'Ākeʻakeʻa one i. Terms o ka i kā mākou a me ka palena iki

'Ākeʻakeʻa lauana - ia mea i ka malamalama a me ka pouli ka hahau ana e ka poe i kena ia e na kukuna o ka i mea ma ka pae' ole mai o ka pae a me kekahi i kekahi. Light nalu a me ka mea e like i pākuʻi ka wā noi, inā lākou kūlana coincide (i loko o ka olelo o ka hoʻoulu 'ole ka hōʻemiʻana), a me ka mea ana kekahi i kekahi, ina ka mea, i loko o antiphase. Mauʻike manaʻo i kapaia constructive a me ka luku 'ākeʻakeʻa, niioaaonoaaiii. Inā monochromatic kukui mea nana i ulana, a pau na ale a i ka like loa, hele ma nā puka 'oä (ka hoʻokolohua Ua mālama mua i ka 1801 ma Thomas Young, English nä känaka' epekema, ka mea, i ke aloha iā ia, a hiki i ka hopena i ka nalu 'ano o ka malamalama), elua o ka kūpono mea nana i ulana hiki ke kuhikuhi ma luna o kekahi i lalo pale i kahi o ka overlapping mau kiko elua i hana 'ākeʻakeʻa pihapiha - uniformly alternating kumu o ka malamalama a me ka pouli mau. O kŰia ua hoʻohana 'ia, no ka laʻana, ma nā mea a pau'ōnohi interferometers.

superposition

I ka wā ano o ka superposition o nä hawewe e wehewehe i ka hana o ka superimposed ale. Kona rula waiho i loko o ka mea i ka wā i loko o ka makahiki o ka superimposed mau nalu, i ke kūpono o na kanaka haunaele mea like i ka algebraic huina o na kanaka haunaele. I kekahi manawa, i nui perturbations keia rula ua hehiʻana. Ua noʻonoʻo hana hiki aku i ka helu o ka waiwai i ka poe i kaheaia 'ākeʻakeʻaʻike manaʻo.

Ke kŰia o ka 'ākeʻakeʻa ua wehewehe aku ma nā ihola. Nā nalu mau constructively Maxima coincide, a me ka mea, i ka pae i kekahi i kekahi. Ka hopena o ka superposition o ka hoʻoikaika 'ana i o ka haunaele. Ka ikaika hawewe o ke kūpono hui nalu, ua like me ka huina o na kanaka amplitudes. Conversely, luku 'ākeʻakeʻa i loko o ka i kā mākou o kekahi nalu coincides me ka palena iki lua - ka mea, i loko o kū'ē. Ka ikaika hawewe o ka hui nalu mea like i ka likeʻole ma waena o nā amplitudes o kona ke keʻena wahi. Ma ka hihia ma ka mea, e like, ia mea piha luku 'ākeʻakeʻa, a me perturbation o ka huina meakino mea Aʻohe.

Young i ka hoʻokolohua

Ke 'ākeʻakeʻa kumu o na kumu mau pono Hōʻike i ke alo o ka overlapping ale. Thomas Young ? Aaei i malamalama - he nalu a nonoi aku nei i ka rula o ka superposition. Kona e piʻi like kaulana i ka mana h ÷ ike ike ana o ka constructive a me ka luku 'ākeʻakeʻa o ka malamalama i ka 1801ʻO kēia hoʻokolohua o Young i ka hoʻokolohua ma ke ano maoli i kekahi wale i loko o ia mea hoʻohana manaʻo aukahi malamalama kumu. Kukuna uniformly illuminates elua laua oä ma ka opaque ili. Light maalo ma ia, aia no he keʻena pale. A hiki i ka laula ma waena o nā 'oä he mea me ka nui loa oi aku ma mua o ka ke kōā, na rula o ka geometrical optics malama - ike ma ka pale elua hoomalamalamaia mai la wahi. Naʻe, i ke kokoke loa i kahi o ka 'oä diffracted mālamalama, a me nā nalu ma luna o ka pale i superimposed ma luna o kekahi i kekahi. Diffraction mea ia i kekahi no o ke ano nalu o ka malamalama, a aole nae kekahi laʻana o keia kanawai.

Ke 'ākeʻakeʻa kumu

I ka rula o ka superposition e hoʻoholo i ka kūpono pinepine 'o ka makana i ka hoomalamalamaia mai pale. Ke 'ākeʻakeʻa kumu hoʻohālike ia lŘlŘ ka wā i ke ala likeʻole, mai ka slit a hiki i ka pale, ua like me ka mea a pau helu o ka hawewe (0, λ, 2λ, ...). Keia koena unuhi e hōʻoiaʻiʻo i nā wahi e hele mai i ka ia manawa. Luku 'ākeʻakeʻa ia lŘlŘ ka wā i ke ala like like me ka helu helu o ka hawewe offset ma ka hapalua (λ / 2, 3λ / 2, ...). Jung hoʻohana geometric manaʻo hoʻopiʻi kū'ē, e hōʻike i ka superposition hiki aku ai i ka moʻo o ka like kaulike mea paa a me kiʻekiʻe pinepine 'mau mea e like me ka wahi o ka constructive' ākeʻakeʻa, hoʻokaʻawaleʻia ma ka pouli wahi piha luku.

