ʻO wai ka mea invented ka'ātoma pōkā pahū? I ka moolelo o ka'ātoma pōkā pahū

Ka mea invented ka'ātoma pōkā pahū,ʻaʻole hiki hoi i noonoo ai i ka lono kaumaha hopena i hiki ia ho mea he kupanaha hana mea hou i hana muaʻole o ka XX kenekulia. Ma mua o kēia superweapon ua hoano e ia ma ka noho ana o na Kepani kulanakauhale o Hiroshima a me Nagasaki, ka mea i hanaia i ka lōʻihi loa ala.

i ka hoʻomaka

I 'Apelila 1903, ma ka Paris kihapai kaulana physicist o kona mau hoa hui pūʻia i loko o Farani Paul Langevin. I ka manawa maopopo, i ka pale o ka ia hoʻi o ka opiopio, a me ka loeaʻepekema Marii Kyuri. Mawaena o ka hanohano malihini i ke kaulana o Beritania physicist Sir Ernest Rutherford. Ma ka waena o ka leʻaleʻa ka mea i pio ka malamalama. Mariya Kyuri kūkala a pau mea e kahaha ko oukou naau i keia la. Me ka hōʻuluʻulu Per Kyuri i ka uuku Tube me radium paʻakai, a anapu mai ana ma uliuli, ma o na la kekahi keiaʻoliʻoli. Hope hoa anal kamaʻilio e pili ana i ka wā e hiki mai ana o keia kŰia. A pau ae like me ka manao ana ma muli o ka radium aa huʻi pilikia o ka ikehu shortage. Ua pau me kėia hou noiʻi, a hou 'ia. Inā, laila, ua hai mai la laua i ke keʻena hoʻokolohua hana me ka radioactive hehee wale makemake ia i ka hoʻomaka o ka XX kenekulia he weliweli kaua, ia mea i ike ole mea makemake e lākou naoh. Ua i laila, e hoʻomaka i ka mōʻaukala o ka'ātoma pōkā pahū, i pepehi haneri o nā tausani o ka Japanese civilians.

Game mamua o ka hālawa

December 17, 1938 i ka Kelemānia nä känaka 'epekema Otto Gannom i loaa irrefutable hooiaio ana i ka hoʻopöʻino' ia o ka uranium i loko uuku kula haʻahaʻaa (particles). I ka mea,ʻo ia e hoʻokele i Wāwahi i ka'Ātoma. Ma ka scientific ao nei, ka mea i manaʻo like me ka milestone i loko o ka mōʻaukala o ke kanaka. Otto Hahn i ole kaʻana like i ka pili manao o ka Apana Reich. No laila, i loko o ka ia 1938, ke nä känaka 'epekema i haʻakoi e neʻe i Stockholm, kahi, Fridrihom Shtrassmanom hoʻomau i kona' epekema noiʻi pu me. Hopohopo ana i Nazi Kelemānia mua kiʻi i kekahi mea pepehi weliweli, ka mea, kākau lāua i palapala no ka Peresidena 'Amelika me ka ke aoʻana e pili ana ia. Ka lono e pili ana i ka hiki forestall nui make koke i ka 'Amelika aupuni. Americans hoomaka ae la e hana koke aku, a decisively.

