Symbionts - meaola iʻai ma luna o symbiotic meaola ...

Symbiosis, a ae pono ke kākoʻo '-ola ana o elua a oi meaola, ua ikeia no ka lōʻihi manawa. Akā, i kēia 'aʻole e hoʻololi i ka oiaio i na mea he nui o na nuances o keia kŰia i ole i ua? Anoee, a ua poorly hoomaopopo.

No ka mea manawa mua keia mea kupaianaha maoli kŰia loaa i ka Hawaiian nä känaka 'epekema Simona Schwendener i ka makahiki 1877. I ka manawa,ʻo ia wale aʻo lichens. I kona walaau ole ka naau, e huli mai i kēia mau meaola i ka hale i hanaʻia panalāʻau o fungi a me unicellular līoho. Ka manawa "symbiosis" i loko o ka 'epekema moʻokalaleo ikea kekahi hope. More kaʻoi loa, ka mea i manaoia ma ka 1879 de Ka Palika.

Mai ka loa manaʻo o ka poʻe kii mai, aole i koke, akā, koe ka ninau me ka trophism. Ke mau eʻai i kekahi mauʻano o symbiotic meaola? Ma ka hihia o ka ia lichen ka mea, ua maopopo i ka līoho ola ma kāʻamaʻai, akā, mai ka noho i ka māhuaola Fish ke keʻena? Inā 'oe kekahi e i ike i ka pane i keia ninau, ua paipai oe heluhelu mākou' atikala.

Overview

Hoikehonua,ʻepekema Ua loaʻa i nā symbionts - meaola iʻai ma luna o (ka hapanui) ka ia me ka mea Hoʻohaku meaola i pau ai. Naʻe, ka mea, o ka mea minamina, aʻaʻole loa pololei ka ho'ākāka 'ana, a no laila, e wehewehe i kekahi o ka loa hoihoi' hihia i loko o hou au mamuli.

E e hiki ke haawi aku i kekahi mau examples o kou iho oe. No ka laʻana, ua loaʻa i loko o ka acidophilus yogurt pono koʻohune i kānaka i loko o nui mea. People haawi aku ka mea pono i ka nui 'ia, a me ka koʻohune i ka functioning hemolele o ko mākou digestive'āpana.

Ma ke ala, ka mea, i ka lanakila o ka luawai-ike Kutushov. Symbionts, i kona kuai moʻomeheu, i ka nui hana i loko o ka functioning o ka gastrointestinal'āpana a hiki i loko o ka poʻeʻelemākule, ka poʻe i pinepine ike me keia nui pilikia.

Ka līoho like me ka papa kuhikuhi symbionts

Biologists Ua lōʻihi loaʻa ia me ke komo ana o ke ka līoho hiki ole ke hana i kekahi i kekahi paʻa o symbiotic meaola. A me ia mea,ʻaʻole wale nō ka wai, akā, no hoi ma o ka hoʻokahi wale nō ano honua kahi meaola. Lakou kahu ai e komo i loko o ka ae pono pilina me kekahi i kekahi, a me ka koʻohune, fungi, multicellular meaola. Eʻoluʻolu, e makaala i ka papa inoa o ka līoho, a i hiki hoi ke symbiosis mea, aole i kaupalena.

Penei, ua ae pono pili me fungi hiki ke hookupaa aku i kekahi i kā mākou o elima elele o na genera ehiku, a me Hawaiʻi nei, e ma na symbionts i: Nostoc (Nostoc), gleokapsa (Gloeocapsa), stsitonema (Scytonema) a me ka stigonema (Stigonema).

About līoho a me sloths

He nui nā kanaka ike ia i loko o ka mamao nani o ka Amazon ola mea kupaianaha ma a pau holoholona. Kaulana no ka mea, e ia paʻakikī lohi a me ka leisurely. O ka holo ana, ke mea e kamailio ana sloths. O ia ka leo pono ole a pau ike i ke ano o kēia mau holoholona (ʻino uliuli, iʻeleʻele) akaka like me ka hopena o ka pigmentation maoli o ka pūliki koa, akā, no ka mea, o ka mea symbiotic līoho.

