Soviet kuhikuhipuʻuone: ano, mōʻaukala a me ka hana hoihoi kūʻiʻo

Ke kukulu ana o ka hou ke kaiāulu e e lewa i loko o ka moʻomeheu o ka aina i ka nui a me ka kuhikuhipuʻuone i pakahi. Soviet kuhikuhipuʻuone ua hele ma kekahi mau kahua o ka hoʻonaʻauao o? Acaeoey, iho la ia i na ia iluna, a iho i lalo, akā, i loko o kekahi hihia ia ua lilo ia i mau hanana ma ka global kuhikuhipuʻuone. Ma ka USSR, ua mau nā kānaka kuhikuhipuʻuone o nā kulanui, a me keia la i ka uie kekahi kia-Soviet kahua, e hiki ke ike mau masterpieces o ka honua me ka unahiʻole. Mākou e wehewehe pehea Hawaiʻi kaila o Soviet kuhikuhipuʻuone, a pehea ia i Hawaiʻi.

Helehelena a me nāʻano hana o Soviet kuhikuhipuʻuone

Ma hope o ka OkatobaʻOiʻenehana o 1917, ka mea hou aupuni ua 'Imi ma luna o ka loli i loko o nā mea a pau spheres o ke ola. No ka ana na mea a pau ia ua ole mai ai i ka kuhikuhipuʻuone, akā, ia koke lilo iho maopopo ia ia, he, e hana i ka ideological papa, e like me nā mea a pau i ke koena o ke akamai. I ka 20 makahiki ma mua i ole i na nā kānaka kuhikuhipuʻuone 'ana i ka hana o ka ho okumu i ka hou wā, akā, na kanaka haku iho manaʻo ikaika i ka mea i manawa no ka hou ano, a hoʻomaka i ka huli' ana no ka hōʻike o nā manaʻo no ka loli. Akā, ma hope Soviet kuhikuhipuʻuone Ua hoʻololi i, e mālama i ka manaʻo o ka socialism. All nō i loko o ka Soviet Union ua e hooiaio i ka pololei wale ala o? Acaeoey - he Socialist. Ua alakai aku i ka papa kuhikuhiE hiʻona o Soviet kuhikuhipuʻuone, i mau i ke e kuhikuhi ideological, akā, ma ka hope - nani. Inā i mua, i ke kanaka haku e hoʻokele e hui pu iho la no ia i ka lokomaikaiia i ka manaʻo o ka nani, a laila, i nā i ala e hiki ai i na aesthetics o ka utilitarian, a me keia alakaʻi i ka emi ma ka Loaʻaʻia o ka nui kuhikuhipuʻuone.

mōʻaukala sketch

Ka hooulu ana o Soviet kuhikuhipuʻuone ua hala kekahi mau kahua o ka hoʻonaʻauao. Ke kumu o keia kŰia ua pili i ka wā o ka 20 - i ka hoʻomaka o na 30s, i ka wa e haule ana naʻeleu huli no hou ano, reinvents ka Classic i kūpono o ka kuhikuhipuʻuone. I keia manawa i hana ka papa kuhikuhi elua o ka avant-garde Soviet kuhikuhipuʻuone: constructivism a me ka rationalism. I ka pau ana o na 30s ka mea i ike i ka avant-garde mea,ʻaʻole ma ke ala a hiki i ka Soviet ideological moʻomeheu. Ua hoʻomaka i ka hana i ka hou kuhikuhipuʻuone, i AIM e hoʻolauleʻa ai i ka nani a me ka piʻi like o ka Socialist manaʻo. Hoʻokō 'ana i nā manaʻo o ka wā hooki i ka Apana World War, ma hope a he hou wā i loko o kuhikuhipuʻuone. Ua Ua pili ole wale me ka hoihoi hou ia ana mai o na kulanakauhale lukuia, akā, me ka hanaia'na hoi o ka hou pokole i makemake kākoʻo i ke kanaka i ka pono o ka haʻaheo i loko o ko lakou mau aina. Ua mea ma luna o kēia ideological muli ua hanaʻia e Stalin ka aupuni a pau, a me kona propensity no ka mea kaupaona. Ka hoʻomaka o na 60s exacerbated i ka pilikia o ka noho kuhikuhipuʻuone. People noho i loko o subhuman rula, a me keia hiki ole ke wahi i na kia-kaua? Aeiino?. He mea pono e hoʻoponopono i ka pilikia o ka nuipa a hale no? Ieoaeunoaa. Kēia pilikia i Wehewehe i nā hāʻina ma ka maximizing ho'ēmi pāhana. Ua ua i ka hewa no ka Soviet kuhikuhipuʻuone. a i koho ole i ka pono ala o? acaeoey, a hele akula ma hope o ka Palani i loko o kā lākou ooieoeiiaeuiiaiʻano o ke kūkulu.

