(viscosity). Ke kaʻi lau waiwai o hōʻeuʻeu (viscosity). Ke physical ano o ke kaʻi lau waiwai o ka (viscosity)

(viscosity) inideka - he kī aiao o ka hana loli paha kinoea. Ma physical hua'ōlelo, ka (viscosity) i ke hoakakaia me ka mea maloko kū'ē, kena ae la ma ka noi o na (particles) aha i ka hū o ka wai (gaseous) meakino, a, oi wale, i ka neʻeʻana e kū'ē'ē mai.

He aha ka ke (viscosity)

A noʻonoʻo empirical ka hoao ana (viscosity) Ka hoʻoholo ': ka pahee ihona hene ili ka poʻe i ninini i loko o ka like dala o ka wai a me ka aila. Wai kahe wikiwiki ka aila. He oi loli. E neʻe koke omo i kaʻaila ua ālai 'ke kū'ē ma luna ma waena o kona nā lātoma (maloko ia'ku - (viscosity)). Penei, loli (viscosity) inversely hapaʻauhau i kona fluidity.

(viscosity) inideka: ka haʻilula

Ma ka Nohie ano o ke kaʻina hana o ka h ÷ loli i loko o ka pipeline hiki ke manaoia like i lalo ia laua papa A a me B i ka iaʻilikai wahi S, o ka mamao ma waena o i mea no ka nui o ka h.

Kēia mau papa (A a me B) neʻe me kekahi mau velocities (V a me V + ΔV). A ahu iho la me ka mea kiekie loa māmā (V + ΔV), komo ai i ka neʻeʻana o ke ahu iho la B, hele ma ke kua'āina o ka māmā (V). I ka Ia manawa ka B, ahu iho kahakai āu e 'ūlōlohi mai ana i ka uku o ka, ahu iho A. ka physicalʻano o ka (viscosity) kaʻi lau waiwai o ia ke kū'ē o na nā lātoma aha i ke kahe ia'ku o ka papa' ano apau loa he koa a Isaak Nyuton i ho'ākāka 'ia ma ka kēia haʻilula:

F = μ × S × (ΔV / h)

ʻaneʻi:

• ΔV - likeʻole ma waena o ka mämä holo o ka neʻeʻana o ka loli pele papa;
• H - mamao ma waena o ka wai kahawai papa;
• S - honua āpana o ka loli pele, ahu iho;
• μ (HA) - ololi ke kaumaha ma muli waiwai o ka wai, i kapaia loa hōʻeuʻeu (viscosity).

Ma Si huahelu haʻilula mea like penei:

μ = (F × ka h) / (S × ΔV) = [Pa × ke] (× Pascal kekona)

Where F - ka ikaika o ka umekaumaha (ke kaupaonaʻana) pa alima o ka neaa loli ka leo.

waiwai o ka (viscosity)

Ma ka hapanui o na hihia, ke kaʻi lau waiwai o hōʻeuʻeu (viscosity) ua anaia mai ka manawa i loko o centipoises (CP) i kulike ai me ka'ōnaehana cgs (kenimika, gram, lua). Ma ka hana pono, i ka (viscosity) o ka kinowai nui lākiō ua pili i kona leo, a laila wai nuʻa:

ρ = m / V

ʻaneʻi:

• ρ - nuʻa o ka wai;
• ka m - nuipa o ka loli;
• V - ka leo o ka wai.

Ka lākiō ma waena o ka hōʻeuʻeu (viscosity) (μ) a me ka nuʻa (ρ) ua kapaia he kinematic (viscosity) ν (ν - Greek - Nu):

ν = μ / ρ = [m + ² / s]

Incidentally, epekema ka 'ike i ka (viscosity) kaʻi lau waiwai iʻokoʻa. No ka laʻana, ka mea kinematic (viscosity) ua no ana i kulike ai me ka GHS'ōnaehana i loko o centistokes (cSt) a me ka submultiple mea - Stokes (St):

• 1st Class = 10 ^-4 m + ² / s = 1 knm ² / mau;
• 1sSt = 10 ^-6 m + ² / s = 1 mm o ² / s.

