Electromagnetic AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN (particles)

He 'atikala e nānā i ka mea i kapaia o na koa o ke' ano - ke kumu kahua o electromagnetic a AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN, a me nā loina ma luna i ka mea, ua kukuluia. Aia E e hai aku no hoi e pili ana i ka manawa kūpono o ka ola o ka hou hoʻokokoke mai a hiki i ka hoʻopaʻa 'ana i keia kumuhana. Ma ke kula i loko o ke kālaikūlohea papa, eʻalo nā haumāna me ka wehewehe ana o ka manaʻo o "ikaika". Ka mea, aʻo i ka mana hiki e loa like - ka frictional ikaika, ka ikaika o ka umekaumaha, elasticity a me ka ikaika o na mea he nui i 'ano like. Ole a pau o ia hiki ke kapaia pono kīvila kanaka, e like me ka loa pinepine ka kŰia o ka haumāna ikaika (frictional ikaika, no kekahi laʻana, a me kona AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN o na nā lātoma). Ka electromagnetic a AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN hiki no hoi e kiʻekiʻe - me kaʻilihune. Hakakino ke kālaikūlohea i haawi mai i ke kumu hoohalike o van der Waals poe ikaika no lakou. I haawi nui examples a me nā kula haʻahaʻaa huna ke kālaikūlohea.

I maoli,

I makemake makemake e hele i ka pā like o ka keʻano o ka hanaʻana i hana ia ma ke ano maoli, e like me ka mea i lilo mai hana i ka electromagnetic a AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN. He aha kēia nui o ke kahua mana e hoʻoholo a pau i kukulu kona kiʻekiʻe koa? Ka mea ike i ka electromagnetic a AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN, paha, e like me ka mea ua kapaia, uila mana mea apau. Kēia Ua e hoikeike ai ma Coulomb ka kānāwai, a i kona mau generalization stemming mai ka Maxwell nā helu kaulike. Recent kakau a pau a he hanaʻume mākenēki a me ka pou koa. I ka mea kumu ka mea, ua hoao aku au ia ia i ka AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN o electromagnetic a mahinaʻai - kumu koa o ke ano. Na kēia laʻana - ka ikaika o ka umekaumaha. O schoolchildren ike e pili ana i ke kānāwai o ke ao gravitation Isaaka Nyutona, ka mea hoi nei, loaa ae nei i ka pono generalization o Einstein mau nā helu kaulike, a, e like me kona pähola 'o ka umekaumaha, me ka ikaika o ka electromagnetic a AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN mea pono kīvila kanaka ma ke ano maoli, no hoi.

Once ma luna o ka manawa ia i manaoio aku i ka mea, eia wale nō kēia mau pono kīvila kanaka koaʻelua, akā, 'epekema i hele mai, ke kiʻekiʻe o ka hooiaio ana i ka mea i ole pela. No ka laʻana, me ka loaʻa o ka'ātoma nucleus mākou i ke hoʻolauna i ka manaʻo o nukelea mana, a pehea e maopopo i ka rula o ka mālama o (particles) i loko o ka nucleus, no ke aha la ka mea e ole lele aku ma nāʻaoʻao. Ka ike ana i ka electromagnetic a AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN ma ke ano maoli, ua kōkua ana i ka nukelea koa, e hoʻopaʻa haʻawina a me ka wehewehe. A laila, nae, i nā kānakaʻepekema i hele mai ai i ka hopena i nukelea koa, ua kiʻekiʻe, a me na hoike ana mai e like me ka van der Waals poe ikaika no lakou. I ka mea, wale maoli kumu koa e hoʻolako i nā quarks pāʻani aku i kekahi i kekahi. A laila - he haumāna ia - o ka AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN ma waena o ka electromagnetic a mahinaʻai o nā protons a me neutrons i loko o ka nucleus. He oiaio apau o ka AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN o quarks, gluons i ana. Pela no i ike i ke ano maoli o maoli ke kolu o nā paepae ikaika.

