Waiwai hoʻolilo iā Tureke, mai Rusia: hiʻona, rula a me ka papa. Mea hoʻolilo o ka waiwai mai Tureke a hiki i Rusia

2015 ua ka huli anaʻe i ko wahi i hoʻonohonoho 'aneiai ana ma waena o Rusia a me Tureke. Ke impetus no ka hooulu ana o ke kaua, ua hoohaumia i Turkish airspace palena SU-24 Lūkini mokulele i i kuleana i loko o ka Anati-poʻe hoʻoweliweli kai eʻe ma Suria, a ua a laila pana ia ma ke koa. I ka hopena o ka hana Ankara i ka hoike o Moscow mau nā ho'āpono ma luna o kekahi mauʻano o ka waiwai a me nā lawelawe i hoʻolilo mai Tureke.

Hoʻokonukonu nā ho'āpono hana ku e Ankara i hoʻolauna i loko o November 2015 ma ka manao paa o ka Peresidena o Rusia. A oi piha papahana, e kali i ka lako hou i ka waiwai, mai Tureke a hiki i Rossiykuyu Hui i ua hoʻomohala e ke Aupuni ma ka pili olelo hooholo.

He aha e na kapu kau ma luna o ka mea hoʻolilo o Lūkini waiwai mai Tureke

Kapu ma luna waiwai hoʻolilo mai ke Aupuni Lepupalika o Tureke a hiki i ka Russian Huiʻano nui loli iʻohi huahana. O nā nā komako, i nā hua waina, tangerines, na alani, kaʻukama, cabbage, onions, apricots, peaches, plums, strawberries,'ōhelo papa. Eia hou, i 'ae' ana i ka paʻakai, cloves (pua), kupapaʻu o Tureke, ka moa a me ka offal o ia, e kamaiʻilio nui aʻe ana.

I ka 2015, he nui ka nui o ka ai, a i pāpā mai i laweia mai i loko o Rusia, i hoʻohana 'ia. Oia ka neʻe aku, e like me na mea he nui, i hewa. I ia manawa, i kaawale waeʻano o ka makaainana i lalo o ka ilihune laina, moa, citrus hua, mea ala, i laweia mai, mai Tureke, e wale luku.

Palena ma ka mahinaʻai o nā koʻa

Ka manao ana i hiki ke hoʻohana 'ia i puʻe i ka hoʻokele waiwai Turkish lakou e hoohihia kapu ma luna o ka mea hoʻolilo o ka iʻa, mai ke Aupuni Lepupalika o Tureke ma ka hope o 2015. Poe akamai i ae aku i na nā ho'āpono ke loli wale i ka uku nui Hoʻohana o ka lawaia huahana aʻole e pili mai ka pono consumer hīnaʻi.

I ka papa kuhikuhiE ano o ka MeaʻAi O Ke Kai hoʻolilo mai Tureke i kai nui uila a me ka kai bream, ka laulā o ka i mea i kaupalena 'ia na Hawaii ma Rusia. He He uuku loa Hoʻohana o ka makeke, a no ia mea, i ka lilo ana o ka Russian Hui, a me ka Lepupalika o Tureke, e e ka palena haʻahaʻa.

I ka lā, Tureke iʻa mea hoʻolilo iā Rusia aʻole ole ana, a me ka ulu lakou kuai ana i loko o kēia poepoe.

Pānaʻi aku i ke Aupuni Lepupalika o Tureke

Ua haawiia i ka mea hoʻolilo kapu i hookauia iho e ka Russian Hui o nā huahana i he nui hopena ma luna o ka buke o Turkish waiwai hoʻolilo i Rusia, maikaʻi hoʻi e manao i ka pane o Ankara u i wahi lulu waiwai. Ma hope o nā mea a pau, haole aneiai ana o kēia mau'āina me ka nānā 'ana ma ae pono mea hoʻolilo-kekahi waiwai ana.

I ka lā, Tureke retaliatory nā ho'āpono aku i ka Russian Hui ua i komo. Kēia kūlana o Ankara nā kūkākūkā e pili ana i ka hiki normalization o pili aloha ma waena o nā Huipū elua.

Mea hoʻolilo o ka waiwai mai Tureke a hiki i Rusia

I mea i lawe huliāmahi mai i ka 2015, waiwai hoʻolilo o Turkish waiwai i ka Lūkini kuai? Waiwai hoʻolilo mai Tureke a hiki i Rusia (papa inoa o ka waiwai) ua hoakaka ia ma lalo:

• I ka liona ka kaʻana like 'ana o ka mea hoʻolilo o Turkish waiwai hoolilo ai huahana a me ka mahiʻai maka mea - oi ma mua o 30% o ka nui Turkish waiwai hoʻolilo i Rusia (citrus hua, ai hua pisetakia, nā komako, pua nānālā anoano).
• Eha o ka Turkish mea hoʻolilo nā huahana hoike no kaʻa huahana (kaa a me ka accessories).
• About 20% o ka waiwai hoʻolilo ninoaaeyao lole huahana (lole, lole kamaʻa).
• Ka nui o Nine Inch i loko o ka mea hoʻolilo 'ole ka 12% (ea huahana, soaps a me detergents).
• Metal huahana i hoʻolilo i kekahi dala like me eono pakeneka.
• Nā minelala hao a me kā lākou me nā huahana noho 2% o ka huina.

