A wai hānau ai. Ano o microscopic invertebrates

Ma ke ano maoli, aia no he kū hoʻokahi hanaia'na, hoʻolimalima i ka inoa kapakapa "wai bea". Little-ike (koe wale no ka zoologists, a akamai ma ka lewa), ike kanaka, a mea e loli ai ko lākouʻano, a me kā lākou survivability. I ka loiloi mua inoa no ka loaa pono similarity me ke kanakē a me ka teddy bea. Eia naʻe,ʻo ia, he eono mau wāwae, a me ka "maka" nani paʻakikī, e ao aku, akā, i ole ia maopopo loa ia. A "wai" ka bea, no ka mea, o ka noho ana o ka papa, a ola me ona mau (i loko o ka literal ano o ka olelo,) e hiki ole.

Mōʻaukala o ka Kaka

He mea kumu e kuhi i ka wai bea, tardigrades ua kaʻoi loa ia mau mea, i ike ai i ka mea nāna i hana o van Levenguk microscope i kakahiaka nui me 1702. Naʻe, ka mea mua kūhelu loaʻa o kēia mau oldtimers o 1773, ka wā e hōʻike i ka German kahu hipa Gotse. Pūʻiwa lākou mau helehelena, alaila, haawi mai ia i ka inoa kleiner wasserbär, i translates mai Kelemānia like me ka meaʻuʻuku (moku) i ka wai bea. More au mamuli microscopic aoa i ua aʻo a me ka ho'ākāka 'ia ma ma ka Italia biologist Lazzaro Spallanzani, a me ka mea hiki i ka 1776. Aie i ka loa lohi ka hoʻoneʻe o nā holoholona,ʻo ia ka inoa o ia il tardigrado, kūpono ma ka kūhelu 'epekema inoa lilo i ka makahiki Tardigrada, oa Tardigrada.

'Ole ka wai bea

Ka mua ka mea, e hoailona oukou ia? Anoee Tardigrada - nui o ka holoholona. Laha 'o ka meaola hanau, aia nō ma kahi o 960, a me ka waiwai o ko lākou mau kino papa koa mai 0,1 a hiki i kekahi, a me ka hapalua millimeters. ʻO ka mea nui loa specimen e noonoo me ke microscope ka loa paʻakikī. Tardigrades papa i komo i loko o invertebrates i steklistoe, translucent kino, visually haihaiia i loko o 4 Hoʻohana constrictions. Aie i ke alo o ka chitinous iwi a me ka papa'āweʻaweʻa kemika hookahe ka wai hoomanawanui i kekahi manawa like me nā mea kolo. Ka hapanui o? Ueo i ike eha hui o nā wāwae, akā, kekahi o ka "pohaku" liʻiliʻi, he lōʻihi o wale i ka hapaʻumi o ka millimeter, mea he koe: ia mea he eono-legged-Tardigrada. Kēlā me kēia uha welau a me ka manamana o ma ka helu o 4-6 apana. Ka hope paʻa o nā wāwae ua aʻo i kaʻoihana ia ma ka hope.

"Person" mai i loa hana, a reminiscent o ka lepo ÿauhau ma ka holo wahine holoi. Roth ua lako pono me kekahi mauʻano o ka stiletto, i halihali i komo iloko o ka wai o ka ili i ka ai. Kēia mau holoholona i ko mākou hopohopo, digestive, reproductive a me ko mākou hopohopo nenoai, akā,ʻaʻohe circulatory a me ka ÷ naehana hanu. Ma kahi o ke koko o ka mea a pau kino lua ninoaaeyao he kūikawā wai, a me ka hanu tardigrades ili. Ka mea, i hou tactile nā loko like me ka mau o appendages, a, oddly lawa, o ka maka, i nāʻano nui pouli pūkoʻa ia ma luna o ke kino i loko o ke alo, akā,ʻaʻole ma ka paena, i hiki ke kapa i ke poo.

A wai hoike mai i ke ano, ke kaumaha ma muli o ka? Aneie olelo. Hue e ia i loko o ka laulā o nā waihoʻoluʻu 'alani -ʻulaʻula paha oliva - pouli'ōmaʻomaʻo.