Mau nō lā hoʻi o ka moʻolelo

Elementary (particles) palaho, kaumaha - ma ka māmā, a me kā lākou palaho iienuaaaony i ka ikaika hou o ka electromagnetic a AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN, a ua pono kona inoa - i ka mana o ka mea nawaliwali AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN. No ke aha ilihune? No ka mea, electromagnetic a 'ākeʻakeʻa i ke ano maoli o nui ka ikaika. A hou, e huli mai i ka kumumanaʻo o ka nawaliwali hana kūleʻa, no laila, hooiho iho kāpena i loko o ke kiʻi o ko ke ao nei, a kope hemolele ho'ākāka i ka hoʻopöʻino 'ia o ka haʻahaʻa (particles), mai noonoo i ka ia postulates, ina ua hoomahuahua ia ka ikehu. Ia mea ke kumu o ka kumumanaʻo kahiko i ua redesigned i kekahi - i ka pähola 'ana o ka poe ikaika ole AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN, hoao iho la ia i kēia manawa, e e paʻa. ʻOiai ka mea i kūkuluʻia ka mea, ua ma luna o ka mea like me nā loina me ke koena o ke kumumanaʻo hōʻike no ka electromagnetic a AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN o (particles). I kēia manawa, he mau eha? Anoee, a maopopo pono kīvila kanaka hana kūleʻa, a me ka lima - ma ke alanui, e pili ana ia ia, e hele mai. A pau eha - gravitational, ikaika, nawaliwali, electromagnetic a - i kūkuluʻia ma luna o ka hookahi rula: ka ikaika ua loaʻa ma waena o na (particles) o ka hopena o ke kaʻana like 'ia ka hoʻokō' ia lawe, a ano e ae paha - mediate AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN.

He aha ke ano o ka hoalawehana na? Kēia photon - me ka huna nuipa a, akā, aka hoi ana mea e electromagnetic a 'ākeʻakeʻa no e haawi aku i kekahi quantum o nä hawewe electromagnetic a me ka malamalama quantum. Ka electromagnetic a AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN ua lawe mai ma photons ma ke kahua o ka papa (particles), a kamaʻilio me ka kekahi koa, e like me ka manawa ia a me Hawaii i ka Coulomb ka kānāwai. Aia i kekahi massless huna - gluon, ka mea, he ewaluʻano likeʻole, ka mea e kokua mai iaʻu quarks. Kēia electromagnetic a AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN mea he attraction ma waena o 'āhewa' ana, a me ka mea, ua olelo mai ia e ikaika. Ae, a me ka nawaliwali AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN mea,ʻaʻole me ka intermediaries, me ka i kila (particles) me ka nuipa a nui aku i, ka mea, he poe nunui, i mea kaumaha. Kēia palapala maʻi lele bosons. Ko lakou kaumaha a me ke kaumaha mea ku pono i ka nawaliwali o ka AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN. Umekaumaha o ka ikaika kūkaʻi quantum gravitational kahua. 'O kēia ka attraction o ka electromagnetic a AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN o (particles), ia mea nō,ʻaʻole lawa ka? Anoee, i graviton experimentally ole i' akomi i, a me ka quantum umekaumaha mākou mea ole loa ai i laila, a me ka pono no ka mea, ua loaʻa i ka hoailona ia e hiki ole nae.

lima o ka poe ikaika no lakou

E noonoo eha ke ano o ka pono kīvila kanaka hana kūleʻa: ikaika, nawaliwali, electromagnetic a, gravitational. AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN - mea he hana o ka haawi ana o (particles), a aole lakou i ike o ka symmetry hiki ole ke hana, no ka mea, aohe mea AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN i ua ole pili me ia. Ua hoʻoholo i ka helu o ka (particles) a me kā lākou nuipa a. Me ka mau symmetry o ka nuipa a ka manawa a 'Aʻohe. No laila, i ka photon a me ka gluon nuipa mea ole, ka mea, ua like pu ia 'Aʻohe, ka graviton - pū. Inā symmetry mea i haki, me ka nuipa a pohaku ia e 'Aʻohe. Ke'ī mai, i ka palapala maʻi lele bison i nuipa, no ka mea, o ka symmetry ka mea i haki. Ka eha kumu hana kūleʻa wehewehe na mea a pau i ke ike a me ka manao. Ke koe koa e olelo aku i kā lākou mau electromagnetic a huiiaʻi me ka kiʻekiʻe. Naʻe, i ka 2012 ua he Hopu ma ka 'epekema, a uaʻikeʻia kekahi huna, i kekahi manawa, i kaulana. A kipi i loko o ka 'epekema honua i hoʻonohonoho' ia i ka puka o ka Higgs boson, a, e like me ka mea huli mai, i lawelawe 'ana me ka lawe ana o na hana kūleʻa ma waena o quarks a me leptons.

