A luna: 'ole, hana a me ka hiki poho

Pono 'ole a me ka physiological uea' o nā mea a pau nā loko a me nā'aʻaʻa o ke kanaka helehelena me ka nānā 'ole wale ola akā, i ka helehelena. He aha haiahū kūmau hiki ia i loko o ka ulu ana o ke a luna, a me ka mea kuleana no ka mea i mana?

No loko o ka 'ole o ke a luna

Ke a luna - iwi o ka mahu, a he o ke kino a me ka eha keʻano o ka hanaʻana. IIeEeAIEUIeXAIIUE i loko o ka luna mua hapa o ka puniu wale no, he maka, a ua lawe aku ia i na iwi pneumatic, aie i ka mea i ka mea, i ka lua, hoalaala ia me ka mucosa.

ʻO kēia keʻano o ka hanaʻana o ke a luna, a loaa ia ia kona inoa, mai ka wahi:

• frontal kaʻina;
• zygomatic kaʻina;
• alveolar iwi;
• palatal iwi.

Avilable keʻano o ka hanaʻana

Nō hoʻi, ka mea a luna kino i eha surfaces: ka mua, orbital, infratemporal a me ka nasal.

Ili honua orbital triangular in shape, ala apuupuu i ka hoʻopā a iki ka lń i aku - 'ano apau loa o ka pā o ka Astronomical (ka Astronomical).

Ka mua ili o ka iwi ā kino kānaka lena, e wehe ana i ka ophthalmic puka ma lalo i ua aia ka canine fossa.

Nasal ili i loko o kona 'ole - he luna' ho okumu. Ka mea, i ka maxillary mauae, i hiki aku ai i ka maxillary sinus.

Zygomatic kaʻina kekahi 'ano apau loa i ka luna' ole a me ka hana o ka i hilinaʻi ma luna o ka maʻamau hana o nā mea a pau keʻano o ka hanaʻana a me ka surfaces.

Oihana a me ka kiʻiona hiʻona

He aha keʻano o ka hanaʻana i loko o ke kino, a me ka puniu wale no ke kāhea pathological loli i loko o ka 'ole a me ka hana o ka iwi?

Ke a luna He kuleana no ka helu ana i keʻano o ka hanaʻana:

• Komo i loko o ke kanawai o Kamehameha a mama, hāʻawi i ka haawe ana ma luna o ka niho o ke a luna.
• E hoʻoholo i ka pololei hoʻonohoʻia o nā mea a pau i ka keʻano o ka hanaʻana.
• Ua 'ano apau loa i ka lua no o ka waha a me ka ihu, a me kā lākou i pohā.

pathological keʻano o ka hanaʻana

Ke a luna no o kona 'ole a me ke alo o ka sinus ka nui pono o ka papalalo, kona leo mea e pili ana 5 knm ^3, no ka mea, o ka manawa e ino i ka iwi, piʻi pū.

Iwi ā iho ua paa ia e ka mea i ka hui merges me ke koena o na iwi o ka iwipoo.

Mawaena o ka hiki pathologic loli oi loa, he pono ole o ka fracture o ka iwi ā (luna a lalo). Eha e hoola i luna ka nui maʻalahi ma mua o ka iwi o ka lalo ā, no ka mea, mea, ma ka pono o kona 'ole a me ka wahi, mai e hoʻoneʻe i hōʻeleu i e noho ana o kona iwi.

Ma waho aʻeo no nā 'ano o nā fractures a me dislocations, iloko o keia hookolokolo ana ma ka dentist ke huai ae i ka hoopuni iho kaʻina hana, he cyst o ka maxilla, i ponoʻoki kino, e wehe ia.

Ke kino i ka luna o ka maxillary sinus, i ka wā pono ia niho (a ole wale) e lilo i wela ai, a ma laila sinusitis - kekahi pathological kaʻina iwi.

Koko lako. innervation

Perfusion maxillary iwi mea pono artery a me kona lālā. Niho alveolar iwi innervated ma ka trigeminal nā aʻalolo, a oi manaʻoi - ka maxillary lala.

I ka li nui a trigeminal lehalehu tʻeha e hohola i loa ola mau niho, a hiki aku i kaʻike, wahahee ia lŘlŘ a me kekahi manawa, a hiki erroneous pōʻalo o ka niho ma ke a luna.

Hihia o ka pololei oleʻike, oi pinepine, no ka mea, malama ole nā ano o ka hookolokolo a me ka hilinai wale n? I ka pilikino manaʻo o ka hoomanawanui, ke kauka me ka hoʻomanawanui i ka ola ka pilikia, e like me kona kūlana.

Waiwai o ka niho ma ke a luna

Ke a luna i ka like haʻahaʻa ka helu ana o na niho. Nā niho o ke a luna, a he oiaio, ua lākou mau aʻa, i kā lākou mau oko ao, i mea i loko o ko lākou nui a me ka ao ao.