Hoʻoholo 'ana o ka (viscosity) o ka wai

(Viscosity) kaʻi lau waiwai o ka wai me ka nānā 'ana ana i ka loli kahe manawa ma ka calibrated capillary Tube. Keia mea ua calibrated hoʻohana 'ana i ka ike maʻamau wai (viscosity). E hoʻoholo kinematic (viscosity), ana i ka mm o ² / s, ka loli pele manawa, ana i loko o kekona, ua hoonuiia e ka ikaika nui.

E like me ka hoʻohālike pa alima ua hoʻohana 'ia ka (viscosity) o ka i puhi ia i ka wai, nona ka waiwai i kokoke a eia i ke ahiahi, i ka wa a ka mahana hoʻololi. (Viscosity) - ka lākiō o ka manawa ma ka kekona i ua pono paʻa ka leo o ka i puhi ia i ka wai a hiki i ka lā palena pau o ka calibrated lua, i ka mea ia cia no ka hoao ana o ke kinowai.

viscometers

(Viscosity) ua ana ma ka degere Engler (° E) Saybolt Universal kekona ( "SUS) ole Redwood degere (° RJ) ke kaumaha ma muli o ka 'ano o ka rheometer. Ekolu ano o viscometers OAOOUIEeE wale i loko o ka nui o ke kahe ana o ke kinowai meakino.

Viscometer ana i ka (viscosity) ma Europa mokuna Engler degere (° E), pōpilikia no 200 knm ³ o kahe ana o ke kinowai meakino. Viscometer ana i ka (viscosity) ma Saybolt Universal kekona ( "SUS ole" SSU), hoʻohana 'ia i loko o ka United States, he 60 knm ³ o ka hoʻokolohua wai. MaʻEnelani, kahi hoʻohana Redwood degere (° RJ), e lawelawe ai viscometer ana i ka (viscosity) o 50 knm ³ o ka wai. No ka laʻana, ina 200 knm ^3, mai kaʻaila kahe ana ma ka pa umi aku ko ke kua'āina ma mua o ka hookahi dala o ka wai, i ka (viscosity) o 10 ° Engler E.

No ka mahana o ke ki ololi i hoʻololi i ka (viscosity) hiʻohiʻona, e ana i lawe i nā ana mai initially ma ka ikaika wela o 20 ° C, a laila, ma kona loina kiekie ae. I ka hopena, penei, ua kaheaia ma ka ohui i wela kupono, e laʻa me 10 ° E / 50 ° C a 2.8 ° E / 90 ° C. kinowai (viscosity) ma 20 ° C kiʻekiʻe ma luna o kona (viscosity) ma kiekie ana wela. Neaa mea kāhinu, i ka (viscosity) ma ka hahai mau ana wela.

190 cSt ma 20 ° C = 45,4 cSt ma 50 ° C = 11,3 cSt ma 100 ° C.

unuhi nā loina

Hoʻoholo 'o ka (viscosity) ia lŘlŘ i loko o kekahi nenoai (' Amelika, Pelekāne, GHS) a no ia mea, e pinepine koi e unuhiʻikepili mai kekahi ana nenoaiu i kekahi. E hoohuli i ka aiee o (viscosity) o ka loli i hoike ma ka degere Engler ma centistokes (mm o ² / s) ka hoʻohana 'ana i ka hahai empirical haʻilula:

ν (cst) = 7,6 × ° E × (1-1 / ° E3)

No kekahi laʻana:

• 2 ° E = 7,6 × 2 × (1-1 / 23) = 15,2 × (0.875) = 13,3 cSt;
• 9 ° E = 7,6 × 9 × (1-1 / 93) = 68,4 × (0,9986) = 68,3 cSt.

