Kalevari iwi: kanaka'anatomia

Kalevari, lat. cranium, - keia mea i ka iwi o ke poo. Ua hanaʻia nui hana mau. I ka mea, o ka wahi a me ka lolo pale a me ka makaukau e like me ka ike, ka lohe ana, nā dudima, hoao aku la, a me ke koena. Ua i kākoʻo i ka loiloi mua loulou o ka ÷ naehana hanu a me ka digestive nenoai. E like me ka rula, o ka puniu wale no'anatomia ma Roma, e wehewehe i ka pololei pokole o ko ke ao nei.

Ka 'ole o ka puniu wale no

iwi poʻo ke ola, aole i huikau. Ka iwi wahi mea ole wale i ka lolo, akā, i ka helu o ka walaʻauʻana sensory nā loko, ma ka mea, ma kūikawā auwai a me nā puka i kela nä olonä a me nā ipu koko. Ua ninoieo o 23 iwi, a me 8 o ka ia i hui kaulua a me ka 7 - i hui kaulua. I waena o ia mea i lalo, a naele ia, a hui pū iwi o ka puniu wale no,'anatomia i ka mooolelo a me kā lākou i huiʻia, e like me ka mea, a hana like, e hana i kekahi manaʻo aukahi a pau.

iwi poʻo He'anatomia ua maheleia i mau pūʻulu: i ka lolo, a me ka alo oihana. Kēlā i kona mau hana a me nā hiʻona. Brain iwi poʻo (lat. Craniumʻahaʻaina ai) nui i ka nui, a ua aia ma luna o ka obverse (cranium viscerale). Mobile a puni o ka puniu wale no mea wale nō i ka lalo iwi ā.

E noonoo oe i ka cranial iwi. Anatomia o ka Naauao ke occipital, frontal, auka-hoʻokino, maka aha, hookahi kino a me ka parietal iwi o ka mau, e like me kā lākou i huiʻia.

E like me kekahi hapa o ka lehalehu t iwi poʻo ua kaʻawale.

- iwi masticatory i hoʻomākaukauʻia - ka lalo a me luna, ka luna mau pili ia i na iwi;

- iwi i e i ka ihu a me ka waha a me ka maka mau kumu, o hookahi-opener a me ka hyoid, a hui kaulua palatal, nasal, lacrimal, zygomatic iwi, a me ka emi turbinate.

iwi e pili ana

He pono, e noonoo i na iwi cranial a me kā lākou mau ami. Kanaka'anatomia a hoʻopaʻa haʻawina iā lākou pākahi a ma ka hui pu ana. Ka hapa nui o na iwi o ka puniu wale no i hui motionless. Ke wale nō koe nae o ka lalo iwi ā mea hoʻoneʻe, a pili i na nāʻiʻo a me ligaments hyoid iwi.

Na nakaka ai pili aku i na eiiiiiaiou a pau, ua nui loa ka nohona. No ka lehalehu a me nā iwi o ka cranial vault ua wehewehe akuʻano nui kuʻi, scaly, a me ka palahalaha na nakaka. Ma ke kumu o ka puniu wale no i huiʻia, he pinepine? Aiaiiuie a paʻa cartilage, no laila,-kapaia synchondrosises. Sutures i inoa loko mai o na iwi, i ka mea, hui (kahi hapapa-occipital, frontal, sphenoid) a me ka wahi a me ke kinona (lambdoid, sagittal).

cranial

E i nā iwi o ka cranium mai noonoo: ka iwi a me ka iwi. Keia hapa hiki ke maheleia i mau nui māhele: (. Roma calvaria) i ka waihona ipu (. Lat kumu) A vault, I kekahi manawa, i kapaʻia ka iwi poʻo hale.

A hiʻona 'ia paha o ia ka mea hiki ke hoomaopopo iwi ma loko, a ma waho papa me ka naele ia diploe mea therebetween. Diploe he nui diploic auwai a diploic aa koko. Ke ala apuupuu mawaho anuanu i periosteum. Lilo o ka una mea thinner a me fragile, a me ka periosteum no ke kūlana ka mea, hanaʻia he paakiki iwi o ka lolo. It E e kaulana ia trauma ke hana me fracture o ka pā maka waho poino.