Waiwai hoʻolilo iā Tureke, mai Rusia

Ka mea nui wale 'āpana o ka mea hoʻolilo iā Tureke, mai Rusia ka ikehu. Ka Russian Hui no na makahiki hoolako paa puke o ke kinoea i ka Turkish nā panalāʻau e. I ka mea, Rusia "uhi" 60% o nā mea a pau ikehu pono. Ankara mea i pili e hoʻololi i ke kulana, no ka mea, ma ka manawa o ka 'ē aʻe mea ai ike loea a me ka affordable kumu o kēia' ano o ka wahie mea ole. Kinoea alu like 'ana ma waena o nā mau Huipuia i Ua loa i olelo mua iaʻi. Ka Russian Hui Ua hoʻolala e kūkulu i kekahi kaʻawale pipeline. Eia naʻe, hana i ole hoʻomaka.

Ka lua o ka wahi ua nohoia mea hoʻolilo haawi o ka wela-olokaa aku la, a hoolilo aku ma mua o ka umikumamaiwa o pakeneka o ka huina waiwai Tureke mea hiki ke hooheheeia. Ma keia wahi, Tureke ma January paa ka Anati-ke kīloiʻana ana, i ka hopena o ka i i i māmala'ōlelo e hōʻike ana i ka hookoia ana o ka Lūkini metallurgical poʻe e ke kīloiʻana i loko o ka Turkish kuai. Kēia kahua hiki aku ai i ka emi ana ma ka ka hoʻokūkū o kūloko Manufacturers o ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia. E like me ke Lūkini steelmakers, pela e hāʻiliʻili aku i groundless a dictated ma ka noho lakou malaila kālai'āina kulana.

Nui puke (waiwai hoʻolilo iā Tureke, mai Rusia) e noho ana i loko o ka ai kuai. Mai ka makahiki 2010, i ka holo 'awelika lauwili loko o 15-17% o ka huina helu o ka hoʻolilo hua liilii. I loko nō o ka paakiki ana ma waena o nā Hawaii mau i keia la, mai Lūkini palaoa waiwai hoʻolilo iā Tureke lawe mai. A pau i kakau inoa aelike ma ka mea hoʻolilo o Lūkini palaoa i lawe mai, eia hoi, he mea hou.

He mea pono i ka hōʻike 'ana i ka hou ana i ka luna hui o nā waiwai, waiwai hoʻolilo iā Tureke o Lūkini koa huahana i hoʻohuʻu, ua i kauoha aku e hoʻolaha, akā, he nui kaʻana like' ana o ka huina ka leo. Nohona ma, Rusia ka kaʻana like i loko o Tureke ka waiwai hoʻolilo mea a puni 10%.

Ka waiwai kūʻai ke keʻena o ka Lūkini-Turkish kaua

Lōʻihi-manawa ke kūkaʻi 'ana ma waena o ka Russian Hui, a me ka Lepupalika o Tureke i hana i ka maikaʻi aniau no ka ae pono waiwai kūʻai papahana ma nāʻaoʻaoʻelua. Puke o ka waihona kālā i loko o ka hoʻokele waiwai o ka aina kue i keia la ua oaeuiinoe i $ 500 miliona a me kaʻaoʻao Turkish a 1,75 miliona dala mai ka Lūkini. Pakahi aku la ia problematic no ka mea Lūkini ikehu kaiaulu waiwai kūʻai koe. Ka poe "Lukoil", "Inter RAO" a me ka "Rosatom" me ka nui loa ua hoʻopuka kālā i loko o ka ikehu kaiaulu o Tureke.

I e pili ana me ke kaua ma waena o Rusia a me Tureke problematic pukana o ka āpana ma 2012 ma ka Lūkini "Sberbank" Turkish DenizBank. I ka pau ana o 2015, ka Lūkini hui ma lalo o "Sberbank" Ua alakai kulana Turkish hui panakō hana a me ka lawelawe 'ana oi ma mua o 5 miliona nā mea kūʻai mai.

Koa e kue ana me ka nui loa loli i ka-yeiiiie? O nā'āina. Poepoe loli ana ma ka hoike ana o Anati-Turkish nā ho'āpono, e e ho'ākāka 'ia ma lalo nei.

