Dynamite - o ka hana mea hou i hana muaʻole Alfreda Nobelya

Dynamite - he kūikawā pahū läÿau, a ua nānā 'ana ma luna o nitroglycerine. Ua mea waiwai 'ana i kumumanaʻo ia keia waiwai a pau ka loa pilikia me ia mea. Oiai impregnation o ka paa absorbents nitroglycerin hana e pakele ai i ka papaa a me ka hoʻohana 'ana, pono e hoʻohana. Dynamite no hoi i pihaʻi me na waiwai. E like me ka rula, ka mea i hana nuipa i ka paukūʻolokaʻa shape a ua pūʻolo helu ma ka pepa a me ka ea.

Ka hana mea hou i hana muaʻole o dynamite

An nui hanana no ka hana mea hou i hana muaʻole o dynamite i ka loaʻa o ke nitroglycerin. Ua hiki i ka 1846. He lilo i paionia o Italian chemist Ascanio Sobrero. No ka ikaika pahū koke hoomaka ae la e kūkulu nā hale hana a puni ka honua. Kekahi o ia i weheʻia i loko o Rusia. Wahi lulu chemists Zinin a me Petrushevsky huli i ke alanui ana e hana ia me ka maluhia. Kekahi o ko lākou mau haumana i pono Alfred Nobel.

I ka 1863 Nobel wehe i ka detonator chap, a nui Nohie i ka pili ana o ka nitroglycerin. Ua kauoha aku e hoʻokō i kēia ma ka ho'ā hope o ka pōkā pahū a me ke kōkua o Hereme fulminate. He nui nā kanaka i keia la manaʻo i kēia loaʻa Nobel oi nui ma mua o ka loaʻa o ka dynamite.

Dynamite iho Kuekene chemist Palapala Sila Nui i ka 1867. A hiki i ka waena o ka hope kenekulia mea i hoʻohana me he iniiaiie pahū i hana i loko o nā mauna, a, o ka papa, i loko o ke kula koa.

Dynamite ua sweeping i ka Honua

No ka mea mua manawa i ka dynamite no ka oihana hana ua kaumaha aku ia ia iho Nobel i ka makahiki ia ia a me ka Palapala Sila Nui. Naʻe, oiai o ka manao i noʻonoʻo i ka hemahema, no ka mea, he mea pilikia loa.

Ma ka hanalima-unahiʻole, i hana o ka dynamite ua hoʻomaka 'ana mai 1869. Kekahi o ka mua ka mea i hoʻohana Lūkini industrialists. Mua i loko o 1871 ka mea i hoʻohana 'ia i loko o ka pōʻalo o ka lanahu, a kiniki i eliia.

? iecaianoaaiiuo o dynamite puke nui exponentially. Inā 11 tons i hua mai la i ka 1867, a laila, ma hope o 5 makahiki - 1570 tons, a me ka 1875 ka mea, hua mai la i ka 8000 tona.

He aha dynamite - ka mea,ʻo ka mea pepehi nui, ka mea mua e maopopo i nā kēia kanaka Kelemānia. Ka mea, hoomaka ae la e puhi i nā pā kaua, a me na alahaka, prompting ia ia e hoʻohana Farani. I ka 1871, keia mea pahūʻikeʻia i loko o ka 'enekinia, hao wale o ka Austro-Hunakalia aupuni a pau.

He aha ka ke dynamite?

A hiki i ka industrialists a me ke koa o ke ao nei aʻo i ka hapa o ka dynamite, ka mea, koke hookupaaia kona iecaianoaaiiuo. E hoomau i ka paka ia i keia la. Kēia manawa ka ia mea he nā papahu he pāʻumi mai i 200 nā huna, i hiki ke hoʻohana 'ia i loko o eono mahina. Aia i High-kona hoaoia'na, a me ka haʻahaʻa-hoihoi mea.

Ua haawiia i ka haku mele 'ana o ka dynamite mai okoa Manufacturers ua i kekahi mau mea okoa, kona papa kuhikuhiE eiiiiiaiou, o ka papa, koe ua hoʻololiʻia.

Pookela mawaena o lakou - nitrosmes. Ua hoomaka ia e hoʻohana i ka hoʻoikaika 'i ka hau e kū'ē'ē mai. Ua oia o nitroglycerin a me ka dinitrogikolya. 'O kēia ka papa kuhikuhiE ke keʻena i ua paa i ka 40% ma ke kaupaonaʻana. ʻO kēia eiiiiiaiou ma ka buke -'amoniuma nitrate (30%), Ua hoʻolilo aneane 20% ma ka paʻakai nitrate. e hoʻohana i ka nui uuku loa ka i koe, eiiiiiaiou - ka nitrocellulose, laau palaoa, balsa a me ka talc.

Dynamite i loko o ka hana ana o na lawehala

Mawaena o ka mea mua, e maopopo mea i ka dynamite, karaima o na ano a pau, a me ka poʻe hoʻoweliweli a papa hana. Kekahi o ka mea mua hewa a me ka hana ana i keia mea pahū mai ai i loko o ka 'Amelika i ka 1875. 'Amelika poʻe luina Kelemania e William Kong Thomassen ho'āʻo i ke olonā wāwae hoopukaia ma ka moana moku "Moselle" e kiʻi lapaʻau. Eia naʻe, he barela o homemade dynamite exploded hoʻi ma ka awa i hoʻouka. I ka pōʻino koi i ke ola o 80 kanaka.

Naʻe, ka mea mua ole i i hooki i ka luna o ke karaima honua, a me ka poʻe hoʻoweliweli. Mai 1883 a hiki i 1885, nā lālā o ka extremist hui, koi i ke kaawale o Ireland mai Beritania, o ke kahua i ka moʻo o ka Naita me ia me ka dynamite. Me ka Naita me ia ma ka ke keʻena luna o ka makai o Beritania a me Kekokia iwilei hoao i ke olonā wāwae London Bridge.

Hoʻohana 'keia waiwai, a me ka ikaika ma luna o autocracy ma Rusia. Ma 'ana, ka aoao "Narodnaya Volya". Ma Europa, nui mea o ka dynamite i hoʻohana anarchists.

dynamite hiʻona, e hina ia

Over o ka makahiki, i ka hapanui o ka Manufacturers i manaoio ia dynamite - keia mea i ka papa kuhikuhiE pahū ma ka hoʻouku hana, a me ka loaʻa o hou mea pōhaku hoʻokomo kālā. Ku Competition nitrate a ke kualapa waena XX kenekulia. Ma kekahi'āina - mai a hiki i ka hapalua like-80s. No ka laʻana, he dynamite keia manawa, nui hiʻona ma South Africa. Ua Ua hoʻohana 'ia i loko o ka mines gula. He kokoke i ka 90 la makahiki ma lalo o ka manaʻo koikoi o ka uniona kālepa reshaped loa o na mea kanu i ka lua pele ma muli pahū ma'amoniuma nitrate.

Ma Rusia, ka dynamite a me ka nuipa a hua mai ma hope o ke Kaua Honua II. No mahalo ua trudnozamerzayuschy haku mele 'ana. pōkā pahū mai wahi lulu ka hana i 60 wale.

No ka mea he nui, i ka dynamite - ia Aloha affordable a legkoproizvodimoe pahū. Kēia moku'āina o ka mea mau ae la ia no ka aneane 100 mau makahiki. I ka lā, i ka dynamite i ole hou aku 2% o ka huina huli ana o nā mea a pau pahū 'ona i loko o ke ao nei.