Lakou noho pono i loko o ka für o sloths, a haawi aku i ai ia eʻike mau kāʻamaʻai. Sloth no ka mea, o ka lakou loaa maikaʻi camouflage 'ia nā pōpō. Kala, ua, ua hikiʻole e hiki i ka lōkahi ka hopena i keia coexistence e haawi ia ia iho ka līohoʻepekema. Ma keia hihia, symbionts - meaola i i hanaiia ma ka waiwai i lawe ia e lakou ia lakou iho ma ke kaʻina hana o ka kāʻamaʻai.

Hana kinona līoho pili me nā meaola

Lichens a me sloths - i laʻana o ka loa-manawa i ka pilina paʻa pilina ma waena o nāʻanoʻelua o ke ola. Akā,ʻaʻole e mau ana symbionts, koʻohune a me ka līoho ke ano a me nā meaola ka ikaika a me kaʻaoʻaoʻelua kuikahi nei,. No laila, ka mea, e pinepine e ihola ia i luna o ka ili o ka meaola ola. O ka papa, e pili ana i ka piha symbiosis ma keia hihia i ka ninau. O kŰia ua kapaia epifitirovaniem. Minuke Auana o ka līoho pinepine uhi ole wale na leho o mollusks, akā, i ka ili o ke kino o kekahi wai manu a me nā holoholona. No laila, epiphytic līoho i nui na mea i noho ma luna o kanaka nunui'ō koholā.

Epiphytes - symbionts paha parasites?

Epekema nō hiki oleʻae ma luna o kou wahi o ka Hawaii e e noʻonoʻo i ka pilina ma waena o epiphyte a me multicellular meaola. Kekahi manaʻo i kēia kŰia ua maikaʻi loa ia me he primitive, ka iniiaiie mana o ka symbiotic pili.

Ma fairness, auʻae me keia wahi o ka nānaina pilikia. Epiphytes, a me kaʻiʻo mai i ala poino i meaola ma ka ili honua i ka mea, noho iho, a me ka mea ka e pono (hiki Hehe) ka mea, i ole malama no hoi.

Poino mai epiphytes

Small wai nā mea kolo a me lepeta, kona mau wāwae densely apo la i ka epiphytes, i loa lohi, e like me ka mea, koke heheʻe pono kāohi hiki ole. Ke kiekie o ka wai kanu, na lau o ka i "ʻaneʻane noonoo" hookahi-aa? Līoho, pinepine wale ke make ma muli o ka Map. Incidentally, a me keia kŰia paha alo kela aquarist. Mākou ke olelo ia ma keia hihia na symbionts - parasites, like paradoxical me ka mea i puhi.

Akā,! Epifitizma kŰia aʻo loa, loa ino. He hiki i kēia mau 'ana ma nae pōmaikaʻi ai ole wale līoho, akā, i multicellular meaola. Ua nane lā ua nō e kali ana no kona kanaka noiʻi. A me ka mea ua haawi aku i ai symbionts ina e ola ana i loko o na keena o na holoholona kiekie ae paha mea kanu?

intracellular symbionts

'Aʻole no ka pohihihi keia symbionts ke ola i loko o kona "haku" keena. Inā mākou e kamailio e pili ana i ka ia līoho, e kapaia ka mea, endophytes. Ka mea, nāna i hana i ka endosymbiosis, i mea nui aʻoi ka paʻakikī i ka lunaʻike manaʻo. Ma waena o na hoalawehana ma keia hihia i mua i hana i ka pau, a me ka ikaika maoli nō hoopaa. Lākou mau papa likeʻole ke moe i loko o ka mea i hoikeia mai na symbionts, hemahema wale nō e lawa ka piha a me ka luna 'cytological examinations.

Nui! ʻepekema Ua kŘpa a lōʻihi maopopo i ka nui ke kelepona hele organelles - na mitochondria i loko o na holoholona a me nā chloroplasts ma ka mea kanu - i hana i loko o ka wā kahiko, i ke aloha a hiki i ka symbiotic pili. Once ka mea, ua kuokoa meaola.

