Chloroform - He aha ka mea? E hoomakaukau ai a me ka palapala noi hana o ka chloroform

Ka loaʻa o ka nui Nine Inch mea ole intentional a me ka accidental, iloko o ka hoʻololi kemikala, a study o na waiwai o ka waiwai. Eia naʻe, he nui no ka accidentally ike i ka waiwai i mea nui, ka mea i hoʻohana ole wale i loko o kemika, akā, i lāʻau lapaʻau, ka hana a me nā mahinaʻai. Just ma ka manawa no ka poe waiwai a me nā chloroform, a e e kūkā mai no hoi ia.

inoa

Ka inoa o ka waiwai loaʻa paha kekahi mauʻano likeʻole. I ka mea, e like a pau ke aloha i huiʻia, e nonoi aku nei i nā kānāwai o ka pono nomenclature nā lātoma AICIeOEOI inoa a me ka inoa, ma muli o ka haku mele 'ana o ka lātoma.

No laila, i ka chloroform malaila i kekahi mau wale nō o ka inoa:

• kalapona trichloride;
• chloroform;
• trichloromethane.

Chloroform: He aha ka mea? Oe ke hai mai i ka inoa hui, a ua hiki ke noonoo i ka geometric 'ole o ka lātoma.

hakakino 'ole

chloroform lātoma ninoieo o ekolu nā'ātoma o chlorine a me kekahi hydrogen'Ātoma, kēlā'Ātoma ua pili i ke kikowaena o carbon. ʻano nui, trichloromethane lātoma - he huahana'ano'ē hakahaka o ka hydrogen nā'ātoma ma chlorine nā'ātoma ma ka methane lātoma ka wā paku ole ia i kekahi mau ana.

Ma keia hihia, a pau o ka C-Cl pono like, ikaika Polar. C-H paa ana hoʻohālike au i nā mea paʻa hōʻike 'ia ma ka lātoma i hiki hou polarization lilo loa kūlana. No laila, ma o ka hou aaioee o ka lātoma P-H hoopaa ua hikiwawe haehaeia, a ua UAIAaIN hydrogen ma nā nā'ātoma (e laʻa me, chlorine, hoi, a me ke kahua o ka kalapona tetrachloride).

pehea nana chloroform noonoo. Ka haʻilula mea: CHCL _3. Ka mall haʻilula o ke kēia palapala:

He mau hale a ho i ka Nine Inch waiwai i hāpai i ka chloroform. Ka haʻilula hōʻike i ka lātoma ka hale lio, a no ka pane koke ke kanana 'olelo pono e hoopili.

physical waiwai

Helu waiwai hiki ke wehewehe aku penei: trichloromethane:

1. Ma lalo o maʻamau rula (mehana ea, maʻamau ka lewa puʻe o 100 kPa, humidity ole kiʻekiʻe ma luna o 80%) o ka waiwai ka ikaika laulau puaʻa wai ka ole waihoʻoluʻu. Ke ala o ka chloroform pahi lawa kaumaha, o Hoamakeikekula, e like me ka ala o Etera. I ka ho'āʻoʻana o ka mea ala ukana, akā, e hiki ole ho'āʻo ia, no ka mea, he'āinaʻawahia.
2. Ka wai insoluble, hiki o ka mea hoʻoheheʻeʻia wale nō i loko o kaʻano o ke aloha nā'uheheʻe. Mai ka wai hiki no hoi i hana i ka haʻahaʻa-lehulehu (0.23%) pāʻoihana.
3. Ka baila aʻela i wahi o keia hui ka haʻahaʻa ma mua ia o ka wai i kahi o 62 ⁰ C.
4. Heheʻe wahi ikaika io, -63.5 ⁰ C.
5. Chloroform paʻapūʻoi aku ma mua o ka pa apŘ o ka wai , a dala i 1,483 g. / Knm ^3.
6. Ikaika haʻiʻawahia ano o ka waiwai ma luna o ka ona ma luna o ka meaola, pili ia i kekahi pūʻulu o narcotic i huiʻia.

