Biochemistry nā'ūhū. 'Ole, ka waiwai a me ka hana

Ke aeea o na meaola e ola ana, miliona o Nine Inch reactions lawe wahi. Kēlā me kēia no ia mea nui, pela no ka mea, he pono e malama i ka mämä holo o ka liluwelo keʻano o ka hanaʻana ma ka pae kiʻekiʻe. Ua aneane kela naoh ua catalyzed ma kona'ūhū. He aha e nā'ūhū? He aha kā lākou kūlana ma ka hīnaʻi manu?

Nā'ūhū. ka wehewehena

Ka manawa "'ūhū" ua loko mai Lakina fermentum - berena hū. Lakou i ke kapaʻia nō hoʻi nā'ūhū, mai ka olelo Helene, o em zyme - "ma ka lele pūʻana a me nā koko hookahi."

Nā'ūhū - biologically hana 'ona, no laila kekahi naoh' ia i loko o ka halepaahao, hiki ole ke hana me ia. Mau hui hana like catalysts. Alaila, i kekahi'ūhū i ka papa kuhikuhiE waiwai elua:

1)'ūhū hōʻeleu i ka biochemical naoh, akā, ka mea, ua i hoopauia.

2) ka waiwai o ka equilibrium ikaika, aole ia e lauwili ole, akā, wale hōʻeleu i ka piʻi like ana o keia nui.

Nā'ūhū oia i biochemical reactions i loko o nā tausani, a ma kekahi mau hihia, he miliona manawa. Kēia 'o ia hoʻi i loko o ka wa e kaawale aku o ka'ūhū'ōnaehana a pau intracellular keʻano o ka hanaʻana iʻaneʻane pani, a me ka halepaahao iho make. No laila, i ke kūlana o nā'ūhū like hana nā mea hoʻohui mea kiʻekiʻe.

Aʻano o nā'ūhūʻo ia ka mea hiki ke na¯ hooponopono aeea pūnao. Ma kekahi cascade o reactions lawe hapa nui kekahi mau papa o nā'ūhū. Liluwelo catalysts i ke kiʻekiʻe selectivity ma kekahi mau 'conformation o ka lātoma. T. To, Ma ka hapanui o na hihia nā'ūhū i kumuʻiʻo ma ke ano maoli, ka mea, i loko o tertiary a quaternary 'ole. Ke kumu i hou i ka specificity o ka lātoma.

I ka hana o nā'ūhū i loko o ka halepaahao

O ka papa kuhikuhi hana o ka'ūhū - hoʻonui like naoh. Kekahi cascade keʻano o ka hanaʻana, mai decomposition o ka hydrogen peroxide a pau glycolysis, pono i ke alo o ka liluwelo hōʻeleu.

Pono hana o nā'ūhū loaʻa kiʻekiʻe specificity i kekahi kūpapakū. Kēia 'o ia hoʻi i ka hōʻeleu hiki hōʻeleu i wale kekahi naoh, a ole aku, a hiki loa like. Ma ke degere o ka specificity o ka'ūhū, i ka i kēia pūʻulu.

1) nā'ūhū me ka loa specificity ka wā catalyzed ma hoʻokahi wale nō hoʻokahi naoh. No ka laʻana, collagenase hōʻuluʻulu manaʻo i ka collagen, a me ka maltase pili mai maltose.

2) nā'ūhū me ka pili specificity. Kēia nā waiwai i hiki catalyze i kekahi papa o reactions, no kekahi laʻana, hydrolytic cleavage.

biocatalyst hana hoʻomaka me ka pilina o konaʻeleu paena i ka kūpapakū. I ka Ia manawa kamailio e pili ana i ka mea manuahi AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN like i ka laka a me kī. Ua pili ia i ka piha külike me ka kūpapakū pepa i kaʻeleu iwaena konu, aʻo ka mea hiki e hōʻeleu i ke naoh.

I kekahi anu u ninoieo i loko o ka papa o ka naoh. Kona māmā holo, piʻi pū ma ka hana o ka'ūhū luna '. Ma ka hopena, ua loaa i ka'ūhū, a ua pili i ka naoh huahana.

