Byzantine kaila kuhikuhipuʻuone i loko o Rusia

Historical a me ka nohona manaʻo nui o Byzantium hiki ole ke overestimated. Ke Lūkini Byzantine hooilina hiki ke loaʻa nā loko o ka uhane a me ka lako e, ao ke ano o ke ola. Ke AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN o ka hana 'ike loea ola kekahi mau kahua o ka hoʻonaʻauao, a hiki i ke kālā no moʻomeheu a me ka kuhikuhipuʻuone i na hoailona o keia ole. Ma global hua'ōlelo, Lūkini moʻomeheu ua i ka papa kuhikuhiE hope a me ka continuer o ka mooolelo a me ka uhane canons o ka Byzantine aupuni a pau.

Nā kêia kanaka o ka Byzantine kaila

Ka'opi o ka Roma aupuni a pau i loko o 395 AD alakai aku ai i ka muli o ka hou aupuni a pau, ma hope kapa Byzantium. Ua Ua manaoia e ia i ka hope o ka mea kahiko mooolelo, moʻomeheu a me ka naauao. Byzantine kaila aicieeaao like me ka hopena o ka lehulehu o ka? Ueony kuhikuhipuʻuone 'ana i kūpono. ʻO nā kānaka kuhikuhipuʻuone o ka hou moku'āina koke iā lākou iho i ka hana, e hahau ia Roma e piʻi like. No laila, a he kemu a pau i ka pono i ua ua invented e ka Roma, a me na Helene, e kāinoa hou masterpieces, lawe i ka hakaka ana o ka manawa, a loaʻa hou mau manao a me ka hoʻolālā pāʻoihana.

Ho okumu ana o Byzantine moʻomeheu i wahi ole wale ma luna o ka'ōlelo a me ka hana ana o ka mea kahiko Greco-Roman ka ho'āʻoʻana, akā, i aie i ka ikaika'Ākia keiki, a i ka lewa i loko o ka makemake no ka hana maʻamau, me ka unahiʻole, embellishment.

Aie i ka mea i loko o Constantinople, kikiʻo ka hikina lālā o Kristiano, ke aupuni, e pono ai hou na ekalesia. No ka mea hou ideology i pono kona mau nā wahi. Mau pilikia i Wehewehe i nā hāʻina ma ka mea maikaʻi Artists o ko ke ao nei, ka poe i akoakoa mai i Constantinople, a hana nā hana, a e lilo ana i ka mea hou haipule, nohona kanaka, a me ka lehulehu kuhikuhipuʻuone Canon.

Hiʻona o ka Byzantine kaila

ʻO nā kānaka kuhikuhipuʻuone o Constantinople i, e hoʻoponopono i kekahi mau nui mall pilikia, aʻano nuiʻikeʻia ma ka ekalesia kuhikuhipuʻuone. Hale Pule Nui o ka Orthodox Church ua ia e kekahiʻaoʻaoʻelua manaʻo ma luna o ka Mea Nānā a me kona mea kaupaona a me ka nani, i ka luakini i pili i ke aupuni o ke Akua, a, no laila, na nā kānaka kuhikuhipuʻuone pono hou 'ano o ka olelo, i ka huli' ana no i ka mea i hoʻoili. No ke kumu o ka Byzantine ekalesia kumumanao,ʻaʻole mea i lawe Helene Hale Pule Nui, a me ka Roma Basilica. Ua kūkuluʻia nā pā pōhaku o ka pōhaku lepo papa me ka nui ka ponaʻana pāʻoihana. Ua alakai aku ai i ke kahua o ke kiʻiona hiʻona o Byzantine hale - alo nā pōhaku lepo a me ka pohaku na hale o ka pouli a me ka malamalama waihoʻoluʻu. A puni ka mea helehelena pinepine neo? Aaiiai? Arcade o kolamu me ka hokeo ie-mau poo.