Wahi a ka 'ikepili helu, ke akamai niho ma ka maxilla pele mua, a oi pinepine ma kaʻaoʻao'ākau.

Mai ke a luna iwi mea nui thinner lalo, a me na extractions i kona mau peculiarities a me kuikawā anaʻano hana. No keia mea, kahua niho forceps no ka wehe niho ma ke a luna, a ua loaa kekahi inoa - ka'Elau.

Inā 'oe e kāpae i ka hewa kumu fracture ke'ākoʻakoʻa, no ka mea a luna, a me nā hale, aole ia e ae i pili i ka poe ikaika no lakou nele nā ano o kaʻike, ma muaʻoki lāʻau lapaʻau kaʻina hana. Ka hapanui pinepine i loko o ia mau palapala noi ua lawe mai X-Ray keia hookolokolo ana - orthopantomography a Me tomography o ke kino o ka iwi ā.

Surgeries

I pono i ka wehe 'ana o ke a luna, a pehea e maʻamau kuleana pili i hoihoi mai ma hope oʻoki kino?

Hōʻike i ke kaʻina hana ma ka dentistry ua ike like maksillektomiya.

ʻO nāʻikepili no kaʻoki kino i:

• Malignant hikoko i loko o ke kino o ka maxilla a me kona appendages, a me pathological'aʻaʻa overgrowth ihu, paranasal sinuses a me ka waha.
• Benign hikoko hiki no hoi, ma e holumua ai ulu, lilo i ka olelo e ke kino, e hoopau ana i ka luna.

maksillektomii ke kaʻina hana no ka mea, i ka helu ana o contraindications:

• Huina hoomanawanui maʻi puʻuwai, huʻi infectious maʻi, kekahi maʻi o ke a luna i loko o ka huʻi ke kahua, a ma ka kahua o ka exacerbation.
• I ka wa o ka nui hoi o ka makana o pathological kaʻina ka wā o ka hana e ole e he kuleana koe i loko o ka iapaau ana o ka maʻi, akā, wale nō mea kaumaha i ka maʻi 'aʻai hoʻomanawanui.

Preoperative Ka maʻi 'aʻai hoomanawanui mea i ka hoʻokolokolo pono ka mua anamanaʻo pahuna ma nä' ē aʻe abnormalities i loko o ke kino o ka hoomanawanui, e like me ka ho'ākāka 'ana o ka IIeEeAIEUAA o hikoko.

Mua PalekanaEND_LINK ana i hana i ka piha mōʻaukala, nona ma clarifying ka etiologic kumumea a aaiaoe predisposition.

Ma mua o kekahiʻoki lāʻau lapaʻau ke kaʻina hana i pono e undergo i ka piha keia hookolokolo ana a me ka 'ē aʻe hoʻomalu. Keia, ma luna o nā mea a pau, ophthalmologist - he maka no ka hoomaopopo ana i ka moku'āina o ko lākou maʻamau functioning, a me ka manawa kūpono o complications ma hope oʻoki kino.

Ke a luna i ma luna o kona kino i ka maka lua a me ka nasal sinus, no ka mea, o ko lākou piha anamanaʻo lawe mai mua maksillektomiey OAXA.

Eia hou, ma muaʻoki kino ua? Aeiiaiaoaony ia e kekahi tomography o ke poo a me ka ai, i hoonui ae i ka pono kiʻi o ke ahonui a me ka apono 'oi maopopo iho la i ike i ka wahi o kaʻeho kaʻina.

Iloko o ka hana, ka mea e hiki mai complication - fracture o ka iwi ā (mauka) a hiki ke loli ma ka lehalehu t nā aʻalolo ma ka hewa, ao ke ano. Kekahi complications mea e loli i ke kūpono 'ana o ke malignancy, no ka mea, o ka maksillektomii - o ka pilikia no ka moku'āina o ka maʻi' aʻai 'Isaaka.

Congenital malformations

Ke a luna hiki ke poino ma ka utero, i hiki aku ai i malformations o ka iwi ā, a me ka maka a pau.

He aha hiki ia i ke kumu no kona'āno'ē kūpono 'ana ma mua hānauʻana?

• Aaiaoe predisposition. E pale aku i kēia mea hiki ole, akā, me ka mea pono a me ka orthodontic orthopedic hana ma hope o ka hānau hiki paʻipaʻi congenital deformities, a hoihoi aku i ka maʻamau functioning o ke a luna.
• Nā palapū i gestation bebe ke hoʻololi i ka papa o physiological hāpai keiki, a induce pathological loli, a e waiho kokoke ana i ka luna. I hewaʻano makuwahine, a me ka hoʻohana 'ana o kekahi mau lapaʻauʻia i hāpai keiki hiki ia he kuleana ololi i loko o ka hanana o congenital abnormalities.