Hope ke kahua - e wehe i ka naoh huahana mai ka'ūhū, ma hope a kaʻeleu paena hookahi hou i noa no kekahi hana.

Schematically, i ka hana o ka'ūhū ma kēlā me kēia kahua hiki ke palapalaia e like me:

1) S + E -> SE

2) SE -> SP

3) SP -> S + P, kahi S - o ka kūpapakū, E - ka'ūhū, a me ka P - huahana.

Mea Maluna o nā'ūhū

I ke kanaka kino, e hiki ke 'imi i ka nui loa o nā'ūhū. A pau ike e pili ana i kā lākou mau hana a me ka hana i systematized, a me ka hopena ua he pono Mea Maluna, ma i oe hiki wawe ka hoʻoholo ka mea he mau hōʻeleu. Eia nō eono walaʻauʻana papa o nā'ūhū, e like me kekahi mau ano he kumu hoʻohālike o subgroups.

1. Oxidoreductase.

Nā'ūhū o keia papa catalyze redox reactions. Total loaa hou 17 iiaciiie-pūʻulu. Oxidoreductases i IeAUPIIe, IAa IO ole-kumuʻiʻo hapa hoakaka wikamina a heme.

Mawaena o na oxidoreductases e pinepine loaʻa nā kēia subgroups:

he) Dehydrogenase. Biochemistry-dehydrogenase'ūhū ua hoopili aku hydrogen nā'ātoma, a laila 'o ia i kekahi kūpapakū. Kēia subgroup ka loa, he pono ole i na reactions o ka hanu, kāʻamaʻai. E like me kekahi hapa o ka dehydrogenase mea pono e noho i loko o ka palapala o ka coenzyme NAD / NADH paha flavoproteins FAD / FMN. Pinepine eia metala Ion. Ano he kumu hoʻohālike nā nā'ūhū e like me tsitohromreduktazy, pyruvate dehydrogenase, isocitrate dehydrogenase, a me na mea he nui ake nā'ūhū (lactate dehydrogenase, glutamate dehydrogenase, a no laila, ma luna o. D.).

b) oxidases. A helu o nā'ūhū catalyze ka hou o ka o oxygen i ka hydrogen, ai ka naoh huahana hiki e ka wai a me hydrogen peroxide (H ₂ 0, H ₂ 0 _2). Ano he kumu hoʻohālike o na nā'ūhū cytochrome oxidase, tyrosinase.

c) peroxidase a me catalase - nā'ūhū i catalyze ka decomposition H ₂ O ₂ a hiki i ka wai a me ka oxygen.

g) oxygenase. Mau biocatalysts hōʻeleu i oxygen ma IeIIeYOA i ka kūpapakū. Dofamingidroksilaza - kekahi o na ano he kumu hoʻohālike o ia nā'ūhū.

2. Transferases.

Pale umauma hoʻokahi nā'ūhū o keia pae ka hoolilo ana o radicals mai ka waiwai o ka pou waiwai i ka haumāna haʻawina kālā.

he) methyltransferase. DNA methyltransferase - ki nā'ūhū i ka pāʻana i ke kaʻina hana o ka DNA replication. Methylation nucleotides Radio he nui kūlana ma ka rula o ka nukeleaʻakika hana.

b) acyltransferase. Nā'ūhū o keia subgroup i kaʻi mai kekahi lātoma i kekahi acyl pae. Ano he kumu hoʻohālike acyltransferases: lecithin-naʻokoko acyltransferase (hāpai ooieoeiiaeuiiai hui me ka momomaʻakika ma naʻokoko), lizofosfatidilholinatsiltransferaza (acyl pūʻulu ua hoolilo i ka lysophosphatidylcholine).

c) aminotransferases - nā'ūhū i ka pae'āina i loko o ka huli ana o ka'amino nāʻakika. Ano he kumu hoʻohālike o na nā'ūhū alanine aminotransferase i catalyzes ka hoʻololi kemikala o alanine mai pyruvate a me ka glutamate ma laila 'o ia i ka'amino pae.

g) phosphotransferase. Nā'ūhū catalyze ka hou o keia iiaciiie-pae o ka posapahate pae. Kekahi inoa phosphotransferase kinase, Ua oi, he pono ole. Ano he kumu hoʻohālike nā nā'ūhū e like me hexokinase a me ka aspartate, a e pili ana i ka hexose posapahate residues (ka hapanui monakō koko), a me ka asparticʻakika , niioaaonoaaiii.