I mea no ke aha la ka noiʻi-physicists manawa aku nei au i ka ua i ka lima o ka pūʻali koa, ka intermediary o i huli mai e ia i ka Higgs boson. Symmetry Ua wāwahiʻiaʻaneʻi: mai ka Higgs boson mai he nui. Pela ka helu o nā hana kūleʻa (i ka'ōlelo i loko o ke kālā no huna ke kālaikūlohea UAIAaIN ma ka hua'ōlelo "ikaika") Ua hiki elima. Malia paha mākou e kali ana no ka hou discoveries, no ka mea, ua i ike pono ina he hiki ke kaʻawale mai kēia mau hana kūleʻa. He loa e hiki i ua kūkulu mākou, a me keia la keia kumu hoʻohālike, ka mea, mehe mea pono wehewehe i nāʻike manaʻo malama i loko o ke ao nei, a me ka meaʻaʻole loa paʻa. A malia paha, ma hope o kekahi mau manawa ma laila e e hou hana kūleʻa a me ka hou ikaika. Ke pahiki o ia he mea ma ka liʻiliʻi loa mākou loa i nā aʻo i loaʻa Ke ike kumu hana kūleʻa no ka mea, - ikaika, nawaliwali, electromagnetic a, gravitational. Ma hope o nā mea a pau, ina he mea i loko o keʻano o ka supersymmetric (particles), a i kūkākūkā i loko o ka 'epekema honua, ka mea,' o ia hoʻi ke ola ana o ka hou symmetry, a me ka symmetry mau entails ka muli o ka hou (particles) e mediate ma waena o lākou. Pela, ua lohe no ka mua i ike ole kahua ikaika, e like me ka manawa, ua kāhāhā e aʻo i ka loaʻa nō, no ka laʻana, electromagnetic a, nawaliwali AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN. Knowledge e pili ana i kā mākou mau ano loa kāpili.

Interconnectivity

Ka loa hoihoi 'mea o ia kekahi hou AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN pono pono e alakai i ka loa i ike ole kŰia. No ka laʻana, ua i aoia ina mākou e pili ana i ka nawaliwali AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN, ina aole ua ike mākou i ka'opi, a ina ka mea, ua ole i loko o kā mākouʻike o ka palaho, i study o nukelea naoh hoi i mea hiki ole i ke. A ina ua poe o nukelea reactions ole, makemake ole maopopo ana o ka la, e hoomalamalama ma luna o mākou. Ma hope o nā mea a pau, ina ka mea, i ole alohi, a me ke ola ma ka Honua makemake ole e hana ai. No laila, i ke alo o ka AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN Hōʻike ia ia mea vitally nui. Inā ka AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN ikaika hakuʻole, a me ka'ātoma nuclei makemake ole E ku paa auanei. Aie i ka electromagnetic a AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN Honua loaʻa i ka ikehu mai ka lā, a me ka malamalama kukuna hiki mai ia ia, i mahana aʻe ai ka Honua. A me nā mea a pau i ike ia hana kūleʻa i nui. Here Higgs, no ka laʻana. Higgs boson i nā huna nuipa a ma ka interacting me ke kula, ua mea ole ka mea makemake ole i ola. A pehea, me ka gravitational AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN e noho ma luna o ka ili o ka Honua? He mea hiki ole i wale no mākou, akā, i kekahi mea i nā mea a pau.