All makakū ho'āʻo o nā kānaka kuhikuhipuʻuone ike excessive a me nā palapala. Aha i na kanaka haku, e komo i loko o "pepa kuhikuhipuʻuone", oa. E. No ka ho okumu papahana i ole ka manaolana o ka hoʻi. Ma na 80s, Soviet nā kānaka kuhikuhipuʻuone ke hākilo loa ike o ka pōʻino e hiki mai ka hoʻoponopono ulia. I keia manawa, ia Kīwala'ō ma lalo o ka typical, faceless papahana. Kuhikuhipuʻuone hoopahaohao mai kekahi ia oe e ka mea unuhi mākau. Ua lohi hoomaka ae la e ka nuʻu, mai ka ulia a i ka pau ana o na 90s, akā, i mea kia-Soviet wā.

Soviet avant-garde

I ka pau ana o ke Kanawai War, ua he ninau e pili ana i ka hoihoi hou ana o Moscow. Ma keia manawa i loko o ke aupuni o ka kuhikuhipuʻuone ua ulu mau houʻaoʻao: constructivism a me ka rationalism. Ka mea i hanaʻia e nā kānaka kuhikuhipuʻuone poʻokela i ka nuʻu mua i loko o ka mooolelo Lūkini a me Europa, akā, e ike i ka pono, e hana i kekahi hou kuhikuhipuʻuone i makemake halawai i ka hou realities. Ia na kanaka haku i manawa e ka manaʻo o e pili ana i ka hou ke kaiāulu a me ke kahua o ka hou, harmonious kanaka.

Constructivists alakai ma ka Vesnin hoahanau, Konstantin Melnikov, Moisei Ginzburg manaoio aku i ka haku mele 'ana o ka hale e halawai me ke kuleana pili i. Ka mea, hōʻole i ka mōʻaukala ka hoʻomauʻana, a Mānoa i ka papa kuhikuhiE haawi aku i ka mea manao me ka palena iki o ka mea hoʻonani. Mahalo iā ia i ka Soviet avant-garde kuhikuhipuʻuone ua waiwai ma na iauaeoia me ka a ka hale o K. Melnikov ma Moscow, i ka hale o ka Nupepa "Izvestia", ka Palace o Culture ZIL, a he nui na mea e ae. Ke kuhikuhi Ua loa loaʻa iā loaa mai ia e nā kānaka kuhikuhipuʻuone a me kona manamana ma Leningrad, Kharkov, Gorky, Sverdlovsk. Ma na kulanakauhale he nui o ka mea kahiko USSR a me keia la, ua hiki ke mahalo i ka constructivist hale.

Ka lua o avant-garde kuhikuhi, rationalism, alakaʻiʻia N. Ladovsky a me B. Krinsky, loaa he uuku manaʻo ma mua o constructivism. Uaʻano nui ike ma o ka hana o ka hale, no kaʻike manaʻo o ka pokole ke kanaka. I ke kakahiaka nui 30-ies o ka avant-garde i ua 'ike ideologically malihini i Soviet nō a koke oki ia nei. Hope rationalism Ua "rehabilitated" a me kona mau manaʻo hoʻomano hoʻohana i loko o kuhikuhipuʻuone i loko o ka 60s.