I mea e koke hooholo i ka maʻamau (viscosity) o ka neaa haʻilula hiki ke Nohie aila like penei:

ν (cst) = 7,6 × ° E (mm o ² / s)

Me ka ν kinematic (viscosity) ma ka mm o ² / mau a me cSt, ka mea hiki ke hoohuliia mai i loko o ka hōʻeuʻeu (viscosity) kaʻi lau waiwai μ, ka hoʻohana 'ana i nā kēia pili:

μ = ν × ρ

Laʻana. Hōʻuluʻulu i nā nā papakuhikuhi unuhi Engler degere (° E) centistokes (cSt) a me centipoises (cps), kuhi e neaa aila me ka pa apŘ ρ = 910 kg / m + ³ i ka kinematic (viscosity) o 12 ° E, ma ka huahelu o centistokes:

ν = 7,6 × 12 × (1-1 / 123) = 91,2 × (0,99) = 90,3 mm o ² / s.

No ka 1sSt = 10 ^-6 m + ² / mau, a 1br = N × 10 ^-3 mau / ka m ^2, laila, i ka hōʻeuʻeu (viscosity) e e like me:

μ = ν × ρ = 90,3 × 10 ^-6 · 910 = 0.082 × N ke / ka m ² = 82 cPs.

(Viscosity) kaʻi lau waiwai o ke kinoea

Ua Ua nānā 'ia e ka haku mele (Nine Inch, me mechanical) kinoea i ka wela a me ka Kōmi i loko o ke kinoea-hōʻeuʻeu omaulia pili me ke kinoea ana. I ka mea, ua laweʻia ka (viscosity) o ka kinoea i loko moolelo ma ka manao ana o ke kinoea mahinaʻai, ma ka i ka ho omaulia me ka mākaʻi kaʻi lau waiwai loli ke kaumaha ma muli o ka haku mele 'ana kinoea loli (oi nui no ka kinoea condensate hoʻokomo kālā), ke ana wela a me ka puʻe.

Mākou e huli i ke kaʻi lau waiwai o ka (viscosity) o ka lewa. ʻO keʻano o ka hanaʻana, e e like me ka poe i ho'ākāka 'ia ma luna o ka lua i pele wai mau. Lawe ia laua e neʻe mau kinoea kahawai U1 a me ka U2, akā, ma kekahi mau kumu. Ma waena o ka papa o ke au paialewa, e hana ana (interpenetration) nā lātoma. E like me ka hopena, momentum wikiwiki neʻeʻana ea pele e emi a initially neʻe lohi - hōʻeleu i.

Ke kaʻi lau waiwai o ka (viscosity) o ka lewa, e like me Newton ka kānāwai, kaheaia ma ka kēia haʻilula:

F = -h × (Du / dZ) × S

ʻaneʻi:

• Du / dZ o ka māmā holoʻano piʻina;
• S - wahi o ka hopena ikaika;
• Ololi? H - ka hōʻeuʻeu (viscosity).

(viscosity) Index

(Viscosity) Index (VI) - he aiao correlating i ka loli ma ka (viscosity) a me ka wela. Ka mea hoʻopili mea he ana helu kaukaʻi pilina, ma keia hihia na mau aiee ma i ka mahana loli ua pu ma kahua hoʻonohonohoʻana oko o ka (viscosity). Ke kiekie o ka (viscosity) 'inideka, o ka emi o ka loli ma waena o ka mau waiwai, a laila i ka (viscosity) o ka hana loli Ua oi eii? I ana wela.

Ke (viscosity) o ka mea kāhinu,

I na kumu o kaʻiʻo nō o kēia aila (viscosity) Index o ka emi o 95-100 huahelu. No laila, i loko o neaa hana a me ka lako a hiki ke hoʻohana lawa ku paa auanei fluids i ka hoʻohāiki akea oko a ma ka (viscosity) ma lalo o na kumu o ka noho pilikia ana wela.