E pāpā ikaika a pau o na hana kūleʻa, o ka mea a mākou e ole i keia manawa, o ka pono i ka mea a pau i manaʻo kanaka i ike, maopopo a makemake ma laila. He aha hiki mākou i? Ae, he hailona. No ka laʻana, ua ike no ia i ka proton mea i ka pilina paʻa i loko o ka nucleus. Loa, loa nui ia mai, i kēia kona kumupaʻa, ai ole ke ala hookahi a koe ole he ola. Eia naʻe, ho okolohua paipai ia proton ola - manawa waiwai kaupalena. Loa, o ka papa, 10 ³⁴ makahiki. Akā, 'o ia hoʻi ka mea, ua kokoke ina paha he hope haule iho ma ke kaʻawale, a me ka proton, a me keia, e hoopai auanei kekahi hou ikaika, i ka mea he hou AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN. Ku e palaho protons ua nei kumumanaʻo i ea ae i ka hou, he nui kiekie degere o ka symmetry, nolaila, he hou AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN paha nei o ka a mākou e i ike i kekahi mea.

Luna nui unification

Ka hoʻohui o ka 'ano o ka rula wale o ke kūkulu o nā pono kīvila kanaka hana kūleʻa. He nui nā nīnau e ala aʻeʻoe i loko o pili ana i ka helu ana o lakou, a wehewehe i nā kumu no kēia mau mea. Wale nō kūkuluʻaneʻi he nui loa, a me ka mea, ua nuiʻokoʻa i loko o ka hopena a hiki. E wehewehe i ke alo o ka poe pono e like me ka helu o nā pono kīvila kanaka hana kūleʻa i hiki i nāʻaoʻao, akā, ka mea mau he hookahi rula o ka hana ana o na hoike. Mau ka loaʻano o nā hana kūleʻa, noiʻi e ho'āʻo ana e merge i loko o hoʻokahi. No ia mea, e like me theories a me theories kapa Luna hoʻokahi. Like ina ke ao nei lāʻau lala: he iiiaanoaa o ka lala, a me ke kumu mea mau i ka ia.

A no ka mea, ma laila nō kēia mau theories a pau unifying manaʻo. Ka mole o nā mea a pau i ike ia hana kūleʻa o ka hookahi ana i ke kino, i mea ku pono i ka poho o ka symmetry hoomaka ae la e lālā mai, a hana likeʻole pono kīvila kanaka hana kūleʻa, a mākou ke mālama experimentally. Kēia kuhiakau hiki ole ke hooiaioia keia manawa, no ka mea, pono loa kiʻekiʻe ikehu ke kālaikūlohea, ho okolohua inaccessible i keia la. He loa e hiki, a me keia mea i koho ia mākou i ole,ʻaʻole ma ka'āina hoʻoili o kēia mau ikaika a. Akā, a puni keia keʻakeʻa nei mea he mea hiki.

kaawale

Mākou i kekahi ke ao holoʻokoʻa, i ka maoli accelerator, a pau na keʻano o ka hanaʻana i hana i loko o laila, e ka mea e hiki ai, e nānā i ka loa kāʻeʻaʻeʻa hypotheses e pili ana i na aa o nā hana kūleʻa ikeia. Kekahi hana hoihoi 'hana o ka hoʻomaopopo i nā hana kūleʻa maʻano mea paha i oi luna'. He mea pono e maopopo pehea e hai aku umekaumaha me na nā koa o ke ano. He He kumu AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN me ka mea kū kaawale, hoʻowahāwahā i ka mea e like me ka rula o ke kūkulu o keia kumumanaʻo mea i 'ano like me nā mea a pau na mea e ae.

Einstein aʻo i ka kumumanaʻo o ka umekaumaha, ho'āʻo e kuhikihi ana ia me ka electromagnetism. I loko nō o ka au he mea maopopo, e hoʻoponopono i kēia pilikia, a laila, i ke kumumanaʻo nō i ole hiki. Ano, i ka na kanaka i ike i ka iki hou aku, ma ka liʻiliʻi loa, ua ike e pili ana i na hana kūleʻa ikaika a me ka nawaliwali. A ina manawa i ka piha hana o ka hoʻokahi kumumanaʻo, ka mea, e oiaio no e pili hou i ka nele o ka ike. Ma mua, nele e kau umekaumaha ma ka par a me ka mea 'ē aʻe ke hana kūleʻa, mai nā mea a pau e hoʻolohe i ke kānāwai dictated e quantum ke kālaikūlohea a me ka umekaumaha -ʻaʻohe. E like me ke quantum kumumanaʻo, a pau (particles) e ka quanta o ka kekahi kahua. Akā, quantum umekaumaha hakuʻole, ma ka liʻiliʻi loa i keia manawa. Naʻe, i ka helu o ua wehe ae ia i hana kūleʻa 'oe a nui e pili ana i mea hiki ole e kekahi hookahi noaia.