3. Hydrolases - i ka papa o nā'ūhū e catalyze ka cleavage o paa ana i loko o ka lātoma, ukali ma ka hou ana o ka wai. Waiwai e pili ana i keia pūʻulu - i ka papa kuhikuhiE digestive'ūhū.

he) esterases - uhai i ka ester paa. Kumu - lipases e hoohiolo no ia i kona kaikea a.

b) glycosidases. Biochemistry nā'ūhū o kēia moʻo moe i loko o ka make ana o ka glycoside mea paa o polymers (oligosaccharides a me polysaccharides). Ano he kumu hoʻohālike: amylase, sucrase, maltase.

c) peptidase - nā'ūhū i catalyze ka hālāwai hope o nā polokina e'amino nāʻakika. Peptidase-e pili pū ana nā'ūhū e like me pepsin, trypsin, chymotrypsin, karboiksipeptidaza.

g) Amidases - hoopili amide paa. Ano he kumu hoʻohālike: .. Arginase, urease, glutaminase etc. Many amidase nā'ūhū i loaʻa i loko o ornithine pōʻaiapuni.

4. Lyases - nā'ūhū no ka oihana like i hydrolases, no nae i loko o ka cleavage o ka paa ana i loko o nā lātoma i hoopauia ka wai. Nā'ūhū o keia papa manawa i kekahi hapa o ka pili-kumuʻiʻo hapa, no ka mea hoike, i loko o ka palapala o nā wikamina B1 a me ka B6.

he) decarboxylase. Mau nā'ūhū hana ma luna o ka C-C hoopaa. Ano he kumu hoʻohālike i glutamicʻakika decarboxylase a pyruvate decarboxylase.

b) hydratase a me ka dehydratase - nā'ūhū i catalyze ka cleavage o C-O paa.

c) ka amidine-lyases - luku C-N hoopaa. Laʻana: argininsuktsinatliaza.

g) R-O lyase. Oia nā'ūhū i ana a pipili ka posapahate pae mai ka kūpapakū mea. Eia kekahi laʻana: adenylyl cyclase.

Biochemistry o nā'ūhū ka nānā 'ana ma luna o lākou' ole

I ka hiki ana o kēlā me kēia'ūhū ua nānā 'ia e ke kanaka, wale i kona hoʻomaopop' ana i 'ole. Kekahi'ūhū - Ua kuhikuhi kumuʻiʻo, a me kona 'ole a me ka degere o ka pelu pāʻani i keʻano nui kūlana i loko o kona kuleana pili i ka hoʻoholo'.

Kēlā me kēia biocatalyst ua wehewehe aku ma ke alo o kaʻeleu iwaena konu, a, ma ka huli, ua maheleia i loko o kekahi mau okoa ooieoeiiaeuiuo mau mea:

1) Catalytic Center - he kūikawā māhele o ke kumuʻiʻo, ma a ka'ūhū adherence i ka kūpapakū. Ke kaumaha ma muli o ka conformation o ke kumuʻiʻo lātoma catalytic mawaena konu ke lawe i kekahiʻano o nā 'ano apau loa, a e hoʻopili like i ka kūpapakū like pono me ka laka a me kī. Oia ka luna '' ole wehewehe ke kumu o ka'ūhū kumuʻiʻo mea i loko o ka tertiary a quaternary moku'āina.

2) Adsorption Center - lawelawe 'ana me ka "paa". Here, mua o nā mea a pau kamaʻilio i wahi ma waena o ka'ūhū lātoma a me ka kūpapakū lātoma. Naʻe, ka mea e pili ana i lilo 'o ka adsorption oaio, loa nāwaliwali, a pela ka catalytic naoh mea reversible ma kēia kahua.