Hole spacing

An nui aiao anahonua me nā 'oä o ka lākiō o ka malamalama ke kōā λ a me ka mamao ma waena o nā lua b. Inā mea nui emi o 1 λ / n, o ka mamao ma waena o ka mea paa e e ka poe liilii, a me ka mea i mālama overlapping ole. E ho ohana i pono kaulike oä, Jung ua hiki ke puunaue i ka malamalama a me ka pouli mau. Penei, ia i paa i ka hawewe o hiki malamalama kikokiko. Lākou loa uuku waiwai wehewehe ke kumu kēia mau waiwai, i malama wale ma lalo o kekahi mau kumu. E puʻunaue i ka mau o ka constructive a me ka luku 'ākeʻakeʻa, pono e uuku loa o ka mamao ma waena o ke kumu o ka malamalama nalu.

ke kōā

Kilo o ke 'ākeʻakeʻa loa ua hana nui no ka mau'ē aʻe kumu. Most malamalama kahi e hōʻike 'kī ana i kekahi ana ke kōā pae, kūpono ma ka ho okumu ana i mau' ākeʻakeʻa lauana superimposed ma luna o kekahi i kekahi, kela mea keia mea me ka wā mawaena ma waena o nā kaula. Kēia eliminates ka loa haʻi waiwai, e like me mau mea o ka piha ka pouli.

coherency

I 'ākeʻakeʻa hiki e malama no ka wā lōʻihi o ka manawa, he mea pono e hoʻohana manaʻo aukahi malamalama kumu. Kēia 'o ia hoʻi i ka pāhawewe kumu pono malama i kekahi mau pae pili. No ka laʻana, elua harmonic ale o ka ia alapine mau i ka paʻa pae pili ana i kēlā me kēia wahi ma ka makahiki - kekahi ma ka pae 'ole ma ka pae kū'ē, a ma kekahi palapala moku'āina. Naʻe, ka hapanui o ka malamalama kahi e hōʻike 'kī ana i ka oiaio harmonic nalu. Akā, e hoʻokuʻu akula malamalama, ma i kaulele pae loli ia lŘlŘ miliona o ka manawa no kekona. Oia ka pāhawewe ua kapaia incoherent.

Maikaʻi kahi - kukuna

'Ākeʻakeʻa ua nō malama wā superimposed nalu i loko o ka makahiki o elua incoherent kumu, akā,' ākeʻakeʻa lauana ĸokoĸa ana nä pane randomly, pu me ka kaulele pae naeaeaa. Light nā mea e loaʻa ka mea nalo, a me na maka, hiki ole aaeno i ka hoʻomaka koke hoʻololi kiʻi, a me wale i kaʻawelike ka nui o ka manawa. Ke kukuna kaola no ka hoi kokoke monochromatic (m. E. oia o ka hookahi ke kōā) a me ka highly-. He he maikaʻi ke kukui no ka nānā 'ākeʻakeʻa ole.

Paa o ke alapine (frequency)

Ma hope o Jung 1802 o ana hawewe o hiki malamalama hiki ke correlated me insufficiently pololei ka mämä holo o ka malamalama i loaʻa i ka manawa, e hoʻomaulia i kona He kokekau wale alapine (frequency). No ka laʻana, omaomao malamalama mea like, e pili ana i 6 × 10 ¹⁴ Hz. He nui na kauoha o ka nui oi aku ma mua o ke alapine (frequency) o me mechanical kuekueni. No ka nane, he kanaka e lohe ai i ka leo me nä alapine mai i 2 × ¹⁰ April Hz. He aha kēia nui loli aʻe i ka uku no koe i ka mea pohihihi no ka mea e hiki mai ana he 60 makahiki.

'Ākeʻakeʻa i lahilahi Film

Ka mālama 'ole' aʻole e kaupalena ai i ka waʻa slit anahonua hoʻohanaʻia Thomas Young. I ka loaʻa o ka manaʻo a me ka refraction o na kukuna o ka surfaces mau hookaawale ia e ka mamao like me ka ke kōā, 'ākeʻakeʻa ia lŘlŘ ma lahilahi films. Ke kūlana o ka ho film ma waena o nā surfaces i pāʻani i ka holo, ea, kinowai a me kekahi aniani moakaka paa kino. I ka hiki malamalama 'ākeʻakeʻa mau waiwai i kaupalenaʻia ka nui like' ole o kekahi mau micrometers. A ike laʻana o nā mea a pau i ka manaʻoe kūkulu he mea he Oe. Light lewa mai ia, mea he superposition o nä hawewe elua - kekahi i ka lewa mai ka mua ilikai, a me ka lua o ka - ma ka hope. Lakou ano i ka makahiki, a hou i kekahi i kekahi. Ke kaumaha ma muli o ka mānoanoa o ka ke kopa ho film, nalu elua e launa pū 'constructively paha destructively. A piha i ka ho omaulia ana o ka 'ākeʻakeʻa kumu Hōʻike ia no ka malamalama me ka ke kōā λ constructive' ākeʻakeʻa ua malama no i ka manaʻoe kūkulu he mānoanoa o ka λ / 4, 3λ / 4, 5λ / 4, etc., a me ka luku - .. To λ / 2, λ, 3λ / 2, ...