uila kahua

Back i ka 1860, o ka nui umikumamaiwa kenekulia physicist James Kakauolelo Maxwell pomaikai ae la lakou i ka pili ana i ka kumumanaʻo e wehewehe i ka electromagnetic a hoʻokomo. A i kekahi loli ma kaʻume mākenēki kula i loko o ka kekahi wahi ma ka makahiki i ka pila kahua. Inā ua loaʻa i kēia kahua paʻa alakaʻi mele, i ka hoʻokomo pono kahe ana i loko o ka pila nui kula. Kona pähola 'o electromagnetic a mahinaʻai Maxwell proves mea paha nana e hoole kaʻina: inā loli i ka manawa o ka uila ke kahua ma ka kekahi wahi i loko o ka lewa, e koi' ia eʻume mākenēki kahua. No laila, i kekahi hoololi hiki i ka loli iki ana uila kahua, a ua hiki ke loaa i ka loli i loko o ka uila alternatingʻume mākenēki kahua ma kaʻume mākenēki kahua manawa. Mau DEBFULLNAME, paha kekahi i kekahi mahinaʻai hoʻonohonoho 'ia ma ka hoʻokahi kahua - electromagnetic a.

Ka mea nui wale result i hahai mai nā papakuhikuhi Maxwell ka kumumanaʻo - he wānana 'ia ma laila i nä hawewe electromagnetic, a laila nä ÿale e electromagnetic a kahua i ka manawa a me ka lewa. Ke kumu o ka electromagnetic a kula e neʻe me ka hoʻonui ka pila 'āhewa' ana. Haʻalele acoustic (laholio) electromagnetic a hawewe ke hoʻopulapula i loko o kekahi mea, a hiki ma ka vacuo. Electromagnetic 'ākeʻakeʻa i vacuo hoʻopulapula me ka mämä holo o ka malamalama (c = 299 792 kilomika no kekona). Ke kōā paha e okoa. Nä hawewe electromagnetic mai he umi tausani mika i 0.005 mika - keia mea Hou hawewe i i hoʻohana ai i ke hoʻouna i 'ike i ka mai, i ka mea ai ka hōʻailona no i kekahi kaawale me kekahi kaula. Created Radio ka nalu ma kiʻekiʻe alapine (frequency) pono e kahe ana i loko o ke kukuna.

He aha e na ale

Inā ka lōʻihi o ka electromagnetic a pāhawewe papa koa, mai 0,005 micrometer i 1 mika, a laila ka poe a pau i loko o ka lohe ÿana ma waena o hiki malamalama a me ka Radio ale - mea he pāhawewe. Kona hoʻokuʻu akula a pau wela kino: iuo aaoa?, Stoves, incandescent kukui. Special manaʻo hoʻolilo i ka pāhawewe i loko o hiki malamalama, e loaa i nā kiʻi o ka mea e hoʻokuʻu akula ia, a hiki i ka loa o ka pouli. Hiki malamalama kī ana i kekahi kōā o ka 770 a hiki i 380 nanometers - ka waihoʻoluʻu huli maiʻulaʻula i ka poni. Kēia hapa o ka pae mai no kanaka ola ka palena mamao nui, no ka mea, he nui loa o ka 'ike e pili ana i ke ao nei, ua loaa ia ma ka hihio.