Periosteum wale nō i loko o na ami i ka loa aikane oe pilina me ka iwi, a me nā wahi e pili ana looser, no laila, he mea he subperiosteal wa i loko o ka iwi. Ma kēia mau wahi, i kekahi manawa, loaa i kekahi hematoma, a hoi ulcers.

Eia hou, na iwi o ka puniu wale no'anatomia i hookaawale ai i loko o pneumatic a me ka nevozduhonosnye. Ma ka noʻonoʻo 'Oihana i pneumatic iwi loaʻa ka frontal, auka-hoʻokino, maka aha a me ke kino. Ka mea, i laila i kapa no ke alo o ka cavities piha me ka lewa, a hoalaala ia me ka mucousʻili lahilahi.

Aia mau iwi a me ka lua i hoʻohana no ka hooholo ia ana o emissarnyh aa koko. Ka mea, hoʻohui me ka mea ma waho diploic aa koko a me venous sinuses holo ana i loko o ka dura o ka lolo. Ka mea nui i loko o ka cranium i mastoid a me parietal puka.

Description o ka 'ole o ka papa kuhikuhiE iwi o ka cranium

Kēlā me kēia iwi o ka puniu wale no oia o kekahi mau wahi e i kā lākou mau 'ano a me ka kinona, hiki ke inā me nā wānana waiwai, spike in, bumps, cutouts, lua, Groove, sinuses a me ka ukana. Loa loa ho i na iwi a pau o ke poo anatomical Hawaiian Edition.

hoonoho iho o ka iwi

Ke frontal iwi (lat. Os frontale) i loko o kā lākou 'ole ninoieo o ka nasal a me orbital māhele o ka frontal a me ka unahi. He unpaired. He ka mua loa o ka hale, a ua komo i loko o ke kahua o ka anterior cranial fossa a me ka maka mau kumu.

Ke occipital iwi (lat. Os occipitale) mea unpaired lowback aia i loko o ka iwipoo. Ua Ua maheleia i loko o ka basilar hapa o ka occipital unahi a me nā kīloi paʻewa loa. Kēia mau eiiiiiaiou hoʻohui pū i ka nui puka, i kapaʻia ka occipital (lat. Foramen magnum).

Mahu parietal iwi (Os lat. Parientale) ano verhnebokovye, mālama i loko o ka iwi poʻo vault. Ma hope o ka paʻa o dice sagittal palena e pili ana i kekahi i kekahi. ka poe i kaheaia ke koe kihi i ka frontal, occipital, a me ka scaly.

iwi kumu

Kino iwi auau (lat. Os temporale) aia ma kaʻaoʻao paia o ka iwipoo waihona ipu. Ua Ua Aia a hiki i ka hope o ka occipital iwi, a me ke alo - auka. E ho oka awale i ka iwi ma ka pyramid (kahi hapapa), scaly a me ka pahu wahi. Ua Ua nā loko o ke kaulike a me ka hālāwai hoʻolohe manaʻo ke aupuni '.

Ma ke kino iwi hele ma kekahi mau moku a me cranial nā aʻalolo. No ka ia, ka mea, ua 'oi aku i ka helu o ka auwai a: Pule Hoola, alo, pahu, Pule Hoola, pahu, tympani, mastoid, musculo-paipu, ka mea maloko auditory Canal, ka cochlea a me ka tubule wai lanai.

Sphenoid (lat. Os sphenoidale) ua aia ma ka waena konu o ka puniu wale waihona ipu, e pono no ke kahua o kona kīloi paʻewa māhele, a me kekahi ano i ka moʻo o ka lua a me cavities. He unpaired. Ua he ka nui a me ka meaʻuʻuku mau eheu, i ke kino a me ka'ēheu-hoʻokino appendages.