Ma kekahi wahi, i kēia mau intracellular symbionts ua hoʻoneʻe e hoopau ai i ke "noho" ke ola ana i loko o ka halepaahao ola, a laila, paʻa i kalele iho ma luna o laila, hali 'ana i kona genome ana i loko o kona kāna mau' ōlelo (hapa 'ia). No laila, ua hiki paa aku nei au ia a pau o ka a ianoiyuaa a ike ano o ke ola eʻimi i ka ae pono ola ana, i nā Iudaio a hiki i kekahi manawa, lilo kekahi me ia mau meaola, a me na mea a lakou i nei ke kūkaʻi 'ana i keia la.

Like symbionts komo i loko o ka halepaahao?

E like me ka meaola i loko o na keena o kiekie holoholona a me nā mea kanu? Kekahi? Ueo i ua hōʻike hewa papahana no kēiaʻano papa hana. A pinepine ka mea, e ole i kokoke i ka symbiote, a me ka "puali aina". Aia He He uuku ka wai'amaʻu - azolla (Azolla). Ma ka lalo o ka lua o kona lau, ua ololi ala e alakai i ka cavities, hana kūikawā ana i loko o ka mucus. Ia ka leo o kekahi mea i kēia mau cavities, a kiʻi i ka uliuli-uliuli līoho Annaba (Anahaena azollae), a au i loko o ka lua a pau a me ka waiʻikena.

Fern ulu auwai a ulu me ka līoho noho i loko o piha hoʻokaʻawale. ʻepekema, Ua lōʻihi ho'āʻo e hana ma luna o ka muli azolla panalāʻau o'ē aʻe? Ueony, akā, i kekahi pomaikai nui ka mea, i ole i. He maluhia, e olelo aku i ke kahua o ka symbiotic pilina mea hiki wale i ka hihia o ka piha coincidence o ka helu ana o kiko'î. Eia hou kekahi, pela oia i kuikahi mea okoa hai? Ueo specificity.

Penei, symbionts - meaola i hānai ma i kona manaʻo type keʻano o ka hanaʻana (naikokene-hoʻopunipuni koʻohune), i kaʻana like waiwai 'ona me ka hoalawepu, akā, pono kekahi mau olelo e hiki hoʻolako ia wale nō.

He aha nō i ka pomaikai e like me ke kākoʻo '-lakou ola?

E noke i loko o nā cavities azolla mea nui nitrogenous i huiʻia. Blue-uliuli līoho, i komo i loko o ke kino'amaʻu,ʻaʻole wale 'Imi assimilate ia, akā, i loa lilo i ka hiki i ka pakiko-fixation o ka lewa naikokene. Meaola symbiotic pānaʻi mai ma ka hoolako'amaʻu o oxygen, a kekahi ke aloha 'ona.

It E e kaulana ia mau symbionts mai i undergoʻaneʻane ole loli i loko o kona maloko hui. Eia naʻe, no laila, hiki, na mea i mea mau Intracellular Symbiosis. Loa pinepine, ua mau ka līoho e komo i loko o ae pono ke alu like 'ana me nā meaola, okoa piha ka ho'ēmiʻana o ka halepaahaoʻili lahilahi. No ka laʻana, keia ia lŘlŘ ma ka uliuli-'ōmaʻomaʻo līoho, a hana i ka symbiotic pilina me kekahi laha ' o ka meaola huahuakai.

Manawa a me ka intracellular symbionts

A kŘpa a lōʻihi manawa, na nä känaka 'epekema a pau e noho ana ma ka disbelief, manao e pili ana i termite digestion. E like me ka mea liluwelo? Ueo kahu ai i kaʻike, e hanai ana oia i wale kekahi laau? KŘpa nei ka mea i nō loaʻa ia no ka pololei aaioee o ka laauʻiʻo pepa i kuleana liilii loa symbionts, koʻohune, protozoa i symbionts e noho ana ma ka gut o ka manawa ia lakou iho. Oia o ka huikau loa ka hoʻokō akā, noaia.