ʻO wai ka mea i hana i ka'ātoma pōkā pahū? 'Amelika pāhana

E like ma mua o ka outbreak o ka Apana World War, he pae o 'Amelikaʻepekema, he nui no ka mea, he mau nā mea pakele, mai ka Kelemānia-fascist? Eia ma Europe, ua hoopiiia me ka ulu i ka nukelea kaua. Ka loiloi mua haʻawina, ia e ke kaulana, i lawe mai i loko o Nazi Germany. I ka 1940, i ke aupuni o ka Amerika Huipuia, o America hoʻomaka hoʻolako 'ia o kona mau polokalamu, e hoʻoikaika i'ātoma mea kaua. No ka hoʻokō 'ana o ka papahana i ua anao? Aou he mea hiki ole dala no ka manawa i ka elua a me ka hapalua kona ieeeea dala. Ka manaʻo o keia poe hui hana poʻokela physicists o ka XX kenekulia i kono, iwaena o lakou oi ma mua o umi Nobel laureates. Ma huina, ka mea 'ole ma kahi o 130 tausani? Aaiuo, a mawaena o lakou,ʻaʻole wale nō koa akā, i civilians. Ka hooulu ana kime alai ae ia e Colonel Leslie Richard kiʻi oʻAseterota, luna ua Robert Oppenheimer. Ua i aku la ia - i ke kanaka nana i invented ka'ātoma pōkā pahū. kūikawā huna 'enekinia, hale i kūkuluʻia i loko o Manhattan, a ua hoike mai ia mākou ma lalo o ka pā'ālua inoa "Manhattan Project." Over ka mea e hiki mai ana mau makahiki,ʻepekema i ka hana ma luna o ka malu papahana me nukelea fission o ka uranium a me ka plutonium.

Unpacific'Ātoma Igor Kurchatova

I kēia lā,ʻo kēlā kanaka haumāna e e hiki ke pane i ka ninau ana o ka poe i invented ka'ātoma pōkā pahū a hiki i ka Soviet Union. A laila, i loko o ke kakahiaka nui 30-ies o ka hope ke kenekulia,ʻaʻohe kekahi ike.

I ka 1932, Academician Igor Vasilevich Kurchatov kekahi o nā haʻawina mua o ka'ātoma nucleus hoʻomaka i loko o ke ao nei. Ma ka lawe ana e like-hoonaaukiekie oe kanaka, Kurchatov i ka 1937 hana ka mua cyclotron maʻEulopa. I ka hookahi makahiki,ʻo ia a me kona poe e like hoonaaukiekie oe kanaka, a hana i ka muaʻimi hoʻopunipuni nucleus.

I ka 1939 I. V. Kurchatov kaʻina kānāwai he hou kuhikuhi aʻo '- nukelea ke kālaikūlohea. Ma hope o kekahi mau successes i loko o ke keʻena hoʻokolohua study o keia kŰia nä känaka 'epekema ke launa mai ma kona hoʻolilo i ka malu noiʻi oaio, a i ka inoa o "keʻena hoʻokolohua № 2". I kēia lā i kēia malu hale i kapaʻia "Arzamas-16."

Ke pale āpana o keia-oaio? Ua he nui noiʻi a me ka ulu ana o nukelea mea kaua. Ano, ka mea i ike nana i hana i ka'ātoma pōkā pahū a hiki i ka Soviet Union. Kona hui i laila, heʻumi wale nō kanaka.

'ātoma pōkā pahū e

Ma ka hope o ka makahiki 1945, Igoryu Vasilevichu Kurchatovu kahu ai, e hoakoakoa i ka hui nui o nā kānakaʻepekema o ka oi ma mua o ka haneri kanaka. Ka maikai manaʻo o nā 'epekema specializations e hele mai i loko o ke Keʻena mai ma ka aina, e kūkulu nukelea mea kaua. Ma hope iho o ka wā i hāʻule o ka'ātoma pōkā pahū ma Hiroshima ma ka Americans, Soviet epekema hoʻomaopopo i kēia hiki ke hana ia me ka Soviet Union. "Keʻena hoʻokolohua № 2" loaa mai ka hooponopono ana o ka aina i ka pahikakiwi oi mahuahua ana i ka hoʻolako 'ia o, a me ka nui influx o akamai limahana. Kuleana no ka mea, he nui pāhana ia Lavrentiy Pavlovich Beriya. Ua hanau nunui hana o Sovietʻepekema hua.

Semipalatinsk

Ke'ātoma pōkā pahū i loko o ka USSR i mua ho'āʻo ma ka hoao ana paena ma Semipalatinsk (oneiaey). August 29, 1949 i ka nukelea mea nona iho o ka 22 kilotons lulu iho la ia i ka aina Kazakh. Nobel uku-eo physicist Otto Hants mai la: "He mea maikai kūkala nūhou. Inā Rusia e i ka nukelea kaua, a laila, ma laila e e kaua. " He kēia'ātoma pōkā pahū i loko o ka USSR, e like me ka hoʻopā'āluaʻia huahana helu 501, a me na RDS-1, liquidated ka US monopoly ma nukelea mea kaua.

