Ke poʻo kumu a mea quantum helu like me ka papa kuhikuhi anakahi o ka moku'āina o ka huina'ine

Kekahi o na wahiʻano nui i loko o ka 'epekema pokole o kaʻiʻo nō o kēia ao nei i ka ai-kapaia quantum kumumanaʻo. Ua Ua nānā ma luna o ka manao i ka ikehu latent i loko o ka huina'ine, he mea hiki, e hoʻomaulia, e like me kona waiwai hiki wale lawe ma luna o kekahi mau loina. Ma keia hihia, o ka mea nui wale no o kēia moku'āina o na mea o ka hopena o ka moku'āina o ka huina'ine ma ka haawiia wahi i ka manawa hiki ke ho'ākāka 'ia ma ka lākou o ka laupaʻi nā hoailona i - quantum helu.

Pilikia i loko o kēia kumumanaʻo o ka luna quantum helu. Kēia manawa ua hoʻohana 'ia i loko o ke kālā no ke kālaikūlohea kapaia laupaʻi ana, e like me a na keia moku'āina o ka huina'ine no i kekahi mau' ikehu pae. Ikehu 'ilikai, ma ka huli, mea he lākou o orbitals, i ka likeʻole i loko o ka ikehu ma waena o ka waiwai o ka i ka'āina haʻahaʻa.

Ia penei, mai keia ai, na ke poʻo kumu quantum helu hiki e kekahi o ka maikaʻi integers. Ma keia hihia, ia mea no kumu nui o kekahi mea. No, ma ka hihia o ka hoolilo ana o ka huina'ine i kaʻokoʻa ikehu kiʻekiʻe o ke poʻo kumu a mea quantum helu o OAXA hoʻololi 'ana i kona waiwai. Eia ka mea, Ua pono, e kikoo aku i ka laua me ka Niels Bohr ÷, ma laila mea he hoʻololi o ke kula haʻahaʻaa (particles) mai kekahi ka Astronomical i kekahi, kūpono ai i loko o ka hoʻokuʻu 'ole ke kemu kekahi huina o ka ikehu.

Ke poʻo kumu a mea quantum helu ua pololei e pili ana i ka orbital quantum helu. Ka mea mea i kekahi ikehu pae mea iʻaʻahu ma ka ano a me ka loaʻa o kekahi mau orbitals. O ka mai o ia mea i ka ia ikehu cia hana i kaʻawale sublayer. E imi mai i ka mea sublayer Ua pili kekahi a me kekahi orbital, a ua pili i ka manaʻo o "orbital quantum helu." No ka ho omaulia mea pono ia, mai ka papa kuhikuhiE quantum helu unuhi i pa alima. A laila, a pau na helu maoli , mai 'Aʻohe a hiki i keia aiao, a, e ia i ka orbital quantum helu.

Ka loa nui hana o ka laupaʻi ano o ia ka mea hiki ke kōkua ole wale he huina'ine mea hoʻopili me ka hāʻawi sublayer, akā, ua wehewehe aku ma ke ala o ka neʻeʻana o ka mea haʻahaʻa (particles). Nolaila, ma ke ala, a me ka palapala ana o na orbitals i keia manawa, ike mai ke kula kemika papa: s, n, p, g.,. F.

ʻO kekahi mea nui ano o ka huina'ine ka kulana o kaʻume mākenēki quantum helu. Kona papa kuhikuhiE physical manaʻo mea e e ho'ākāka 'ia ma ka wānana o ka angular momentum me ka mahalo i ka olelo coinciding me ka olelo o kaʻume mākenēki kula. Ma na olelo e ae, he mea pono e hoomaopopo i ka electrons i hoopiha i ka orbital quantum helu o ka ia.

Kaʻume mākenēki quantum helu e ĸokoĸa ana nä pane 2l + 1, ma k - mea he laupaʻi ano o ka orbital quantum helu. Eia kekahi, noho kaʻawale, a houʻume mākenēki milo lākou helu, i mea e pono ai i ka mea e emi iho i ka quantum waiwai o kula haʻahaʻaa (particles) i loko o ke gula palapala. Milo - he mea ole ia e like me ka angular momentum, i hiki ke hoohalikeia me ke kuapo o ka huina'ine puni kona mau mana iho (axis).