'ano o nā pathologies

Mawaena o ka papa kuhikuhiE pathological keʻano o ka hanaʻana mea e pono ai i ke kūpono 'ana o ka iwi ā, kala:

• Hereditary anomalies (anomalies i ai ka haohao ana iloko o embryonic kūpono 'ana o ke fetus) - unilateral aʻeluaʻaoʻao lehalehu t mauae, microgeny, piha a hapa' ia 'edentulous (nalowale niho), hypoplasia o ka ihu, a sinuses, a me na mea e ae.
• Deformation i hoʻomākaukauʻia kahua niho'ōnaehana, i originated i loko o ka ulu ana o ka iwi ma lalo o ka aoao o kela noho lakou malaila aʻe: endogenous paha exogenous.
• Secondary deformation keʻano o ka hanaʻana dentoalveolar i hoʻomākaukauʻia, a kū i luna me ka hopena o ka traumatic 'ole ma luna o nā nā loko o ka lehalehu t puniu wale no, a me kekahi ma muli o ka mismanagement o keʻoki kino, pāhawewe Inc a me ka chemotherapy no ka maʻi' aʻai.

kahua niho anomalies. edentia

Ka loa pinepine pathologies niho ma ke a luna i e hoike ia adentia a, ke kaumaha ma muli o ka mea, o ka hapa '(ole hou niho) a me ka piha (wa e kaawale aku o ka niho).

Ua mea i kekahi manawa, hiki ke malama i ka distal neʻeʻana o ka mea paahana a me ke kahua o ka diastema wahahee.

No ka PalekanaEND_LINK pathology i hoakaka ia ma ka hoʻohana 'ana i X-Ray keia hookolokolo ana (orthopantomography) a loa pololei hōʻike i ka wahi a me ka mea o ka pathology.

Deformation iwi me ka supernumerary niho - o ka hiki hope o ka pathological kaʻina hana i helu kuhi puke i utero kūpono 'ana o ke fetus. A hiki entail i ke alo o keu niho, i mai i hoʻokō i kekahi kuleana pili i loko o ke kaʻina hana o ka kamaiʻilio ana?

Ke alo aku o ka supernumerary niho i ka alveolar lapa o ke a luna e hoʻonāukiuki kona deformation. Kēia kumu excessive ulu o ka alveolar iwi, a he kūlana e loli ai ole wale i ka pololei hoʻoponoponoʻana o Kamehameha o na niho, akā, no hoi ma ka physiological kūpono 'ana o ke a luna.

Kāohiʻana o nā anomalies a me ka poino iwi

Oi nui mai i kakahiaka nui elemakule, e hahai aku i ke kūpono 'ana o ka iwi ā'ōnaehana undergo regular ka ninaninau ma ka dentist a me ka hana a pau maʻi o ku una ha i ka lua.

Ma ke alo o ke keiki ka nohoaliʻi wahi o anomalies a me ka ulu ana o ka niho lakou e ike koke kekahi, i ka hulina hookolokolo, aʻaʻole ma ka dentist wale, akā, he endocrinologist, neurologist. I kekahi manawa, anomalies i loko o ka ulu ana o ka iwi ā pili me ka hoʻopōʻino mau ano.

Lapaʻau o congenital anomalies i Ua i kekahi lala o ka dentistry e like hoʻopololei niho, ka mea Pilikanaka ka maʻamau functioning o na nā loko o ka waha, e like me ka pono me diagnoses a me ka pololeiʻiʻo nō ia pathological deviations mai ke kūmau. Lapaʻau ua maikaʻi loa i hanaia ma ka kakahiaka nui elemakule, no ka mea, e hookaulua aku i ka dentist mua o ka pele o na niho a me ka piha loa ana o ka iwi ā mea i pono.

moʻolelo ola - ka ki i ka pono functioning o ka digestive a me ka ÷ naehana hanu'ōnaehana, e like me ke kumu o ko ke keiki ka noʻonoʻo 'ana a me ka maʻamau? acaeoey. Ka manaʻoʻike ololi Radio aole hoi okana mai kūlana ma keia mea, e like me ke kanaka i ka maka - ka mea, ua i kona oihana kāleka. Holo deformation maʻi helehelena haʻalele i ka hoailona ma ka psycho-mea naʻau moku'āina, a me ka hoʻomakaʻia i ka ai iiiaanoaa o ka makaʻu a me phobias, a sociopathic moku'āina.

Kupono no kou kino, me ka ai paa ka ai, ka naauao i kou niho a me ka sanitation - i ke ki i ka olakino kūpono 'ana o ke a luna, a me nā mea a pau nā loko o ka moʻolelo o ka lua.