Ke'ātoma pōkā pahū. makahiki 1945 la

I ke kakahiaka nui o Iulai 16, "Ka Manhattan Project" i kona mua holomua hoao ana o ka'ātoma mea - he plutonium pōkā pahū - ma ka paena Alamogordo US moku'āina o New Mexico.

Ke kala ua hoʻopuka kālā i loko o ka papahana, ua ua pau keia la. Ka mua i loko o ka mōʻaukala o ke kanaka 'ātoma Naita me ia i 5 hola a me 30 minuke ma ke kakahiaka.

"Ua hana mākou i ka hana ana o ka diabolo," - wahi a hope Robert Oppenheimer - ka kekahi i invented ka'ātoma pōkā pahū i loko o ka United States, hope kapaia ka "makua kāne o ka'ātoma pōkā pahū."

Japan i ole haawi

Ma ka manawa o ka mea hope loa a me ka holomua ikea ai o ka'ātoma pōkā pahū, Soviet poʻe kaua, a me nā allies hope luku Nazi Germany. Naʻe, ka mea i noho he hookahi ana, a i hoopaa ia i ke kaua no ka dominance i loko o ka Pākīpika. Mai ka hapalua like-April a hiki i ka hapalua like-July 1945, Ua pinepine lawe aku i ka Japanese kaua mai ea e pepehi iho at ma Ally koa, pela ka hoʻomake 'kaumaha ka pōʻino o ka US Army. I ka pau ana o Iulai 1945 militaristic Japanese aupuni i haalele ai i ka koi o ka Ally hoihoi i kulike ai me ka Potsdam ka HŌʻIKE I. Ma ka mea, ma ka nui, ka mea i olelo ia ma ka hihia o ka hookuli, ke Kepani kaua e kali ana i ka kokololio, a piha ka luku aku.

Peresidena e like

Ke US aupuni i mālama i kāna'ōlelo, a me ka hoʻomaka o ka bombing hoʻomāka ka oihana koa nā kūlana hana Japanese. Air pepehi iho at ia i ole lawe mai i ka makemake hopena, a me US Pelekikena Garri Trumen hoʻoholo i ke kaua o ka US poʻe hao wale i loko o Japan. Naʻe, ke kauoha koa hoʻi e hoʻonāwaliwali ai kona pelekikena mai ia i ka olelo hooholo, Kuhikuhi 'ia i ka nui, e hoike ana i ke kaua Amelika makemake entail he nui helu o nā mōhai.

Ma ke kōkua 'ana o Genri Lyuisa L. Stimson a me Dwight David Eisenhower ka mea i hooholoia, e apono i ka nui ka hoʻokō ala, e hoʻopau i ke kaua. A nui kākoʻo iā ia, o ka'ātoma pōkā pahū, i ka Peresidena o ka United States kakauolelo Dzheyms Frensis Birns, manaoio aku la ia i ka bombing o Japanese ?? eoi? Definitively pau i ke kaua, a kau akula i kaʻAmelika Hui Pūʻia i loko o ka Hoʻohaku kulana, a i ka maikaʻi hopena i loko o ka hou papa o ka postwar honua hanana. Penei, US Pelekikena Garri Trumena hoomaopopoia i keia mea i ka wale pololei koho.

Ke'ātoma pōkā pahū. Hiroshima

E like me ka mea mua ka pale kaua, ua wae i kekahi mea uuku Japanese kulanakauhale o Hiroshima me ka heluna o ka pono maluna iho o 350 tausani kanaka, Aia i loko o elima haneri mile mai ke kapikala o Japan Tokyo. Ma hope o hiki ma ka USʻoihana moku kumu ma ka mokupuni o Tinian Hoʻololi 'B-29 bomber "Enola Māhū", ka'ātoma pōkā pahū Ua hoʻouka kekahi ma luna o ka mokulele. Hiroshima i e 'ike i ka hana o ka 9 tausani paona o ka uranium-235.