I ka mea hoʻoheheʻe i loko o ka wai trehloristy kalapona hiki ke ho okumu i azeotropic nā mea huihuina. Ma keia chloroform pāʻoihana mea 97,5% a wale 2,5% wai. Ka baila aʻela i wahi o ka pāʻoihana ua hoemi like no ia o ka maemae trichloromethane a me ka 52 ⁰ C.

Nine Inch mall

Like a pau chlorinated methane, chloroform hōʻike i reactivity. Nolaila, he mea uuku naoh, typical no ia ia. No ka laʻana, hana maikaʻiʻole o ka chlorine nā lātoma i ke kaʻina hana o ka hoomakaukau ana o nā mea loaʻa o ka methane chlorination. I keia wai ua ia chloroform, reactions ana e like me ke 'ano o ka'ano'ēʻano papa hana i kauoha mai ultraviolet pāhawewe like me ka elue a me ka malamalama quanta.

CHCL ₃ + Cl ₂ = CCL ₄ + HCL

E like me ka naoh helu kaulike hōʻike i ka huina hoonui mea oo chlorinated methane - kalapona tetrachloride. Oia reactions i kekahiʻaoʻao o ka loaa kalapona tetrachloride i loko o ka hana.

I Nine Inch waiwai nā azeotropic ukuhiia i ka wai, i ka hiki ana o ka haawi ana chloroform. He aha ka mea? Ia mea, e like me ka pāʻoihana ma nā kapuahi e eiiiiiaiou mai i undergo kekahi hoʻololi. Ma nā kapuahi e keia läÿau, hiki ole ke maheleia i mahele.

Kekahiʻano o nā reactions, a e komo chloroform ka hakahaka o ka halogen nā'ātoma'ē aʻe nā'ātoma a ooieoeiiaeuiuo pūʻulu. No ka laʻana, ma ka naoh me koʻana koko paʻakai hydroxide , ia 'ano apau loa paʻakai'ākeka:

chloroform + NaOH (aq) = paʻakai'ākeka + paʻakai koloriside + ka wai

Eia kekahi, kokoke nui naoh o ka naoh o chloroform me ka ammonia a me ka potasiuma hydroxide (i kia pāʻoihana) me ka hopena o ia AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN, he cyanide.

Chloroform + ammonia + potasiuma hydroxide = KCN + potasiuma koloriside + ka wai

waho pūnaewele chloroform

Ma ka malamalama trichloromethane ua decomposed me ke kahua o ka pilikia,ʻawahia huahana.

Chloroform phosgene = + Hydrochloricʻakika + chlorine + hakakino o carbon dioxide

Nolaila, i ka olelo o ka pūnaewele o ka chloroform E e kūikawā - hue o ka pouli aniani me ka pilipaa pani'ōmole. Ka'ōmole iho e waiho waho aku, mai Map.

? eaia

Makaukau o chloroform i lawe mai i loko o kekahi mau aoao.

1. A multistage kaʻina ka chlorination o ka methane e ia lŘlŘ ma ka'ano'ēʻano papa hana ma lalo o ka aoao o ka ultraviolet malamalama a me ka wela. Ma keia hihia i ka hopena mea ole wale chloroform, akā, na nā ekolu huahana: chloromethane, dichloromethane a me ka kalapona tetrachloride. Ke naoh Ua like penei:

Ch ₄ + Cl ₃ = Ch ₂ Cl + HCL - chloromethane hana a me ka hydrogen koloriside

Cl + Ch ₃ = Ch ₂ Cl ₂ Cl ₂ + HCL - dichloromethane a me ka hydrogen koloriside hana

Ch ₂ Cl ₂ + Cl ₂ = CHCL ₃ + HCL - i hana trichloromethane (chloroform), a me ka hydrogen koloriside

CHCL ₃ + Cl ₂ = CCL ₄ + HCL - ano kalapona tetrachloride a me ka hydrogen koloriside

Ma keia ano, me ka hoʻololi kemikala trichloromethane oihana puolo.