Ke Byzantine kaila ua pili i ke 'ano o ke keʻa-na¯ haʻawina Hale Pule Nui. Ke kanaka kuhikuhi puʻuʻone e hoʻokele i loaʻa i ka mea pāʻoihana a hiki i ka hui ana o ka mea poepoe Dome, a me ka huinahalike kumu, no laila, he "holo", i hana i ka pono o harmonious wholeness. Hou i ka puka makani me ka ua hoʻokōʻia luna, kauʻia ma luna o ka elua a ekolu e hiki mai ana - Ua hoi he nui ka hoailona o Byzantine hale.

Mawaho aaioee hale ua mau Ua oi uku ma mua o ke Keena Kalaiaina - keia mea kekahi hiʻona o ka Byzantine hale. Nā loina o ka Kalaiaina manao, o ke ano hoohanohano, richness a me ka hiehie, ka mea i hoʻohana no ka mea pipiʻi, kilakila nā mea i ka ikaika manaʻo ma luna o kanaka.

Byzantine keiki ma medieval kuhikuhipuʻuone

Ma ka Middle Ages ka aoao o Byzantium hohola ai i nā'āina a pau o Europa, ka mea, ua ka kālai'āina, waiwai a me ka uhane. Ke Byzantine kaila o ka kuhikuhipuʻuone o ka Middle Ages huli mai ia ia i kekahi o nā kumu waiwai ikaika no IeAIIeXIAaIEE. Italy increasingly ike Byzantine kuhikuhipuʻuone HOU: he houʻano o ka ekalesia a me ka mosaic 'ana i kūpono. Penei, ka medieval ekalesia o Ravenna, ma ka mokupuni o Torcello, Palermo lilo i ka hoailona o Byzantine keiki.

Hope, ka mea au e halii mai i nā'āina. No laila, i ka Hale Pule Nui ma Aachen ma Germany mea he laʻana o Byzantine keiki i loko o ka malamalama o ka Italia haku. Eia naʻe, no ka ole loa mana o Byzantium i ma luna o ia mau'āina e i hookama Orthodoxy: Pulakalia, Serbia,'Ararata a me Kahiko Rusia. Eia ka mea, he maoli moʻomeheuʻano a me ka hoonohonoho hou, i nā hualoaʻa ma ka nui modernization o ka kuhikuhipuʻuone neia? Ueony.

Byzantine keiki ma luna o ka kuhikuhipuʻuone o kahiko Rusia

A pau i ike i ka moʻolelo e pili ana i ka'aheʻelele Lūkini e kipa Rome, a Constantinople ma ka huli ana i ka hoomana kupono i pehea walawala ai ma ka nani o Hagia Sophia, a me ia nō ka hope o ka hihia. Mai ia manawa ka mana transference mooolelo, hāʻina o nā haʻawina, oihana ma Lūkini aina. An nui kēia lākiō i loko o kēia kaʻina ka ekalesia kuhikuhipuʻuone, a 'Imi hoomaka ae la e hoʻomōhala i loko o ka hou palapala. Byzantine kaila ma ka kuhikuhipuʻuone o na luakini iʻikeʻia ma muli o ia ka mea i ka mea a pau o nâ haku e hele mai i ka Makamua Rusia, e kūkulu cathedrals, hoolilo nā mākau, a kūkulu i ka hou kiʻi o ka aina. A me he wahi lihi iki o nā kānaka kuhikuhipuʻuone kipa Constantinople, ke aʻo 'ana i ka paena a me ia paena o ka hale.

Lūkini haku mai 10th ke kenekulia,ʻaʻole wale e apono i ka Byzantine kauoha, akā, i hoolako mai ia lakou, hoʻokō pāʻoihana a me ka kupono loa o ka ekalesia kūloko. Traditional keʻa-na¯ haʻawina Byzantine luakini Rus loaʻa iā ia kekahi hou nave a me nā kia no ka oi nona iho. E ho okumu i ka hou kaila hale hou e pili oihana mau mea: manufacturing o nā pōhaku lepo, a hoolei iho bele, icons - a pau o keia mea he Byzantine aʻa, akā, hoʻokō 'ia e Lūkini poe paahana ma ka uhane o ke aupuni nō. A Kuhina Nui mamuli o ia aaioee ka Hale Pule Nui naauao i ke Akua i loko o Kiev, ma ka Byzantine nave shape lilo hou a me elima-manuwa hana i mau papa, a elima poo 12 e inā ma kekahi mea uuku Dome.

