la ia e koʻohune, intracellular parasites, protozoa. Ua mea i ho'ākāka 'ia i hiki ke huai ae a hiki loa haʻahaʻa nā hoʻohui like o nā mea'aʻaʻa.

No kona hoʻomanaʻo hoʻohana maloko hipa ka ulaula koko keena a me ka ulaula koko keena o ke kanaka pretreated me nā mea'aʻaʻa a antigens (ka mea hilinaʻi nui ma luna o ka 'imi i Keʻena makemake). Ma kekahi mau hihia, kanaka ulaula koko aeee ia me immunoglobulins. Serologic pane o erythrocytes ua kuhi henua pololei ina kimu kona hang nei ma ka lalo o ka Tube. Ka mea maikaʻi naoh mākou ke olelo aku i ka wa a na keena e hoʻonohonoho i ke kinona o ka hulu mamalu,? Iaeoe? I ka lalo holoʻokoʻa. Ka hopena maikaʻi naoh ua ua eo ka wā o ka ula koko keena noho iho i loko o ka palapala o ke kia a me pihi ma ka waena konu o ka lalo.

kimu naoh (Rp)

Serological reactions o kēiaʻano mālama i ka hōʻike loa uuku (particles) antigens. Kēia i ia, no ka laʻana, nā polokina (ole wale i kaʻai a pau), i huiʻia o nā polokina me lipids paha carbohydrates, hapa o ka koʻohune a me kā lākou mau toxins.

Sera no ka mea naoh ua loaa eʻimi hoʻopunipuni infestation o nā holoholona, nō kāu 'Olu. Ma keia hana, e hiki ke kiʻi loa kekahi precipitating lāʻau lapaʻau. Staging serological kimu likeʻano papa hana o ka hana ma luna o agglutination. ʻO nā mea'aʻaʻa na i loko o ka lāʻau lapaʻau hoopaaia e ia antigens ma ka colloidal pāʻoihana e lilo nui kumuʻiʻo nā lātoma, a i waihoia ma ka lalo o ka Tube a ma ka kūpapakū (tuko pīlali). Kēia papa hana ua manaoia e e loa kekahi, a hiki huai ae hiki kumumea dala o ka waiwai.

Hoʻohana 'ia e diagnose ahulau, tularemia, anthrax, meningitis a me nā maʻi. Nō hoʻi 'ole i loko o ka forensic ninaninau.

Tuko pīlali kimu hoʻokolohua

Serological ho'āʻo ai i hiki ke lawe mai,ʻaʻole wale nō i loko o ke kinowai meakino, akā, i loko o ka agarose tuko pīlali. Keia ua kapaia eiei? Kimu hana. Me ia, hoʻopaʻa haʻawina o ka haku mele 'ana o ka luna' antigenic nā mea huihuina. Kēia papa hana ua muli ma ka chemotaxis o antigens i nā mea'aʻaʻa, a me ka hope versa. Ka tuko pīlali ka mea, neʻe i kekahi i kekahi i kekahi, wikiwiki a me ke anaina kanaka, e lilo kimu laina. Kēlā me kēia laina - hoʻokahi 'ia paha o K-I.

Neutralization exotoxin antitoxin (RN)

Antitoxic lāʻau lapaʻau hiki neutralize exotoxin a microorganisms paka. Ma muli o kēiaʻikepili a me serological ho'āʻo ma. Microbiology hoʻohana i kēia hana no ka titration o sera, toxins a me toxoids, e like me kā lākou pākōlea haʻawina. Ka ikaika o ka neutralization o ka toxin me ka nānā 'ana i kaʻike mau huahelu - AE.