Tardigrades okoa sexes, akā, kane ua ikaika nui ae pohihihi keia ma mua o nā wāhine, no laila mau hoʻopaʻa pepa paʻi kiʻi hihia o ka parthenogenesis (nā'ōlelo me fertilization).

i hohola Tardigrades a pau ma luna o ka honua, mai ke koaʻe ke hiki i ka Arctic Circle. Naʻe, ina e koho, e makemake pulu lichens a me mosses. Hoi o ka makana i loko o ka wai e hoike aku OE: kanaka kolo ana ma muli o ia i ka makani, ka wai a me ka pele, a ua hoolilo i ka hou manu a me für holoholona.

mana Hiʻona

Wai bea i tardigrades, loa o lakou e ola nei ma o ka lilo ana o mosses, liilii, ka līoho a me ka koʻohune. Ekolu moana ioeo i parasitic wale nō ma luna o ka pūpū, nui ka wai invertebrates a me ke kai kaʻukama. About hapalua o ka kakini ioeo o ka wai bea - Frank Moana, ma kaʻai a he o ke anakahi iki-meaola a me roundworms; ua Tardigrada pilikia loa, a hiki i ko lakou mau hoa - cannibalism no kona kela la i keia hana.

unkillable kanaka

Ka hapanui o kānakaʻepekema i hoihoi i loko o ka wai e lawe kona vitality. e hiki ke hoopakele i ko lakou mau ola, a, e mahuahua ma ka akea ana wela huahelu o ka hiki kēia mau mea - mai ka loa 'Aʻohe (-273 degere) i ka unbearable wela i loko o ka 150. Lakou ola mahope aku o kaʻenemi hana kūpono, e like me ia ma ka hydrogen sulfide lewa. Ka pāhawewe mea no hoi no ia mea,ʻaʻole he insurmountable ke'ākeʻakeʻa mai i ola: ma hope o kona irradiation ma ka mahele lāʻau o 570.000 X-Ray hapalua wai bea ola. No ka pili: make i kānaka o ka pāhawewe "wale" 500 X-kukuna. ola nō a tardigrades hiki haawi (a me ka haawi aku) keiki kakou nana.

makahiki kumupaʻa

Ka hapa nui o nā mea a pau, ka 'epekema kaiāulu hoihoi i loko o ka hiki Tardigrada ku lewa ana. I ka 2008, he noiʻi kime alakaʻi ma ka ecologist Swede Ingmar Jonsson hoouna i Honua ka Astronomical mana'ōhui o tardigrades. Kekahi pūʻulu Ua waiho ia ma ka holo, i ka lua o ka poʻe irradiated me ka pāhawewe, ka mea mau i ua malalo i, pili ultraviolet malamalama lapaau. Ke kanaka i loko o ke kahua a puni mākou noho 10 lā, a kokoke ole a koe i seared. Eia naʻe, ma kona hoʻi i ka nui 'ano kūpono loa o ka microscopic mea hoʻi i ke ola, oiai e hoʻokoe iho i ka hiki ke paʻi.

Ke kumu o ke ola

Ke hiki, ma i ka wai e neʻe i bea e like me ka laulā huahelu o adverse rula - ke hiki e hele i loko o hibernation ma ka lāʻau anhydrobiosis. Ma nā hua'ōlelo, Tardigrada dries ia ia iho, e waiho i kona kino i ka negligible nui o ka wai. A,ʻaʻole e lilo ia lakou, Tardigrada ano ma ka ili o ke kino kekahi ano o ka mahuahua iwi. I ka maloo palapala i loko o tardigrades ho'ā 'hou aiiay hana: he kōpaʻa lātoma, e pale aku i ke anoe o ke keena hoomaka ka hana antioxidants i ke ku imua o ka pāhawewe a me ka papa aku i ka make ana o ka DNA. Ma ka noi komo 'ana i ka papa wai kino tardigrades helu kuhi puke i ka hoʻokemu, a ua hoihoi hou ia a pau nui i hana'.

Natural poe enemi wai bea

I loko nō o ka vitality, wai bea hana i noho make ole. Ana counteracting adverse mawaho aʻe, ia mea he palupalu iho e ku e ia Moana i mea ole averse i ka ai ia. A iâ lâkou i kā lākou mauʻohana, tardigrades e huʻe 'rotifers ho'āhewa wale, lepeta, springtails, a me ka poepoe na ilo, i ka larvae o na nā mea kolo, a crayfish. Part tardigrades make, e lilo ana i waiwai pio o carnivorous Fish hyphae kona ulana pūʻia puka lou, ma ka i, e like me ia ma ka pahele, wai apo la hanau, i kau ai fungal filaments ulu i loko o ia. Eia hou, he mau fungi, kona spores i uʻi i tardigrades i loko o ka meaʻai kumumanao. Eia naʻe, hookahi ma ka gut o ka wai bea, na spores germinate, ka hoʻohana 'ana i ka holoholona, e like me ka nutrient meakino.