3) Allosteric oaio? Ia e ke kai piha i kaʻeleu iwaena konu, a ma ka mea a pau ili o ka'ūhū. Kā lākou hana - rula hooponopono o ka'ūhū. Hooponopono i wahi Via nā lātoma nā mea kūpale a me activators nā lātoma.

Ke activator nā polokina paa ana i ka'ūhū lātoma, hōʻeleu i kona hana. Nā mea kūpale, ma ka mea ku ole, inhibit catalytic haʻawina, a me keia e hana i loko o nā aoao: kekahi ke lātoma e hoopaa ana i ka allosteric waenakonu māhele o ka hana mawaena konu o ka'ūhū (hoʻok & inhibition) ole ia ua pili i kekahi māhele o ke kumuʻiʻo (noncompetitive inhibition). Hoʻok & inhibition ua noʻonoʻo nui ka hoʻokō. Ma hope, ke'ōlelo mai e haapau nei i kahua no ka kūpapakū paa ana i ka'ūhū, a me kēia kaʻina mea hiki wale nō i loko o ka hihia o kokoke piha coincidence o ka inhibitor lātoma a me ka hana i kaʻeleu waena.

'ūhū pinepine aole no o'amino nāʻakika, akā, kekahi o nā ke aloha a me ka'okanikaʻole waiwai. Alaila, noho kaʻawale apoenzyme - proteinaceous hapa coenzyme - ke aloha moiety a me ka cofactor -'okanikaʻole hapa. Coenzyme i e na poe ulgevodami, bipi kūpaluʻia, nukelea nāʻakika, nā wikamina. I huli ai oe, o ka ke kākoʻo '-ololi - He pinepine he kākoʻo metala Ion. 'ūhū ha awina ua nānā 'ia e kona' ole: Additional waiwai me i loko o ka haku mele 'ana, hoololi ae catalytic waiwai. Mai Ke Kula Kaiapuni 'ano o nā'ūhū - o ka hopena o ka pu ana o kēia mau kumumea a pau i hana i ka luna'.

Rula hooponopono o ka hana o nā'ūhū

Nā'ūhū like me ka biologicallyʻeleu waiwai mea e mau loa e pono ai ke kino. Biochemistry o nā'ūhū mea i ka mea, i loko o ka hihia o excessive catalysis ia ia ka poino ola keena. Eʻole nā palapala 'ole ma ke kino nā'ūhū pono e somehow hooponopono i kā lākou hana.

T. To, nā'ūhū i kumuʻiʻo ma ke ano maoli, e hooholo koke luku iho la lakou i kiʻekiʻe mahana. denaturation kaʻina mea reversible, akā, ka mea i aloha ia me ka nui loa o ka waiwai.

pH Radio i nui ka kūlana ma ka rula. I kā mākou'ūhū ha awina ua nui malamaia ma'ākilikai pH (7,0-7,2). No hoi, ua nā'ūhū e hana wale ma lalo oʻakika kumu ole wale nō i loko o kona'ākilikai. Penei, ma ke kelepona hele lysosomes mālama haʻahaʻa pH, i a ka maximal hana o hydrolytic nā'ūhū. Ma ka hanana o accidental hui 'ana me ka cytoplasm, ma ka hoʻolilo' ia mea kokoke i ka'ākilikai, kā lākou hana, e emi iho. mai "samopoedaniya" keia hoomalu ua muli ma luna o nā hiʻona o ka hydrolase.

He waiwai i olelo ia e pili ana i ka nui o ka coenzyme a me cofactor i loko o ka haku mele 'ana o nā'ūhū. Ke alo aku o nā wikamina a metala Ion me ka nui loa pili i ka functioning o kekahi manaʻo nā'ūhū.

Nomenclature o nā'ūhū

i kapa a pau nā'ūhū o ke kino e like me ko lakou pili ana i kekahi o na papa, e like me ka pono me ka kūpapakū me a lakou i pane koke. I kekahi manawa, ke kahua hoʻonohonohoʻana nomenclature hoʻohana i kekahi akā, elua o ka kūpapakū i loko o ka inoa.