"Maikaʻi" kaʻi lau waiwai o ka (viscosity) Hiki ke mālama 'ia e kekahi kūikawā aila mea hoʻonui (polymers) i loaa mai ma ka i hoʻolaunaʻia ma ka distillation o kaʻaila kā. Ka mea, hoomahuahua i ka (viscosity) inideka aila ma ke kaupalenaʻana loli ma na ano o ka mea ana laulā. I ka hana pono i ka hoʻokomo 'ia' o kupono ka nui o ka mea hoʻonui i ka haʻahaʻa (viscosity) inideka kumu aila hiki ke hoala hou ia 100-105 huahelu. Eia naʻe, pela loaa läÿau, ua impairs kona waiwai ma lalo kiʻekiʻe puʻe a me ka wela haawe ana, hiki hoemi i ka laulā o ka mea hoʻonui.

Ma ka mana i puhi ai pono e hoʻohana 'ikaika neaa fluids me ka (viscosity) Index o 100 huahelu. Fluids i loaʻa ka mea hoʻonui i hoomahuahua i ka (viscosity) 'inideka, e hoʻohana' ia i loko o neaa e hooponopono i puhi ai a me nā nenoai ke hoʻohana i ka laulā o ka haʻahaʻa / meakino puʻe, ma ke kaupalena ana wela huahelu loli me ka liu i ka poe liilii, a me ka batchwise. E like me ka manaʻo koikoi, piʻi pū, a me ka (viscosity), piʻi pū, akā, ke kaʻina ia lŘlŘ ma malihini ma luna o 30,0 MPa (300 hookolokolo). Ma ka hana pono, ua ololi ua pinepine malama ole.

Ana a me ka indexation

I kulike ai me ka lahui ISO mau hae, o ka (viscosity) o ka wai (a me ka 'ē aʻe ke kinowai) ua olelo ia i loko o centistokes: cSt (mm o ² / s). Ana o ka (viscosity) kaʻina mea kāhinu, E hanaʻia nō ia ma ke anawela ma waena o 0 ° C, 40 ° C a me 100 ° C. Ma kekahi hihia, i loko o ka eiae mark aila (viscosity) E e hōʻike ma numeral 40 ° C. Aku ua hāʻawiʻia (viscosity) ma 50 ° C. Kahiamoe, ka hapanui pinepine hoʻohana i ka 'enekinia, neaa, huahelu mai ISO VG 22 a hiki i ISO VG 68.

Neaa aila VG 22, VG 32, VG 46, VG 68, VG 100 ma ke ana wela o 40 ° C i alo oko a e like me kā lākou ka lepili: 22, 32, 46, 68 a me 100 cSt. Na kaʻoi loa kinematic (viscosity) o ka hana loli ma neaa nenoai moe ma ka laulā o ka 16 a hiki i 36 cSt.

American Society o kaʻa nā kānakaʻenehana (Society o kaʻa nā kānakaʻenehana - SAE) Ua hoʻokumu papa koa o alo oko a ma kekahi ana wela a me ka kūpono nā loina häʻawi mai ai iä ia. Ka helu hahai i ka palapala W, - he piha hōʻeuʻeu (viscosity) kaʻi lau waiwai μ ma 0 ° F (-17.7 ° C), a ν ka kinematic (viscosity) hoʻoholo ma 212 ° F (100 ° C). Kēia hōʻinideka pili ana multigrade mea kāhinu, hoʻohana 'ia i loko o ke kaʻa hana (EYI, Hawaii, a no laila, ma luna o. D.).

Ka hopena o ka (viscosity) ma neaa hana

Hoʻoholo 'ana o ka (viscosity) o ka loli mea ole waleʻepekema a me ka hoʻonaʻauao, akā, i hāpai nui mea hiki manaʻo nui. Na neaa fluids hoolilo ole wale ikehu mai ka EII ni a hiki i ka neaa Hawaii, akā, no hoi, e lubricate nā māhele a me eiiiiiaiou ua haalele mai ka wela ua loaʻa kū'ē hui. ʻAʻole anei i hoʻopili like me ka hana ana i ka hana loli (viscosity) hiki seriously loko i ka laulā o ka neaa.