A, ma muli o ia keia naoh hiki ho oholo i ka? Ueo a me ke ano no exotoxin. Ua Ua hoʻohana 'ia i loko o kaʻike, o ka tetanus, diphtheria, botulism. Ke kuka nei lakou hiki ke lawe mai "ma ke aniani", a ma ka tuko pīlali.

lysis naoh (RL)

Ka'ōnaehana paleʻea lāʻau lapaʻau, i komo i ke kino o ka hoomanawanui, ua, ke kaʻawale mai kona papa hana o ka OE e hoʻonele, a hiki a me ka lytic waiwai. He hiki no mea hoʻoheheʻeʻia microbial hope, ke kelepona hele, a na oihana mua mea hoʻomaʻi komo i ke kino o ka hoʻomanawanui. Ke kaumaha ma muli o ka specificity o na nā mea'aʻaʻa me loko o ka lāʻau lapaʻau kaʻawale bactericidin, cytolysins, spirohetoliziny, hemolysins a me ka 'ē aʻe.

Kēia mau ho'ākāka 'ia i nā mea'aʻaʻa i kapaia "hoʻokō". Ua ua loaʻa i loko o aneane pau kino fluids, ka mea, i ka luna 'kumuʻiʻo' ole a me ka mea nui ikepili koʻikoʻi i ka wela māhuahua, naueue ae, nāʻakika a me ka pololei Map. Akā, ma ka hoomaloo moku'āina mea hiki, e kōkua ma muli o kā lākou mau lytic waiwai o ka mai i eono mahina.

Aia nō kekahi mau 'ano o serological ho'āʻo ma o kēiaʻano.

- bacteriolysis;

- hemolysis.

Bacteriolysis ua lawe mai ka hoʻohana 'ana i ke ahonui o ka koko lāʻau lapaʻau a me ka hana i ho'ākāka''ōnaehana paleʻea lāʻau lapaʻau me ka ola germs. Inā, a laila, i ke kanaka noiʻi ike i ka lysis o ka koʻohune, a e e noʻonoʻo i ka pane like me ka lawa helu o ka maikaʻi hoʻokō mea i loaʻa i loko o ke koko.

Ka lua o ke koko serological pane mea i ka wehe ana o erythrocytes lapaau ana hoʻomanawanui lāʻau lapaʻau i loaʻa ka hemolysins, a i ho'ā 'wale i loko o ke alo o ka ua compliment. Inā he mea hoʻokahi, a laila, i ke Keʻena e kiai ana i ka noho male 'ana o ka ula koko keena. Kēia naoh ua hoʻomano hoʻohana 'ia i loko o kēia lāʻau, e hooholo i ka titer o ka hoʻokō (' o ia hoʻi, kona huna uuku huina e hoʻonāukiuki lysis oʻulaʻula koko aeee) i loko o ke koko lāʻau lapaʻau, a no ka? Iecaianoaaiiie o ka hoʻokō ka paa mea o loko. Ua ua i loko o keia ano lawelawe 'ia serological naoh no syphilis - Wasserman.

hoʻokō fixation (RSK)

Kēia naoh ua hoʻohana 'ia e huai ae lāʻau lapaʻau nā mea'aʻaʻa i ke ahonui o ka infectious Agena i maikai like, e kuhikuhi i ke originator o kona antigenic' ole.

Up a hiki i keia wahi i ho'ākāka 'ia ma mākou i ka mea serological ho'āʻo ma. RAC noʻonoʻo paakiki naoh, no ka mea launa pū 'ole elua, akā,ʻekolu oihana mua: he lāʻau lapaʻau kino, he antigen a me ka hoʻokō. Kona o Mānoa, ke moe ia ma ka oiaio i ka AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN ma waena o ka lāʻau lapaʻau kino a me ka antigen ia lŘlŘ wale i loko o ke alo o nā polokina compliment i i adsorbed ma luna o ka ili o ka hana luna 'K-I.

Lakou ia lakou iho antigens ma hope hou o ka hoʻokō, malalo i ka lula 'loli, a hoike i ka pono o ka naoh. Kēia paha e lysis, hemolysis, immobilization, bactericidal a bacteriostatic hopena.