kuhikuhipuʻuone 30-40s

Ma ka hapalua like-30s Soviet kuhikuhipuʻuone ua komo i ka hou wā. Ka hou mana oʻoʻana i ka pono no ka papakaukau? Aeiino? Oeoey o ka noho a me ka lehulehu hale, i ka hana o ka houʻano o ka pono, e like me ka paena no ka mahiʻai exhibition. Ma ka mua o kuʻuna 'ana i kūpono a me epekema. Ma ke poo o ka traditionalist kanaka kuhikuhi puʻuʻone loaʻa he maikaʻi kahiko kula Neoclassicist I. Zholtovsky. Retrospektivist i loko o kā lākou mau manao,ʻo ia hoʻi i ka aina hana aloha o ke kolamu, pilasters, hoaka, etc. I loko o kēia wā, nui ikaika 'ole ma ka constructivism, akā, i ka hene o na Classics ua lilo aku maopopo. Ma mua o ka Apana o ke Kaua Honua ma o ka aina, o ka oi aku ma Moscow, he mea he kūkulu mea hoʻonui. Enea ikea eiiieaena, Library ka State. Lenin, kūkulu mau o ka Moscow Metro wahi. Ma Kharkov, kukulu ia the Dzerzhinsky Square. Ma Yerevan, he mea Aupuni House. Ma ka palapala o ka USSR, hou kulanakauhale, i na manao e kû ana i ka manao o ka mea hou kuhikuhipuʻuone. Mau mea i ka Komsomolsk-ma-Amur, Magnitogorsk, Khabarovsk. Mamua o ke kaua, ma kahi o 170 miliona i kūkuluʻia i loko o ka aina huinahalike. mika o ka hale. I nā hana i ka hou, imperial kaila o ka Soviet Union.

stalin ka aupuni a pau

Ma hope o ke Kaua Honua II mōʻaukala o Soviet kuhikuhipuʻuone komo aku la i ka hou ke kahua. Ua i kekahi wahi lihi iki o ka waiwai, e kūkulu hou luku kauhale. Ma ka hapalua like-40s i loko o ka Soviet Union i hana i ka lua ma hope o constructivism "nui kaila" ma ka kuhikuhipuʻuone - Stalin ka aupuni a pau. He Ua hui mauʻaoʻao: Classicism, Baroque, Art Deco aupuni a pau. Ua Ua wehewehe aku laulā, hanohano, grandeur. Na hale i loko o kēia kaila i ke hoʻololi i ka h ÷ ike i ka pālākiō o ka Soviet ka lanakila a me ka piʻi like. Ka hōʻailona no kēia kaila lilo kaulana Moscow "skyscraper": Moscow State University, ka hotele "Ukraine", Kuhina o ko na Aina e, a 'ē aʻe. Stalin ka aupuni a lilo iho la ia i ka Hoʻohaku kaila no 150 makahiki, i ka maka o ka'āina ia i loli. Stalinist kuhikuhipuʻuone uaʻikeʻia i loko o aneane nā kūlanakauhale o ke aupuni.

Mass noho kuhikuhipuʻuone

Ma ka postwar wā He huʻi hale pilikia. Akā, i loko o nā makahiki 50 o kona alakaʻi hiki i hoopo nopono mai, pela ka mea, ua pono e hoʻihoʻi? Iecaianoaaiiuo aeuiiai ieaia?. Akā, i loko o na 60s, e ka hailonaʻana i ka olelo hooholo o keia i ka hanaia ka mea, he mea hiki ole. Anna i keia manawa i hele mai i ka pau i ke au o Stalin a me Khrushchev kahea aku i ka mea i kā mākou emi i ka lilo o ka hale noho no? Ieoaeunoaa. He pū hoʻoili i ka paio ku e "na excesses o oe", he kükohu i haawiia'ku ai e lawe i ka Palani eha functionalism. A, aia ke kaulana Cheryomushki, e like me ka hana ana o ka hou ola kaiapuni. Ma ka hapaha mua mākou i ia e pono i mea o ka lawelawe aeuiiai ieaia? A me ka hale i ka palena iki wahi no e noho ana.

kuhikuhipuʻuone 60-80s

Mai ka hopena o 60-ies helu kuhi puke i ka papakaukau pele-laina no? Ieoaeunoaa maʻamau hale noho. Ma nā kūlanakauhale a me nā kauhale a pau o ka Soviet Union he mau hale, mai ka noniakahi pōhaku puna lāliʻi. ? Ieoaeunoai mea e hoʻokēʻai ai, ka poʻe e hoʻomau n iaainoaoeii neo. Akā, e hoʻohana i ka hua'ōlelo "kuhikuhipuʻuone" a hiki i ka hale mea pono, mai ka hale ua loa featureless a me kaʻaʻahu. A i ka kuhikuhipuʻuone o ka Apana Soviet o ka maʻamau manao i loko o kekahi kūlanakauhale, e like elua peas i loko o ka pod like i nā noho. O ia ka leo no ia, a akaaka ho film kau wela Eldar Ryazanov ma ka ho film "Irony o ka Hopena." Ka nunui e kukulu, a me ka kaua e ku e kuhikuhipuʻuone extravagances alakai aku ai i ka mea i ka 80 la makahiki o ka kŰia o Soviet kuhikuhipuʻuone huli i loko o kekahi mea. O ka holo ana, aia no kekahi kanaka haku a me nā hale e ku i ka noonoo, akā, nohona ma kuhikuhipuʻuone ua i ka hohonu hoʻoponopono ulia. Interestingly, ke ola kuhikuhipuʻuoneʻike hoʻokumu oiai e neʻe mai na poo o na aina, a me ka Federal Repubalika.