Ke (viscosity) kiʻekiʻe o ka hana loli (aila kiʻekiʻe loa nuʻa) hele aku ai a hiki i ka hopena maikaʻi 'ole kēia:

• Ka māhuahua pele ia'ku o ka neaa loli ke kumu excessive puʻe kulu i loko o ka neaa nenoaiu.
• Deceleration hooponopono o ka māmā holo, a me mechanical mau kuko o ka actuators.
• ? Ac? O EII ni cavitation.
• 'Aʻohe' ole loa haʻahaʻa ea hoʻokuʻu mai i ka neaa aila pahu.
• A kekahi 'lilo o ka mana (hoemi ka hoʻokōʻana) o neaa aie i ka mea kiʻekiʻe lilo o ka ikaika no ka lanakila i ka kipi kū'ē o ka loli.
• Mahuahua ikehu o ka Kuhina Nui kanaka hooeueu ana o ka mīkini, kena ae la ma ka hoʻoulu i ka haawe ana ma luna o ka EII ni.
• Ke ana wela ala o ka neaa loli ua loaʻa ia e mahuahua kū'ē.

Penei, i ke kino ano o ka kaʻi lau waiwai o ka (viscosity) i loko o kona hopena (maikaʻi 'ole io) ma luna o ka eiiiiiaiou a me maomeka no kaa, hana a me ka lako a pan.

Loss o neaa mana

Ka haahaa (viscosity) o ka hana loli (haʻahaʻa nuʻa aila) ke kumu o ka hopena maikaʻi 'ole kēia:

• My volumetric ka hoʻokōʻana o nā EII ni i ka hopena o ka hoʻoulu kūloko ma kulu.
• Ke mahuahua ma na kulu o neaa eiiiiiaiou i loko o ka holoʻokoʻa neaa'ōnaehana - EII ni, kiwikā, kiwikā, neaa Hawaii.
• Hoonuiia Wear o pumping huahelu, a EII ni jamming ka i lawa neaa loli (viscosity) pono no ka lubrication o anaanai wahi.

compressibility

Kekahi wai ma lalo o puʻe ua'opihia. Me ka mahalo i ka mea kāhinu, coolants a me lubricants hoʻohana 'ia ma ma paʻi' enekinia, neaa, empirically ka mea i loaʻa i ka mīkini'opihia kaʻina mea inversely hapaʻauhau i ka loli nuipa a ma luna o kona buke. I ka nui o ka mīkini'opihia lala i mea pōhaku mea kāhinu, i me ka nui loa lalo no ka wai a me ka mea ma lalo no ka mea kemikala fluids.

Ma na mea haahaa puʻe neaa loli compressibility negligible ia i hoemi i ka loiloi mua ka leo. Akā, ikaika machines me kiʻekiʻe-puʻe neaa makou a holo nā paukūʻolokaʻa a me ka nui, i kēia kaʻina hoike mai ai ia ia iho, ka'ākeʻakeʻa mai. Ma neaa mea pōhaku aila ma ka puʻe o 10,0 MPa (100 kī), ka buke emi ma 0,7%. Ma keia hihia, he loli i loko o ka mīkini'opihia buke a hiki i ka uuku loa ho ololi i ka kinematic (viscosity) a me ka 'ano o ka aila.

ka hopena

Hoʻoholo 'o ka (viscosity) e leie aku e wńnana i ka hana o ka ipu a me ka hana ma lalo o kekahi mau rula, e lawe i ka mooolelo loli i ka loli ole kinoea haku mele' ana, puʻe, ana wela. Nō hoʻi, hooponopono o na nā hoailona i pili i ka aila a me ka kinoea hana,ʻaha hui uila a me nā hana.