Ano he kumu hoʻohālike o ka inoa o kekahi mau nā'ūhū:

1. Ake nā'ūhū: lactate degidrogen aza-glutamate-aza-degidrogen.
2. Full kahua hoʻonohonohoʻana inoa o ka'ūhū: lactate + NAD-aza -oksidoredukt.

Malamaia a AICIeOEOI inoa, a e ole hoopili aku i na rula o ka nomenclature. Ano he kumu hoʻohālike i digestive nā'ūhū: trypsin, chymotrypsin, pepsin.

Ke kaʻina hana o ka hoʻololi kemikala o nā'ūhū

I ka mana o nā'ūhū i paa, a hiki ma ka aaiaoe kiʻekiʻe. Mai ka lātoma mea ana a me ka nui -. Kumuʻiʻo, a me kona hoʻololi kemikala mea like ka ia me ka keʻano o ka hanaʻana o ka EKOLU a me ka unuhi.

Hoʻololi kemikala nā'ūhū ia lŘlŘ like penei. Initially, DNA heluhelu 'ike e pili ana i ka makemake'ūhū e lilo mRNA. Home RNA encodes a pau'amino nāʻakika mea i kekahi hapa o ka'ūhū. Hooponopono ana o nā'ūhū e hoi ana ma ke DNA pae, ina o ka huina hoonui o ka naoh catalyzed lawa'ōewe EKOLU i pau ka moni, a ma ka mea ku ole, ina he mea kekahi e pono i loko o ka huina hoonui, e haʻalele no ka Ekolu a kaʻina hana.

Once ka mRNA i hookuu i loko o ka cytoplasm, ka mea e hiki mai ana ke kahua - ka hoʻoleleʻana. Ma ribosomes endoplasmic reticulum synthesized iniiaiie kaula oia hoi o ka'amino nāʻakika ua hoʻopiliʻiaʻakika'amino paa. Naʻe, ke kumuʻiʻo lātoma i loko o ka iniiaiie 'ole hiki ole i hana kona enzymatic kuleana pili i.

Ke'ūhū ha awina mea e kaukaʻi ma kumuʻiʻo hale. Ia EPS kumuʻiʻo mākaukau kaua paha ma kihi loa, ma ia ho okumu i mua kiʻekiʻe, a laila tertiary 'ole. Ke hoʻololi kemikala o kekahi mau nā'ūhū ua papani iho la i keia kahua, akā, no ka hōʻoi 'hōʻeleu ha awina mea pinepine pono IeIIeYOA a me ka cofactor coenzyme.

Ma kekahi mau mea o ka endoplasmic reticulum mai pipili ke aloha eiiiiiaiou o ka'ūhū: pulapula o ke, nukelea nāʻakika, i ka momona, a me nā wikamina. hiki ole kekahi nā'ūhū e holopono ana me ke alo o ke coenzyme.

Cofactor Radio Heʻano nui kūlana ma ke kahua o ka quaternary 'ole o ke kumuʻiʻo. i loaʻa kekahi o na mana o nā'ūhū wale i ka wa a ke kumuʻiʻo kikowaena hui. No ia mea, ia mea nui loa ia no ko lakou alo quaternary 'ole i loko o i ka ai pili aku loulou ma waena o mau kumuʻiʻo globules mea he mea hiki ke hooheheeia ion.

Mau ano o nā'ūhū

Aia mau wahi, i hiki ia ia mea pono i ke alo o kekahi mau nā'ūhū e catalyze ka ia naoh, akā, oko mai kekahi i kekahi i loko o kekahi i ka mahalo. No ka laʻana, ka mea'ūhū hiki ke hana i 20 degere, akā, ma 0 degere,ʻo ia nō,ʻaʻole e hiki ke hana kona oihana. He aha e hana i loko o ia i kekahi kulana, i ke kino ola ma haʻahaʻa mahana?