? ecia

Koho pelekikena hoʻolahaʻia ke kānāwai unilaterally hoʻolauna i de Ka facto pāpā i oo? Ecia ma Tureke. Ua haawiia ka climatic rula o ka Turkish Repubalika, i ke kahe ana o iauaeoia oo? Ecia, mai Rusia a hiki i keia aina e hooki ole iaʻi ma ka pau 'alemanaka makahiki. Oia ka pōʻino no ka oo? Ecia hana o Tureke trudnovospolnimy. Ma kālā hua'ōlelo i ke aupuni i nalowale no $ 10 ieeeea makahiki.

? ieoaeunoai kaiaulu

A kūikawā wahi i loko o ka 'ole o ka mea hoʻolilo o ka waiwai mai Tureke a hiki i Rusia noho ma ka hale pono hana e pono lanakila Lūkini nā mea kūʻai mai. Akā, i ka loa ola i ka pāpā ma o ka hoʻohana ', ka poe i ka lawelawe, i ka hooponopono ana o ka i ua lawe mai ma Turkish poe kanaka. Ua lilo i mea ola no i ka mea e ua ai haole no? Ieoaeunoaa poe ia lakou iho no ka makahiki a me ka mea maikaʻi loa ka lima.

A pāpā ma kekahi ano i keia ano o ka kūkulu lawelawe no Turkish poʻe mea he tangible keʻakeʻa nei i ka hou 'ana o kēia poepoe i loko o Rusia me ka a pau. Mitigating ololi mea i ka aelike i kakauinoaia me Turkish poʻe a December 31, 2015, e e hoʻokō i piha.

I ka hopena o ke kau ana o nā ho'āpono

ʻIliahi ana ma waena o Rusia a me Tureke no ka makahiki, ua he ulu kuanaʻike. Keia mea ua hookupaa iho la ia ma ka mau huakūʻai huli ma waena o nā aupuniʻelua ma luna o nā hualoaʻa o 2014. General manao no ke anoe o ke kalepa anaʻike e hoonui huli mai i ka 2023 a hiki i ka buke o ka 100 ieeeea dala. A ka mea, ua maoli. Nā realities o ka i kēia lā nō i ka mea ulu ma ka huli 'ole e hana, a ma luna o kona maka, i ka nui hoole mai oia.

Aggravation o pili ana i loli ka unrealized papahana no ka hana o ka Black Sea kinoea pipeline "Turkish Stream". Ka hopena o ka hoʻokomo 'ia' ana o nā ho'āpono ma Rusia e ku e ia Tureke, e e ikeia ma ka hope o 2016. Naʻe, i kēia lā ka mea, ua ike i na hana e ae na aoao elua, e na¯ 'i ka aha kanaka no ka waiwai a me nā lawelawe.

mea hualoaʻa

Ua hoʻololi i ka 'ole o ka Lūkini waiwai hoʻolilo i Tureke, a alakaʻi ai i ka hoomahuahua i loko o kala. No ka maʻamau Lūkini na nā ho'āpono mua "kahe aku ka waina ma" i loko o ka ala i loko o ke kumukuai o ka hua a me kaʻai iā. Eia hou, i kekahi hana e hoʻopau puʻe wale akula kēlā Turkish Manufacturers i ka meaʻai market, e hoʻonui i ka smuggling.

A maikaʻi kēia lākiō i kau nā ho'āpono o ka mea i kaʻimi hoʻopunipuni hookuu iho concurrency paepae e ae lulu popilikia Manufacturers, e lawe i ka nele niche ai nā huahana. Aka, ua he waiho. Ma hope o nā mea a pau, market kūlana e kuhi ola Competition e hana i ke ola a me ka mea e like ai huahana.

Rusia - Tureke (waiwai hoʻokomo - waiwai hoʻolilo)

A hiki ke kālailai i nā ikepili o nā mahina mua o ka 2016 ka mea, hiki ke olelo ia me ka hoike ana o ka ai nā ho'āpono ma luna o Tureke alakai aku i kekahi kulu i loko o Turkish waiwai hoʻolilo i Rusia oi ma mua o 64%. Nō hoʻi, ma laila i ua mea hou i loko o ke koena o ka waiwai hoʻokomo i Tureke o Lūkini waiwai. Inā ma ka 2015 o ka Russian Hui i wahi hilinai i loko o ka luna he umi ka hoʻokomoʻana'āina Ankara huahana, ua hoole mai me ka nui loa i keia kumu.

E like me ua ae ia e ka poe akamai i Turkish, ka mea hōʻemi o ka pili aloha ma waena Rusia a me Tureke i e aho ka lua ma kahi o 0.3-0.4% o GDP. Pāpā a ma ka aoao o Ankara Ka aneane ole-existent, a me Moscow ua kau nui kapu. Eia naʻe,ʻo ia hoole mai a me ka waiwai hoʻolilo iā Tureke, mai Rusia.

Ua Ua manaolana ia koke ka kaua pili aupuni e e hoʻonā 'ia. I huli ai oe, o ka-yeiiiie? E hoʻoikaika 'ana a me ka, mea hoʻolilo a me ka waiwai, mai Rusia a me Tureke koe i ka ia.