"Paper" kuhikuhipuʻuone

Ma na 80s, i ka wa a ka kūhelu kuhikuhipuʻuone o ka Soviet wā i loko o ka hoʻoponopono ulia, he mea kēia hana kŰia. Young nā kānaka kuhikuhipuʻuone ma ia manawa hiki ole helu ole wale ma luna o ka manaʻo o ko lākou mau manaʻo, akā, e like ma luna o lākou i ka hoʻomaopopo pono. No laila, ka mea i hana papahana ma ka pepa, e pinepine hoouna aku la ia i kekahi haole Competition, a me ka loaa waiwai pio:. Ma keia wahi e hoʻomōhala ana i ke pau ka hanauna a pau o nā kānaka kuhikuhipuʻuone maikai. He na Mamua o ka neʻeʻana A. Brodsky, I. Utkin, Mikhail Belov, Yu AVVAKUMOV, M. Kharitonov. ʻO nā kānaka kuhikuhipuʻuone? Ac? Lākou kaila iho o ka hōʻike manaʻo. No ka mea, ua paulele mea e ole ai ka papahana e hoʻomaopopo,ʻeleu ka mea, ma ka pilikia makapō ka hōʻike o ka manaʻo. Ka hapa nui o kēia mau nā kānaka kuhikuhipuʻuone ua hooeueuia e na manao o ke kahiko, aole nae pinepine ho okumu ana futuristic manao.

ʻO kahi momona a nā kānaka kuhikuhipuʻuone o ka USSR

Soviet kuhikuhipuʻuone i loko o ka hapa mua o kona mōʻaukala hoʻomohala i ke aloha a hiki i kaʻike hoʻokumu o nā kānaka kuhikuhipuʻuone i aʻo a me ka hana a hiki i ka imperial manawa. Once keia hanauna ua hala aku, hele mai he manawa pōkole wā o ka malie. Akā, koke ulu hou pūʻulu o nā kānaka kuhikuhipuʻuone ka poe i lawe hou i ka manaʻo nui a me ka hou ho'āʻo. Kekahi o ka maikaʻi nā kānaka kuhikuhipuʻuone o ka USSR poe akamai i kaila K. Melnikova, V. Tatlin, A. Shchusev. Kēia mau constructivists lakou i ka maoli haaheo o ko mākou'āina i loko o ka global kuhikuhipuʻuone. Ua mea kekahi i waena o ka maikaʻi i loko o wahi lulu kuhikuhipuʻuone e N. Ladovsky, Rerberg, Vesnin hoahānau, Alexander Krasovsky. Nui na makana i ke kahua o ka ke kiʻi o na Soviet kulanakauhale i I. Zholtovsky, VN Semenov, HE Dokuchaev lofan B., B. Krinsky. I Soviet manawa, ua hana mākou i ka kanaka kuhikuhi puʻuʻone i ka manawa e hoʻololi i ke kia-Soviet makahiki ma hope o ka ka kūkuluʻana. Mawaena o ia mea mea kumukuai i haiia ae Utkin, A. Brodsky, Yuri Grigoryan.

hana hoihoi 'kūʻiʻo

Ua piha ka hana hoihoi mea a me nā kūʻiʻo Soviet-au kuhikuhipuʻuone. No laila, a ka hale o K. Melnikov i kekahi o ka mea maikaʻi i loko o ke ao nei Constructivist kia hoʻomanaʻo i. Poʻokela global kanaka kuhikuhi puʻuʻone Le Korbyuze kipa Moscow ekolu manawa, e hoopiha i hou i ka manaʻo nui. I na 30s i hana i ka nui ana o ka Soviet kuhikuhipuʻuone - ka Palace o Soviets,ʻo kona kiʻekiʻe hoʻokahi ua ia e 400 mika, 100 palaoa. E hoʻokō ia, ka mea i puhi mai ma o Kristo i ka mea e ola ai Hale Pule Nui, akā,ʻike ihola i ke kumumanao ua ole.