Byzantine luakini kükohu

Ke Byzantine kaila o ka kuhikuhipuʻuone, o ka oi aku ia makou e noonoo, ua muli ma ka hoʻonaʻauao kū hoʻokahiʻia o ka luakini. Ua hanau kona ano, mai hoʻokahi wale nō utilitarian pono: hoonui luakini wa, he mea e pili ana no ka Dome a me ka waihona ipu, lawa ka malamalama. A pau ia i alakaʻi i ka mea i hana i ka kūikawāʻano o ke kūkuluʻia, i a laila hoʻololi i ka holoʻokoʻa luakini kuhikuhipuʻuone i loko o ke ao nei. Traditional Byzantine luakini i heʻahā like a huinahń kumu keʻa-Dome 'ole. No ka mea kikowaena hapa o ka apse, a me ka pili gale. Ke mahuahua ma ka buke i alakai ai i ka muli i loko o nā kūkulu pū i loko o ka palapala o ke kolamu, i hookaawale aku la lakou i ekolu mau puʻu huila Hale Pule Nui. Loa pinepine, he Classic luakini i kekahi poo, ka emi 5 Windows me archways hui 2-3 ma lalo o kekahi, he pono ole e pio.

Hiʻona i loko o ka Lūkini Byzantine kaila ekalesia kuhikuhipuʻuone

Ka mua hale o na heiau hou o ka Ekalesia e noho ana i loko o ka Lūkini i waha, hiki ole i ka Helene aloha ia lakou, mahope mai o ko lakou mau luakini lakou i kukulu ai o ka lepo a me ka pohaku. No laila, ka mea mua HOU - he nui-alai ae la, a i ke 'Imi hoʻokō i kuhikuhipuʻuone pāʻoihana. Ka mua pohaku ekalesia ma Rusia akaka ma ka pau ana o ka 9th kenekulia, a mai ke keʻa-na¯ haʻawina 'ole. A hiki i kēia lā i ka luakini i ola, no laila, e'ōlelo aku i kona specificity hiki. No ka ekalesia ma Rusia ua mea nui dala, no laila, i ka mua nā kānaka kuhikuhipuʻuone i haʻakoi, e hana me ka pilikia o ka hoʻoulu i ka na kahua o ka luakini, kūkulu lewa nā lālani e a me nā keʻena ma luna.

I kēia manawa i ka Byzantine kaila i loko o Rusia, kiʻi o ka hale i hiki ke ike i na mea he nui guidebooks, ua poe ma kekahi mau wahi nui. Ua Ua kūkuluʻia ma Kiev, Chernigov, Novgorod wahi, Pechora, Vladimir, Pskov. Aia nā luakini lehulehu i i ahuwale Byzantine hiʻona, akā, e hoʻokaʻawale hale me ka hanana kuhikuhipuʻuone pāʻoihana. Ka loa kaulana loaʻa Saint Sophia Hale Pule Nui ma Novgorod hoopahaohaoia'na Hale Pule Nui ma Chernigov, Nereditsa Church, Trinity Church ma Pechersk hoailona.

Byzantine kaila ma Europa kuhikuhipuʻuone

State Byzantium ola no ka oi mamua o 10 kenekulia, hiki ole ole i ka haʻalele kona hoailona ma ka mōʻaukala o ko ke ao nei. Ma ka kuhikuhipuʻuone o Europa, a i keia la, ua hiki ke ike i ka hiki hiʻona o ka Byzantine hooilina. Most waiwai i loko o borrowings a me ka hoʻomauʻana i ka Middle Ages, ka wā nā kānaka kuhikuhipuʻuone e'āpono nā kū hoʻokahi, ke manaʻo o nā hoapili, a kūkulu mau luakini, no ka laʻana, ma Italy, a ua receptive loa i ka Byzantine keiki. Ke ole ikaika o ka Venetian Repubalika i Artists ka mea i hele mai Byzantium, a me ka lehulehu o artifacts, lawe 'aneʻi ma hope o ka hopu ana o Constantinople. O ka Hale Pule Nui o San Marco ma Venice nā mea he nui Byzantine motifs a me kanaka.