Ethmoid iwi (Os lat. Ethmoidale) 'oe e komo i loko o ke kahua o ka maka mau kumu a me ka nasal lua. Ua Ua maheleia i loko o ka maka aha, a p ÷ haku i ka papa, a me ka puali ololi e maze. Olfactory nā aʻalolo olona, e hele ma ka maka aha una honua. i piha i ka puka olu oia i Kimi puka olu oia i aeea me ka lewa, ma laila nō ka nasal ala, a sinuses ke aupuni 'ana i nā mea hōʻike aku.

Lehalehu t iwi like me ka a pau

Ka lehalehu t iwi o ka puniu wale no, ua oi aku ia mamua i loko o ka lolo. 15. Eia ka mea, e unpaired hyoid iwi, vomer, mandible. Ke koe paʻa o dice: ka lalo turbinate, nasal, zygomatic, lacrimal, palatine, a me na luna. O kēia mau mea, wale ke a luna iwi pili i ka pneumatic me ka lua me ka mucousʻili lahilahi a me ka lewa.

Mau iwi i mau lakou i ka mua loa. Huli aku i ka'anatomia o ka puniu wale no 'ole, Launch kanaka iwi a me kā lākou hoʻopiha i pono no. Ka lehalehu t iwi poʻo ke hoomaopopo ka Astronomical, waha a me ka ihu, kahi i nui nā loko o ka iwi ā. cavities no ka mea e hooholo ia paia i na nā aʻalolo a me nā ipu koko lua, a mawae, a me kā lākou kōkua memo ia lŘlŘ cavities ma waena o lākou.

Lehalehu t iwi poʻo: noho pilikia puka

Hui kaulua maka kumu i ke hoʻololi, e hoʻonoho i nā cavities i loko o kā lākou mau'ōnohi a me nāʻiʻo, waimaka glands a me nā ē aʻei kūpono. Nui e pilikia makapō, nasolacrimal, alveolar a me infraorbital kaha, ka luna, a malalo orbital kau, i ke alo a me ka hope o manamana, a me supraorbital skuloglaznichnoe puka.

Ke nasal lua ua kaʻawale pyriform puka choanae, nasolacrimal leki uea a me ka chisel, auka-palatal a me nasal puka, a i ka weheʻana o ka lamina cribrosa. I ka moʻolelo o ka lua, a kūkulu hou palatine nui incisive Canal, nui a me ka uuku palatal puka.

¶ A i loko o ka 'ole o ka lehalehu t iwi poʻo mea pono e nana i ke alo o ka nasal ala (i ka lalo, waena a me ka luna), e like me ka pono me frontal a me ka sphenoid sinuses.

Description o ka nui 'ole o ka iwi lehalehu t

Ke a luna (lat. Maxilla) pili i ka hui kaulua iwi. Ua ninoieo o ke kino a me ka zygomatic, frontal, palatine a me alveolar keʻano o ka hanaʻana.

Palatine iwi (lat. Os palatinum), i ka mau 'oe e komo i loko o ke kahua o Pterygopalatine-palatine fossa, kīleo a me ka maka kīnā. Ua Ua maheleia i papamoe, a me ka vertical papa, a ekolu kaʻina: auka-hoʻokino, orbital a me ka pyramidal.

Lower turbinate (lat. Concha nasalis wahi emi mahope), ma ka mea, he wiwi pā kūlou i loko o ke kupaianaha alanui. Ua Ua lako pono me ekolu spike in a ka luna palena: tearful, Trellis a me maxillary. Kēia mahu iwi.

Hō (lat. Vomer) mea he iwi papa, e pono no ke kahua o ka iwi o ka nasal septum. Emeliano unpaired.

Ke nasal iwi (lat. Os nasale) koi 'ia no ka ho okumu o ka iwi ho okumu a me ka nasal pyriform puka. Kēia iwi pili ia i ka hui.

Cheekbone (lat. Os zygomaticum) mea nui e hooikaika i ka lehalehu t puniu wale no, ka mea hiki ke kōkua hoʻohui i nā kino, a me ka frontal maxillary iwi. Ua hui kaulua. Maheleia i loko o kīloi paʻewa, orbital a me ke kino ili.