2. ka AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN ma waena o ka loloʻa ka pauka a me ka'eto ka waiʻona. Kēia keʻena hoʻokolohua hana.

3. e hoomakaukau ai no electrolytic chloroform (uilaʻikena) i ka mekala 'åkilikai metala chlorides i loko o ka lewa o ka acetone a'eto ka waiʻona. I ke keʻena hoʻokolohua ano no ka hana trichloromethane.

, i ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe

Ma hope o chloroform ua loaa, e pono e e ua holoiʻia. Ma hope o nā mea a pau, ina ka mea, ua hoʻohana 'ia no ka' inikua hana, i ka maʻiʻo o impurities i loko o ia mea wale unacceptable. Inā ka pale noi hoakaka, ka maʻiʻo o ka haole waiwai e e kaupalena '.

Aia paha e likeʻole impurities i maupaʻa chloroform. He aha ka mea? He aha mau mea?

• 'eto waiʻona.
• Hydrogen koloriside.
• Phosgene.
• Chlorine.

Aia i ka papa kuhikuhiE mau aoao elua e hoʻomaʻemaʻe mau impurities mai chloroform:

• copious holoiʻia ia me ka wai ukali e maloʻo ana (ae i ka loa e pohaku uinihepa, o ka ethanol);
• trichloromethane holoi me ka ikaikaʻakika, laila me ka mekala 'åkilikai ikaika, i ukali ia e ka wai. Mahope lapaʻau ua maloʻo ma ka hoʻohana 'ana i ka dehydrating Agena - kalipuna koloriside. Ka mea ua laila fractionally i puhi ia ma luna o ke kia ao.

Mōʻaukala o ka Kaka

Mai ka wā ua ike no chloroform? He aha ka mea a ka mea i hoʻohana mua? E ho'āʻo i ka maopopo.

Ka mua hoomanao ana o keia waiwai pili i ka makahiki 1831. wā i chemist mai Guthrie Harbor Ua loaa trichloromethane i ka ua. Naʻe, i ka manao o ka mea, ua i ka waiwai, ka mea, ua i ka maikaʻi ma-huahana. i huli ke chemist nā'uheheʻe no laholio, ho okolohua a accidentally loaʻa chloroform.

I ka hookahi makahiki, a me ka makahiki ma hope kekahi mau kānakaʻepekema kū kaʻawale loaa ma ka ho okolohua keia waiwai. It Yustas Libih (nana i ka makana nui a hiki i ka ulu ana o kemika) a me Eugen Subereyn. Kā lākou hana ua e imi i ka anesthetic, a loaʻa lākou iā ia. Eia naʻe, ua loaʻa mai e pili ana i keia kanawai o ka chloroform, a hoomaka ae la e hana ia ma hope, wale me na 1840s.

Ke mall haʻilula a me ka AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN o nā'ātoma loko o ka lātoma e aʻo, a hooponopono iho i? Ieoaeunoai chemist Dumas i ka 1834 makahiki. He hāpai, a loaa i ka chloroform kona inoa, i i haawiia mai i loko o ka hanohano o ka holo mālie. Ma Roma puamauu haʻi formiata, i na i loko o kēia mau nā mea kolo formicʻakika mea hiki ke lilo mai chloroform. Ma keia kumu, a me ka hōʻike kona inoa.

Ke liluwelo ia ma luna o ke kanaka

Ua ho'āpono ka hoʻohana me he anesthetic chloroform. Kanawai i kanaka ka loa kekahi, e uhi ana i kekahi mau nui hui, nenoai.

Ke degere o ka ole hilinaʻi nui ma luna o nā kumumea like me:

• lehulehu ana waiwai;
• ka lōʻihi like 'ole o ka hana;
• aoao o ka noho ma loko.