Ke naoh iho ia lŘlŘ i loko o nā kūlana:

1. Ke kahua o ka lāʻau lapaʻau kino-antigen, i mea ole visually kekahi 'kanaka noiʻi.
2. Hoʻololi i ka antigen ma lalo o ka hana o ka hoʻokō. Kēia pae 'ana hiki ke Hahai I i ka maka kapa ole. Inā ka pilikia makapō pane mea i nanaia, laila, e hoʻohana i ka hou anakahi'ōnaehana e leie aku e huai ae loli.

anakahi'ōnaehana

Kēia naoh ua ma muli o ka paa o ka hoʻokō. Ke hōʻike paipu hola ma hope o ka holo ana RSK hou maloko hipa erythrocytes a me ka lāʻau lapaʻau hemolyticʻaʻole i loaʻa ka hoʻokō. Inā ka Tube i haʻalele MAKAHIKI MDCCCXVI NU hoʻokō, ka mea e hui i ka luna 'N-I i hanaʻia ma waena o nā keena hipa koko a me ka hemolysin, a i ko lakou noho male' ana. Keia makemake aha i ka DGC mea io. Inā ula koko keena noho pū, a laila, me, ka naoh mea maikaʻi.

hemagglutination (RHA)

Aia i mau fundamentally okoa hemagglutination. Kekahi o ia mau mea - serological, ka mea, ua hoʻohana 'ia no ka hoomaopopo ana i ke koko pūʻulu. Ma keia hihia erythrocytes pāʻani aku me nā mea'aʻaʻa.

A me ka lua o ka naoh mea,ʻaʻole i hōʻikeʻia i ka serological, no ka ula koko keena pane koke me ka hemagglutinin hua mai ma nā mea hoʻomaʻi. No kēlā me kēia exciter hana wale ma luna o kekahi 'erythrocytes (moa, hipa, Keko), ua hiki ke lawe i kēia naoh haka kekahi.

Maopopo maikaʻi paha io muli, he mea hiki no i ka wahi ana i na keena koko i loko o ka lalo o ka Tube. Inā ka mea pohihihi kohu ka hulu mamalu, laila, ke makemake mea hoʻomaʻi mea i loaʻa i loko o ka hoʻomanawanui ka koko. A inā i hanaʻia e like me ka dala kolamu a pau i ka ula koko keena, loaʻa nō iʻike pathogens.

Naoh o hemagglutination inhibition (HAI)

He nui kekahi naoh, e leie aku e hookupaa nui ae i ka palapala, 'ano o ka mea hoʻomaʻi a me ke alo o ka ho'ākāka' ia i nā mea'aʻaʻa i loko o ka lāʻau lapaʻau o ka hoʻomanawanui ka koko.

Kona o Mānoa, ke moe i loko o ka mea ana i nā mea'aʻaʻa i hoʻohuiʻia i ka Tube i loaʻa i ka hoao ana i nā puke, ua ālai 'palapala moʻopane o antigens ma erythrocytes, ma laila noho hemagglutination. He He qualitative PAaIEN o ke alo o ka hana i ho'ākāka 'antigens i loko o ke koko a hiki i ka kekahi makemake mea hoʻomaʻi.

Naoh immunofluorescence (RIF)

Ke naoh ua ma muli o ka hiki ke kuhikuhi pono me ka I-Ah kukui hāweo microscopy ma hope o kanaka flyuorohromnymi make. Kēia papa hana i mea e hoʻohana, 'aʻole i koi hoʻokaʻawale o ka maemae moʻomeheu a me ka lawe iki manawa. He paʻa mau no ka kokololioʻike, o infectious ka maʻi.

I ka mea, ua māheleʻia aʻela kēia mau serological e ho'āʻo ai i loko o nā waeʻano: kauoha a me kaʻauhau'ēʻaʻe.

Direct RIF hua antigen i mua hoʻokō 'kukui hāweo lāʻau lapaʻau. A me kaʻauhau'ēʻaʻe mea i ka lāʻau ua mua ia me kaʻike mau diagnosticum ec nā mea'aʻaʻa i ka makemake antigen, a laila, hou-noi kukui hāweo whey, i mea i ho'ākāka 'ia na nā polokina o ka luna' K-I, a me ka microbial aeee e hiki ma ka microscopy.