Lacrimal iwi (lat. Os lacrimale) i ka medial orbital paia o ka alo hapa. Kēia mahu iwi. Ua loaʻa he hope lacrimal lapa a me lacrimal Groove.

Special lehalehu t iwi

Alaila, e nana i na iwi o ka puniu wale no,'anatomia i mea iki okoa mai a pau'ē aʻe.

O lalo iwi (Roma mandibula.) - unpaired iwi. I ka mea, o ka mea wale iwi o ka puniu wale no, i mea hoʻoneʻe. Ua ninoieo o ekolu māhele: ke kino 2 a me nā lālā.

Ke hyoid iwi (. Lat Os hyoideum) unpaired aia ma ke alo o ka ai, ma ka kekahiʻaoʻao o ka mea, o ka lalo ā, a me ka mea 'ē aʻe - ka larynx. Ua Ua maheleia i ka uma piʻo o ke kino, a me ka hui kaulua appendages - nui a me ka uuku kona mau pepeiao. A hiki i keia iwi poʻo iwi pili nāʻiʻo a me ligaments, a me ka mea, ua pili i ka larynx.

iwi poʻo kahua o ka? acaeoey

Ina no ka ho'āʻo ma ma ka iwi poʻo'anatomia ua malamaia lakou nei, me ka makua wahi o ka manao, i ka ike e pili ana i ke kahua o ka iwipoo mea pono. Mua oe e kou e nana hope loa, o ka puniu wale ae elua hou ke kahua manawa. Mua, ia mea membranous, cartilaginous laila, a wale laila hele mai ka iwi anu u. A pau keia kahua ua i nā kahe ana i loko o kekahi i kekahi. A pau ekolu kahua o ka hoʻonaʻauao i na iwi o ka puniu wale waihona ipu a me ka lehalehu t hapa, i ke koena o ka membranous koke i ka iwi. I ka Ia manawa ka mea, o ke i'ōlewa kükohu i nā mea a pau iwi, akā, wale hapa o ia, a ua hana pololei i ke koena mai o ka connective'aʻaʻa ole cartilage.

Membranous hoʻomaka ke kahua ua noʻonoʻo i ka hopena o 2 pule o embryonic? Acaeoey, a mai ka 2 months huli no cartilage. Ossification o kēlā me kēia 'Oihana i wahi ma kekahi mau manawa. Mua ka mea, i ka ossification oaio, laila, mai kēia wahi ma ke kaʻina ua haawi ma luna o kaʻili a me ka hohonu. No ka laʻana, ma ka lā 39 o prenatal? Acaeoeyʻia i loko o ka waena konu o ka lalo ā, ka occipital iwi ossification i loko o kona basilar kuleana hoʻomaka ma 65 lā.

Ka hope loa ho okumu

I ka Ia manawa merged ioauoa o ossification ma hope o ka hānau, o ka puniu wale iwi 'aneʻi wehewehe i ka' anatomia i mua me ka emi miomio, e like me keia i e hoʻokahi wale nō kanaka. No kekahi keia hana i loko o kakahiaka kamaliʻi: kino - mai a hiki i ka makahiki, occipital a haʻahaʻa iwi - mai kekahi makahiki a hiki i eha. iwi kekahi, e like me ka mea zygomatic, pau i ke kaʻina mai ka 6 a hiki i 16 makahiki, a me ka hyoid - mai ka 25 a hiki i 30 makahiki. I e pili ana me ka hooulu ana o ka puniu wale no hiki e mai la oia i ka helu o ke keiki iwi poʻo hou, like me ka manawa mau o kēia mau kumu mua merge i loko o hoʻokahi hope loa iwi.

Kekahi cartilage ho okumu koe ai ka wa pau ole. Mau nā cartilage a me septum o ka ihu a me ka meaʻuʻuku cartilage Aia ma ke kumu o ka iwipoo.