Ua manaoia kēia mea kaua mamua aku nei na mea ike ole no civilians ma ka liʻiliʻi Japanese kulanakauhale. Bomber luna koa ua Colonel Pol Uorfild Tibbets Jr. US'ātoma pōkā pahū ua o ka cynical inoa o "Ka Mea moʻokāki no". Ma ke kakahiaka o Augate 6, 1945, e pili ana i 8 hola a me 15 minuke, ka American "Little Boy" Ua haule ma ka Japanese Hiroshima. About 15 tausani na tona o TNT hoopau i ke ola i loko o ke kahahńnai o ka elima kapuaʻi kuea mile. noho hoʻokahi haneri a me kanaha tausani i make i loko o kekahi mea o nā kekona. Ola o Japanese make ka make agonizing mai pāhawewe maʻi.

Ka mea i luku ai i ka 'Amelika nukelea "Ka Mea moʻokāki no." Naʻe, i ka lukuia, o Hiroshima i ole i ka hoihoi koke o Japan, e like keia, a pau i manaoia. A laila, ka mea i manao kekahi bombardment o Japanese ?? eoi?.

Nagasaki. Lani i ke ahi

'Amelika'ātoma pōkā pahū "momona Man" Ua hoʻouka kekahi ma luna o ka mokulele B-29 9 August 1945 a pau ma ka ia wahi, i ka USʻoihana moku kumu ma Tinian. I keia manawa, o ka mokulele luna koa ua Major Charlz Suini. Initially, ke kaʻakālai ka pale kaua i ke kulanakauhale o Kokura.

Naʻe, i ka malie kūlana i ole ae e ike i ko kakou manao, hooki nui ao. Charlz Suini hele aku la i ka lua o ka poepoe. I 11 ka hora 02 minuke Amelika nukelea "momona Man" moni Nagasaki. Ka mea, ua oi loa aku kou mana luku ea maluna, a ma kona ikaika i kekahi mau manawa ma luna ma mua o ka bombing o Hiroshima. Nagasaki ua hoano e ka'ātoma kaua ma kahi o 10 tausani paona a me 22 kilotons o TNT.

Ke Leeuwerikplein wahi o ke Kepani kulanakauhale hoemiia ke kakali ana i hopena. Ka mea, oia i ke kulanakauhale kahi i loko o ka puali ololi awawa ma waena o nā kuahiwi. No laila, i ka make ana o 2,6 kapuaʻi kuea mile i hiki a pau Loaʻaʻia o nā mea kaua 'Amelika e hōʻike. I ka hoao ana o ka'ātoma pōkā pahū ma Nagasaki ua noʻonoʻo pono ole "Manhattan Project."

Japan hookuu mai ai ia

Ma ke awakea ma August 15, 1945 Emperor Hirohito kūkala i kona aupuni i ka hoihoi i loko o ka Radio wahi i na kanaka o Japan. hohola koke ia ka lono ma ke ao nei. Ma kaʻAmelika Hui Pūʻia, i lilo ai i ka hookahakaha o ka lanakila ma luna o Japan. olioli na kanaka.

September 2, 1945 ma luna o ka US battleship "Missouri", heleuma ma Tokyo Bay, pūlima i ka olelo aelike, e hoʻopau i ke kaua. Pela i pau ai i ke kaua loa brutal a bloodiest i loko o kanaka mōʻaukala.

ka mea 'ē ma lōʻihiʻeono makahiki, hele i keia nui ka lā - mai 1 September 1939, ka wā o nā pana pua aku makou mua i ki ia e Nazi Kelemania, ma Poland.

nā'ātoma no ka malu

A pau i loko o ka Soviet Union 124 nukelea Naita me ia i laweia mai. Ke ano o ia mea, i lawe mai ai no ka pomaikai o ka hoʻokele waiwai aupuni. Wale ekolu o ia poe he ulia pakalaki i kūpono ma ke kulu o radioactive hehee wale. Program no ka pono o ka hui maluhia 'ana nukelea ikehu hoʻokō wale nō i loko o nā'āina - kaʻAmelika Hui Pūʻia, a me ka Soviet Union. Nukelea ikehu maluhia ike a me examples o global catastrophe, ka wā ma April 26 1986 , ma ka ha o ka mokuna o ka Chernobyl nukelea mīkini'ātoma Naita hana.