Keia pilikia ua hikiwawe Wehewehe i nā hāʻina ma ke alo o kekahi mau nā'ūhū e catalyze ka ia naoh, akā, ma kekahi hana ana. Aia he mau ke ano o ka mau ano o nā'ūhū:

1. Isoenzymes. Oia nā polokina i encoded e okoa nā'ōewe, ka mea, i haku no okoa'amino nāʻakika, akā, catalyze i ka ia naoh.
2. Oiaio mau 'ano apau loa. i kāna mete ia mau nā polokina, mai ka ia'ōewe, akā, ia lŘlŘ ma ribosomes nā loli peptides. Ma ka auoiaea hua mai la kekahi mau ano o ka mea hookahi'ūhū.

E like me ka hopena, mau ano o ke 'ano mua ua hana ma ka aaiaoe pae, i ka wa a ka lua o ka - ma ka pou-translational.

Meaning nā'ūhū

I ka hoʻohana 'ana o nā'ūhū ma ka lapaau iho mai i ke kahe o ka hou laau lapaau, e like me ka hapa o ka a na waiwai i mua i loko o ka mea pono. ʻepekema iʻaʻole i loaʻa i ke ala e hoʻoulu i ka hoʻololi kemikala o ka nalowale nā'ūhū i loko o ke kino, akā, ua manawa hoʻomano haawi ai 'i hiki e mai no o ka lōʻihi like' ole o ko lākouʻole.

'O nā enzymes like'ole i loko o ka pūpū e ho'onāuki i kahi nui o nā hā'ina e pili ana i ka mālama'ana i ka hana nui. 'O kekahi o ia mau inoa he mau'elele o ka hui nuclease: endonuclease a exonclease. 'O kā lākou hana'ana,'o ka mālama mau'ana i nā'eneke nucleic i loko o ke kelepona, e wehe i ka DNA'eha me RNA.

Mai poina ka pili o ke koko. Ma ke'ano he mākaukau pono o ka palekana, ua mālama'ia kēia ka'ina hana e kekahi mau enzymes. 'O ka mea nui kahi thrombin, kahi e ho'ohuli ai i ka fibrinogen pūnana'ole i ka fibrin hana. Ho'okumu i kāna'ano kikowaena i kahi'ano pūnaewele e popo i ka pūnaewele o ka pō'ino o ka moku, a laila e pale ana i ka hala'ole o ke koko.

Ho'omaopopo'ia nā enzymes i ka inu waina, kālai'ana, a loa'a nā hua milk milk fermented. Hiki ke ho'ohana'ia ka mea hū i ka waipiro mai ka glucose, akā, ua lawa kahi unuhi mai ia mau mea no ka holomua o kēia ka'ina hana.

Nā mea hoihoi e pili ana i kahi āu i'ike'ole ai

-'O nā enzymes o ke kino he nui loa - mai 5000 a 1,000,000 Da. 'O kēia ke kumu o ka'ike'ia o ka protein i loko o ka mole. No ka ho'ohālikelike:'o ke kaumaha kaumaha o ka glucose he 180 Da, a'o 44 ke kaona carbon dioxide content.

- I kēia lā, ua'ike'ia he'elua mau enzymes i loa'a ma nā pūnaewele o nā meaola like'ole. Eia na'e,'a'ole i maopopo loa ka nui o kēia mau mea.

- Ke ho'ohana'ia ka hana o nā enzymes no ka loa'a'ana o ka pauka ho'oma'ama'a pono. Maanei, hana nā enzymes i ke'ano like me ke kino: ho'opau lākou i nā mea lā'au, a kōkua kēia waiwai i ka hakakā'ana i nā ko'i. Kūpono e ho'ohana i kekahi mea like me ke kaumaha i ka mahana wela a'oi a'e ma mua o 50 mau kēkelē, i'ole e hiki ke hana i ka ho'opi'i hana.

- Ma muli o nā'ikepilihelu, 20% o nā kānaka o ke ao holo'oko'a e loa'a i ka nele i kekahi o nā enzymes.

- Ua lō'ihi lākou i'ike e pili ana i nā waiwai o nā enzymes, akā, i ka makahiki 1897,'ike nā kānaka no ka inu'ana o ka wai i ka wai'ona,'a'ole hiki iā'oe ke ho'ohana i ka mea hū, akā, he mea unuhi mai ko lākou mau pūnaewele.