No emi nui kūlana pâʻani 'o ia ma ka Byzantine kuhikuhipuʻuone a me ka pakebona. Ka rula ana oaio-na¯ haʻawina 'ano o ke kūkulu, a i hiki mai, mai keia aina, oia ke launa mai he ākea. Hiʻona o Byzantine ekalesia hiki ke loaʻa ole wale ma ka haipule hale, akā, i ka naita ma hale. Nā kānaka kuhikuhipuʻuone mai Brunelleschi a hiki i Bramante a Andrea Palladio. Kekahi ke maopopo ike i ke kumu a me ka constructive pāʻoihana Byzantines ma na kaulana hale me ka St. Petero ka Basilica ma Roma, St. Paul mau ma London, ka Pantheon ma Palika.

Byzantine kaila ma Europa kuhikuhipuʻuone me ia i ole e holopono ana mai, ināʻaʻole e lawe i ka mooolelo o ka aina ka Orthodox, akā, oihana mua o ke kuhikuhipuʻuone o ka'ōnaehana i nō i nanaia, ka mea i reinterpreted a modernized, akā, ka mea, o ke kumu i a ka Europa kuhikuhipuʻuone ulu. Byzantium lilo i wahi o ka mālamaʻana i nā kuʻuna Hawaiʻi, a i laila, hoʻi hou i Europa, a hoomaka ae la e e ike e ia e like me kā lākou mōʻaukala kumu ae.

Ho okumu ana o ka Lūkini-Byzantine kaila

Byzantine kaila ma Lūkini kuhikuhipuʻuone ua hanaʻia e like me ka hopena o nā kenekulia o rethinking a hoohehee maemae au ia i nā manaʻo o nā kānaka kuhikuhipuʻuone mai Constantinople. I hana i ke kaila me i mua lākou, coexist hikina a me ka Lūkini manaʻo ma ka waena o ka 19th kenekulia. Ua laila, hoʻomaka ke flowering o ke kuhikuhipuʻuone, ma i na e piʻi like o Byzantine nā kānaka kuhikuhipuʻuone no Turtle reworked, hoomaka a noi i ka hou aoao. No laila, i ka Lūkini Byzantine kaila ma ka 19th kenekulia - ka mea, ua i ka hoʻopiliʻana i ka piʻi like o Constantinople, a me ka hanaia'na o "ma muli o" ka hale, a me ka inclusion nui o maoli Lūkini manaʻo.

Periodization o ka Lūkini Byzantine kaila ma ka kuhikuhipuʻuone

He aha ka mea i haawiia ia ia ma ka kumumanaʻo o ka kuhikuhipuʻuone mea like "Byzantine kaila", i hanaʻia i loko o ka hapalua like-19th kenekulia. Kona ideologists a me propagandists ua i ke kanaka kuhikuhi puʻuʻone KA tona. Harbingers o ke kaila hou i loko o nā 20s o ka 19th kenekulia, ka mea i hiki i ka hale e like me ka Ekalesia o ka hapa umi ma Kiev, Aleksandra Nevskogo ekalesia ma Potsdam.

Akā, i ka mua wā o ke kahua o ke kaila hina ma ka 40th a me ka 50th makahiki, ia mea pakahi aku la ia kekahi 'ma ka hale door Gornostaeva a me D. Grimm. Lua o ka manawa - na 60s, i ka wa a ka uhane o ka eclecticism e Hoʻohaku hale maluhia hui Byzantine a me ka Lūkini hiʻona. I loko o kēia wā, kaila mea pakahi aku la ia hiki i loko o nā hale G. G. Gagarina, VA Kosyakova a me EA Borisova.

70-90 makahiki - ka manawa ka manaʻo pohihihi o ke kaila, nā kānaka kuhikuhipuʻuone lawelawe i ka nui mea hoʻonani, e raznostilevyh lāliʻi i loko o kona kūkuluʻia. Ma ka huli ana o ke kenekulia 19th, a 20th, a i kakahiaka nui 20th-kenekulia Byzantine kaila ma Rusia hoʻomaka e e hoohalike ana aku o ka 'elele, e hele mai ana i kahi hookahi i loko o ka uhane o Art Nouveau me nā styles. Ma ka makahiki 90 o ka 20th kenekulia 'ōili mai feria-Byzantine kaila, i hiki ke ike hope accretions, akā, koho koke kūpuna kāna moʻolelo.