I ka wa e hele mai i ke gula maikai, 'inikua chloroform, laila kona hoʻohana ua pololei dosed pololei a me nā Tuamotu. No laila, hiki contraindications hoʻokō pono he mau. Inā mākou e kamaʻilio e pili ana i ka chloroform e evaporate i loko o ka lewa, a ana hapa o kona poe kanaka, Ua nui oi kaumaha a me ka luku i ka hana 'aneʻi.

Penei, inhalation o trichloromethane iloko o 10 minuke ke hana airway edema, pulmonary spasm, cough, eha loa puʻu. Inā i ka hopena, aole ia i hooki i kaʻapu kōheoheo iā ia lŘlŘ koke. Ia e pepehi, e ma ka'emi'ōnaehana (a me ke poo a me ka spinal kaula), o hiki mai ona.

I detrimental ia ma luna o ke ake, a me nā puʻupaʻa digestive nā loko mai chloroform. Kona hopena mea oi loaʻino wale i ina ia i loko o pāʻoihana. Malama kēia naoh ka meaola i ka hiki i ka? Eaia o chloroform:

• pōniuniu;
• ka luaʻi, a nausea;
• koʻikoʻi headaches;
• Central ko mākou hopohopo'ōnaehana kaumaha, a me ka hopena, luhi;
• kuni;
• allergic rashes, ili redness.

Research a me ka ike maopopo ana i kekahi mau holoholona i hōʻike i ka penei hopena:

1. Lōʻihi-makahiki hoʻohana o chloroform i loko o ka wai a nā haʻahaʻa o ka hāpai keiki, mau pathology a me mutagenesis o ka hanauna e hiki mai.
2. A hiki i ka wa e ola ana ka lewa o ka chloroform holoholona i kaumaha, sluggish a me ka lōʻihi like 'ole o ko lākou ola ua me ka nui loa hoemiia.
3. Ma muli o ia mea me kaʻiole, ka mea i manao ai carcinogenicity trichloromethane.

Kēia mau hualoaʻa Ua loaa chemists a me na kahuna lapaau i loko o ke ao o ka waiwai i ola meaola o chloroform.

Hoʻohana 'ia ma ka lapaau

Ke hai mua o ka 'inikua hana o ka waiwai ua uhukiia i loko o ka makahiki 1847. Ua i laila i kekahi nä känaka 'epekema, he kauka, he chemist Holmes Coote i manaoia mua i ka hoʻohana' ana o ka chloroform me ka anesthetic. Kanawai ma luna o kanaka ia i ma luna o ka wā hana mea maikaʻi - he piha shutdown o ka ike paka i, i ka wa e kaawale aku o kekahi manaʻo.

Akā, ma hope, i ka wa a ke hoʻomanawanui hou ka ike paka, ka mea i hōʻike i ka mea, aole e pau ana nausea, ka luaʻi. A laila, ua, ua hoʻokumu hou kūlike loa rula o ke noi ana o ka waiwai, e pale aku i na hopena.

A mea koʻikoʻi kūlana ma ka hoike ana i lapaau chloroform hoʻokani English obstetrician Dzheyms Simpson. Ua i aku la ia i ho'āʻo ai i ka maikaʻi hopena o ka hui a me ka manawa o ka hanau ana kaʻina.

Eia naʻe, ua nui hou, palekana a me ke kālā no ano o ka anesthesia ma mua o chloroform no manawa. Kona hoʻohana i ka lapaau ua kokoke nalowale. I kēia lā, ka mea, ua hoʻohana 'ia i loko o ka palapala o:

• ke keʻena poni no mawaho noi;
• me ka palena manawa no ka anesthetic ma ka hui pu ana, a me nā waiwai, a me wale i loa haʻahaʻa nā hoʻohui like;
• me na kulu hoomahaia i nausea a me ka luaʻi.

hanalima noi

Ke hana i kekahi hoʻohana chloroform. Kona noi pili i na Nine Inch syntheses, kahi e Radio ke kūlana o'ūheheʻe degreaser, iniiaiie paha haumāna ke keʻena no ka nui 'ona i hoʻohana i loko o nā wahi a pau o kanaka haʻawina.