Nā papakuhikuhi no ka helu ana

'ākeʻakeʻa kŰia ua nui hoʻohana, no laila, he mea nui e maopopo i ke kumu o kekahi pane helu kaulike e pili ana. ʻO kēia nā helu kaulike ae i ka i ka ho omaulia ana o na loina likeʻole pili i ke 'ākeʻakeʻa, no kona mau loa, he pono ole hihia.

Location malamalama holehole mai ai i loko o Young i ka hoʻokolohua, .. Ie kahua me ka constructive 'ākeʻakeʻa hiki ke ho omaulia hoʻohana i ka hōʻike: y me _{ka malamalama.} = (ΛL / d) ka m, kahi λ - ke kōā; ka m = 1, 2, 3, ...; D - o ka mamao ma waena o ka 'oä; L - mamao i ka pale umauma hoʻokahi.

.. Location pouli ka poe hao wale, oa ka mau o ka luku AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN ua haawiia e: y me _{ka pouli.} = (ΛL / d) (m + 1/2).

No ka 'ē aʻe? Ueo' ākeʻakeʻa - ma lahilahi Auana - i ke alo o constructive a luku superposition e hoʻoholo i ka pae 'oni iki o na ale lewa, i hilinaʻi nui i ka manaʻoe kūkulu he mānoanoa, a me ka refractive inideka o ia. Ka helu kaulike mua wehewehe i ka hihia o ke kaawale ana o ia i ka 'oni iki, a me ka lua o ka - he naeaeaa o ka hapalua o ke kōā:

2nt = mλ;

2nt = (m + 1/2) λ.

Here, λ - ke kōā nalu; ka m = 1, 2, 3, ...; , t - alanui kaahele aku la oia ma ka ho film; N - 'inideka o refraction.

Kilo ma ke ano maoli

A hiki i ka lā e hoomalamalama ana ma luna o ka Oe, oe ke ike i ka alohilohi i nā pōpō hahau ana, no ka mea, malalo iho o kekahi mau hawewe i ka luku 'ākeʻakeʻa a me ka wehe' ia mai ka noʻonoʻo. Ke koe lewa malamalama akaka like me ka mea manuahi ano pōpilikia 'ana. No ka laʻana, ina me ka hopena o ka luku 'ākeʻakeʻa mea ma kahi'ēʻulaʻula ke keʻena, me ka manaʻo e e uliuli. Ka lahilahi Auana o kaʻaila ma luna o ka wai produces he like ia. I ano, na hulu o kekahi manu, me nā pīkoka a me hummingbirds, a me nā pūpū o kekahi'ūhini lele me ikea ka malamalama, oiai hoʻololi waihoʻoluʻu ka wā e hoʻololi i ka, mākaʻi ihola iā huina. 'ōnohi ke kālaikūlohea 'aneʻi o ke' ākeʻakeʻa a malamalama ale lewa mai ka lahilahi pona hale a me ka ikehu lā hōʻikeʻana mau laau la. Like me na momi a me ka iwi, he mau iris, ma muli o ka superposition o ka hōʻuluʻulu manaʻo o kekahi mau papa o ka momi. Nā pōhaku makamae e like me Opal, hōʻike nō ia o maikaʻi 'ākeʻakeʻa lauana kena ae la ma ka hoopuehu aku ana i ka malamalama mai ka regular hale i hanaʻia ma ka microscopic spherical (particles).

palapala noi

Ua nuiʻanoʻenehana palapala noi o ka malamalama 'ākeʻakeʻaʻike manaʻo i loko o maʻamau o ke ola. Ka mea, i ka nānā 'ana ke kālaikūlohea pahupaʻiwikiō optics. Normal nā aniani kaulona antireflection ka penaʻana mea he lahilahi Auana. Kona mānoanoa a me refraction o kukuna i ai kohoia e paka luku 'ākeʻakeʻa o ka lewa hiki malamalama. More hana kūikawā ka paleʻana oia hoi o mau papa lahilahi Film manao no ka hele wale pāhawewe i loko o ka puali ololi ke kōā huahelu, a aku o ka mea hoʻohana i kānana. i Multilayer ka paleʻana i hoʻohana, e hoomahuahua i ka reflectivity o na aniani keleawe o ka Astronomical telescopes, e like me'ōnohi kukuna resonators. Interferometry - pololei ana e ki ina hana like i hoʻohana no ke kau helu keleponaʻana loli liʻiliʻi ma ka pili mamao - ua muli ma ke kilo o nā hoʻololi ai o ka malamalama a me ka pouli paa hua mai la ma ka malamalama lewa. No ka laʻana, he ana o ana i ke 'ākeʻakeʻa kumu hoʻololi, e leie aku, e hoʻonoho i ke curvature o surfaces o'ōnohi eiiiiiaiou i loko o ka'ōnohi ke kōā lobes.