Noʻonoʻo o ka Byzantine kaila i loko o ke Keena Kalaiaina

Constantinople kaila mea pakahi aku la ia mea i loko o ka manao o ka Kalaiaina mea hoʻonani o ka hale. No ka interiors i loko o ka mea Byzantine kaila ua wehewehe aku ma ka waiwai mea hoʻonani, me ka hoʻohana 'ana o ka pipiʻi mea: he gula, he keleawe, ke kālā, he pōhaku maikaʻi, laau maikai. Bright hoailona o ke Keena Kalaiaina i loko o kēia kaila e na mosaics ma na paia, a ma luna o ka papahele.

Noʻonoʻo o ka Byzantine kaila ma Lūkini kuhikuhipuʻuone o ka 19th kenekulia

Ke brightest manawa ma ka kuhikuhipuʻuone, ma muli ia ma ka moolelo o Constantinople, mea ma ka waena o ka 19th kenekulia. I keia manawa i ka Byzantine kaila kuhikuhipuʻuone o St. Petersburg i ka haku. Ka clearest laʻana o ka hale i loko o kēia kaila i ka Ekalesia o ka lokomaikai Mother o ke Akua i loko o ka Galley Harbor (Kosyakova a Prussians), Greek ekalesia Dmitriya Solunskogo (R. I. Kuzmina) ke kālepaʻana House Stoll a me Schmidt (W. Schroeter). Ma Moscow, ka mea, ua, o ka papa, kūkulu tona: o Kristo ka mea e ola ai Hale Pule Nui, ka Luna Nui Kremlin Palace.

Byzantine motifs ma ka kuhikuhipuʻuone o ka 20th kenekulia

Ke kia-Soviet i hala, a me ka hoihoi hou ia ana o ka orthodoxy alakaʻi ai i ka mea i ka Byzantine kaila i loko o ka kuhikuhipuʻuone o Rusia hookahi hou e pili. Aia i kūkuluʻia i loko o ka Lūkini Byzantine kaila ma na Lūkini kulanakauhale. A ma ko kumu hoʻohālike o ka Ekalesia ma ke Koko ma Honor o All poe haipuleʻO wai ka pūwāʻana aku i loko o ka Lūkini Land ma Yekaterinburg ma CarloʻEperaima.

Ma ka huli ana o 20-21 kenekulia i hana ka ai-kapaia "lua o Lūkini-Byzantine kaila," i hōʻike ma ka hou ekalesia hale. He hiki ke wahi cathedrals e like me Panteleimon ekalesia ma Izhevsk, Church o ka hānauʻana i loko o Omsk, Church o ka hanau ai ma Moscow, a lehulehu na hale ma ka aina. Ua paipai i ka manaʻo o Byzantium komo hohonu i loko o Lūkini moʻomeheu a me keia mea inseparable mai ia.

Hoikehonua, na hale i loko o ka Byzantine kaila

Hoikehonua, nā kānaka kuhikuhipuʻuone, o ka oi aku ma ka ekalesia kuhikuhipuʻuone, a hou e hoʻi ai i ka mooolelo o Constantinople me ke kumu o kuʻuna pāʻoihana. Ka mea, he oiaio reinvented e hoʻonā 'ia e lawe i ka mooolelo o ka' ike loea hou, akā, i ka uhane o Byzantium manaʻo lākou. He maluhia ke olelo aku nei au i keia mea ola Byzantine kaila kuhikuhipuʻuone i loko o Rusia. Ano he kumu hoʻohālike o keia hiki ke loaʻa i loko o na kulanakauhale he nui o ka aina: no ka Ekalesia o ka Uhane mura-e hali ana i Women ma St. Petersburg, St. Rotehama Church ma Nadym, Seraphim Church ma Moore a me na mea e ae.