XIX. Haʻilula hakakino ke kālaikūlohea

Hakakino ke kālaikūlohea - he nui lālā o ke kālaikūlohea e haʻawina o ka 'ole o ka mea ma ka hakakino pae, hoʻololi ka macroscopic kiko'î o ka'ōnaehana ma lalo o ka aoao o ka mea mawaho i hoʻolilo' ia, pae nā mahele. Nā waiwai o nā polymers a me ka wai koko no hoi kaupaona i nā hakakino ke kālaikūlohea. Nā papakuhikuhi a me ka wehewehe ana i keia pauku, a e e pono keia mau mea i loko o ka hoʻoponopono i nā pilikia a hooku iho la i loko o kēia 'atikala.

XIX. Manaÿo pauku

Lātoma - ka uuku pa alima o ka waiwai i loaʻa a pau o kona waiwai.

An maikaʻi kinoea - kinoea no i ka ikaika o ka intermolecular AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN mea Aʻohe, ka lātoma ua noʻonoʻo me ka mea wahi, a me ka hahau therebetween loa laholio. He nui nā papakuhikuhi o hakakino ke kālaikūlohea pili ia ma ka pili ana i ka maikaʻi kinoea.

Energy - he nui a characterizes i ka hiki ana o ka'ōnaehana i hana hana.

Hana - o ka nui o ka ikehu hoololiia a hiki i ka'ōnaehana ma o ka loli ana o kona kiko'î.

Other manaÿo i loko o keia pauku: wela, maloko ikehu, Loaʻaʻia ikehu, maholahune, thermal conductivity, ka nui o ka waiwai, ka mea i ho'ākāka 'wela, ke omoāea, condensation, crystallization, paʻa kūhohonu loa mahu.

kumu o haʻilula

Haʻilula hakakino ke kālaikūlohea hookupaa nui ae i ka mākau hoʻokaʻaʻike ma waena o ka mea likeʻole'ōnaehana kiko'î. Ke kumu nui nā papakuhikuhi o keia pauku pili Clapeyron helu kaulike, e hōʻike ana i ka moku'āina o ka maikaʻi kinoea kanawai o Boyle, Charles a me Māhū-Lussac.

ua palapala Clapeyron helu kaulike like penei:

PV = nRT

Here P - puʻe, n - ka nui o ka waiwai i loko o iole, R - ao kinoea a eia i, T - wela i loko o Kelvin, V - ka buke e ku ma ke kinoea.

Mai keia haʻilula hakakino ke kālaikūlohea Via ano loli 'e loaa a me nā kānāwai moku'āina:

PV = const (hoʻomanaʻo o Boyle ka kānāwai, a ua pili i ka isothermal kaʻina);

V / T = const (mua kānāwai Māhū-Lussac, i pili i ka isobaric kaʻina);

P / T = const (Charles kānāwai, pili i ka isochoric kaʻina).

Other nui nā papakuhikuhi o hakakino ke kālaikūlohea:

N = m / M = N / Na (ka haʻilula no ka loaa i ke dala o ka waiwai a pau).

P = nkT.

Ma keia haʻilula, n - lehulehu, ke k - ikaika Boltzmann a eia i.

E = (3NkT) / 2 (i ka haʻilula no ka loaa i ka thermal ikehu).

P = P ₁ + k ₂ + ... + k _i (haʻilula no ka hoomaopopo ana i ka puʻe o ka läÿau, he kinoea, ikeia like ke kānāwai o HaleakaLā).

ʻO nā papakuhikuhi o thermodynamics a ana helu ke kālaikūlohea

Ana helu ke kālaikūlohea mea i ka māhele o hakakino ke kālaikūlohea. Kekahi mau nā papakuhikuhi hakakino ke kālaikūlohea hoʻohana i ana helu ke kālaikūlohea a me thermodynamics i haawi mai ai ma luna.

Q = mc (Halau ₂ -t ₁₎

Q = A + (U2-U _{1) (U? I} - na ikehu)

dH = TdS + Vdp

Here H - enthalpy.

G - Gibbs ikehu, a me thermodynamic Loaʻaʻia.

V = DG / DP

S = -dG / dT (S - entropy cia komo Clausius, pahiki ana).