ʻO ia nō maopopo pono i ka noiʻi mai ole pehea nā mea kolo lawe i ka lawa nui o ka mana: ma hope o nā mea a pau, kelulose ma kekahi hihia ole loa nutritious. Eia hou, ka mea e noi nui dala o ka naikokene. Kēia buke i loko o ka hōʻuluʻulu manaʻo lāʻau o ka laau mea e oluolu e hooholo. Nei, ua hele maiʻepekema, mai Iapana a hiki i ka 'Amelika hualoaʻa i ka mea, i ua loaa ma kekahi akahele study o ka genome o symbiotic flagellates e noho ana i loko o ka digestive'āpana o ka manawa.

He aha huli mai i loko o lākou genome?

Aia O kekahi ou wahi lihi iki o ka hana hoihoi mea. Ma kekahi, ua hiki ke huai ae ole wale na nā'ōewe i nā kuleana no ka hana i ka'ūhū, e hoohiolo no ia i kelulose ka noiʻi, akā, i ka poe i kuleana no ka naikokene fixation. I ka hope o ka loa huikau kaʻina hana o ka lewa naikokene, e lilo i ka paa o kona 'ano apau loa i hiki ke assimilated e kanu a holoholona meaola. He aliʻi nui, mahope mai o ka pela i loaa naikokene ua hoʻohana 'makahiki a me flagellates no kumuʻiʻo hoʻololi kemikala.

Aloha i, i loko o ka keia hihia symbionts - meaola iʻai ma luna o ka wahie hoopauia ma ka makahiki. Symbionts symbionts (naikokene-hoʻopunipuni koʻohune flagellates) i kuleana no ka naikokene fixation, me ka i ka mea hiki ole ke ola, aole hoi i ka termite, aole hoi i kona mau "hoa."

Legumes a me symbionts

No ka mea, ua kamailio mākou e pili ana i naikokene-hoʻopunipuni koʻohune, he mea hiki ole i ka olelo e pili ana i legumes. Ka mea, e hoʻomanaʻo a pau i aʻo botany, OAOOUIEeE strikingly kiʻekiʻe ka maʻiʻo o kaʻai kumuʻiʻo. Kēia no hoi i loihi Ua loa ihoʻepekema. Ka pī kauoha aku e hana i ka lawa ka nui o ke kumuʻiʻo, a hiki i loko o kēlā mau ana ma uaʻaneʻaneʻaʻohe naikokene i loko o ka lepo!

Ua huli mai i kona komo i ka i ka meaola symbionts. Ae, ka mea, ua pau i ka hookahi naikokene-hoʻopunipuni koʻohune, oluolu e ola ana i loko o ke aa nodules o legumes. Ka mea, extract makamae naikokene mai o ka lewa, huli ia i loko o ka luawai digestible palapala.

Commercial hoʻohana o symbionts

Ia mea i kahaha ko oukou naau i ua lōʻihi kauka mahiʻai pono koʻohune i kānaka. Mua, ka mea, ua i loko o ka palapala o ka? Iecaianoaaiiuo o yogurt, a me ka waiu me nā huahana, akā, i keia la i ke ao mai i ka pau houʻilikai.

No laila, i ka lā ua lilo symbionts Kutushova. He aha ka mea? Currently, ma lalo o kēia ua hoʻokuleana 'e kuai lilo aku la kaʻawaʻawaʻana moʻomeheu o ka meaola i ka hoʻoikaika' ana digestion.

All symbionts Kutushova (hou kaʻoi loa, kā lākou moʻomeheu) ma muli wale nō ke ma luna o ka mea kahiko Mongolian ideas haleʻuwī waiū huahana. No laila, i ka mea maoli hiki hoʻoikaika 'ana i kou nohona ola kino a me ka like kona helehelena.

He nui ko lakou ao ana Kutushov. Symbionts hana 'ike loea i ke akahele wae, ka mea, i ke kanaka kino me ka waiwai'amino nāʻakika a kumumea hehee wale. He pono i keia, a loaʻa maikaʻi hopena.