Inā ka electromagnetic a pāhawewe i ka ke kōā emi ma mua o ka mea poni waihoʻoluʻu mea ultraviolet malamalama i pepehi koʻohune. X-kukuna mea e hiki i ka maka. Ka mea, ka apuepue omoʻia hiki malamalama opaque papa o ka mea. X-Ray diagnosed maʻi o na nā loko o nā kānaka a me nā holoholona. Inā ka electromagnetic a pāhawewe ua ua loaʻa ma AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN o kula haʻahaʻaa (particles) a kinoea ma ka pīhoihoi nuclei loaa ma ka gamma pāhawewe. 'O kēia ka loa akea huahelu i loko o ka electromagnetic a pae, no ka mea, ua i kaupalena' ia kiʻekiʻe ikaika a. Gamma pāhawewe hiki e pahee a me ka uaua: ikehu mahele ma loko o'ātoma nuclei - palupalu, a ma nukelea reactions -ʻoʻoleʻa. Mau kukuna hiki wawe ka hoohiolo iho i nā lātoma a me liluwelo hiʻona. Great pomaikai i loko o ka lewa o ka gamma kukuna hiki ole kiʻi ma. E mālama hoʻi gamma kukuna mai ka lewa hiki ia. At kiʻekiʻe loa ikaika a ka electromagnetic a AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN hoʻopulapula ma ka mämä holo kokoke i ka malamalama: gamma nucleus quanta e hoea nā'ātoma, wawahi ae la ia lakou ilalo i (particles), ka ua nui ana ma kekahiʻaoʻao. I ka ke peleki pāʻana, ka mea, hoʻokuʻu akula malamalama, hiki ma kūikawā telescopes.

Mai ka i hala - i ka wā e hiki mai

'O nā hawewe electromagnetic, e like me ka mea i'ōlelo mua'ia, ua koho'ia e Maxwell. Ua no'ono'o maika'i'o ia a ho'ā'o e'ae i ka makemakika ma ke'ano o nā ki'i o Faraday, kahi i hō'ike'ia ai nā mea hō'anohu a me nā hi'ona. 'O Maxwell ka mea nāna i'ike i ka nele o ka hō'ailona. A'o ia ka mea i hiki ke ho'ā'o'ia ma nā helu like'ole e ho'ololi i nā māla elela i ka ho'opiha'ana i nā māla a me ka hakahaka. 'O kēia ka mea i ho'oikaika iā ia e no'ono'o e ho'oku'u'ia kēlā mau māla mai nā mea alaka'i a ne'e i ke ka'a i kahi manawa nui. A mana'o'o ia. 'O ka holo'ana ua kokoke i'ekolu haneri kaukani kilomika no kēlā me kēia.

Pēlā ka pilina o ke kumumana'o a me ka ho'okolohua. 'O kahi hi'ohi'ona ka'ike, kahi a mākou i a'o ai e pili ana i ke ola'ana o nā nalu electromagnetic. Ho'ohui'ia me ke kōkua o ka physics i nā mana'o like'ole - magnetism a me ka lewa, no ka mea, he'ano like kēia'ano'ano kino, aia wale nō kona'ao'ao ma ka pilina. 'O ke kumukū'au e pili pono ana kekahi i kekahi, a ua pili pono lākou a pau:'o ke kumumana'o o ka pilina o ka'ikepili, e like me ka'ike'ana o nā pu'upu'u ikaika a me nā mana electromagnetic mai nā kūlana ho'okahi, a laila ua hui pū'ia kēia me nā chromodynamics quantum e ho'okomo ana i nā interactions ikaika a me nā electroweak (here pono 'Oiai ma lalo nei, akā ho'omau'ia ka hana). Ua a'o ikaika'ia nā'ano o ka pīkiko e like me ke'ano ko'iko'i a me ka mana'o string.

Nā hopena

Ke ho'ololi'ia nei ka ho'opuni'ia'ana o ka māhele a puni e ka pākuhi electromagnetic: nā hōkū a me ka Lā, ka Moon a me nā kino o ke kino lani,'o ka Honua kēia, a me kēlā me kēia waea i nā lima o ke kanaka, a me ka antenna o nā kelelaula - . Ma muli o ke alapine o nā oscillations i ho'oku'u'ia e ka mea, pākīwewe infrared, nā leka uila, mālamalama'ike, nā pehu lā'au, nā kukui X a me nā mea like.

Ke pālahalaha ka āpana electromagnetic, lilo ia i hawewe electromagnetic. 'O kēia kumuhana o ka ike wale nō i'ole e mae'ole, e ho'ouku'ia ana nā loli elekamela o nā molekuma a me nā mana i oscillate. A inā ua holo ke kauoha iā ia, ua pi'i ka wikiwiki, a laila e ho'oku'u i kahi nalu electromagnetic. Inā ho'ololi ka papa mele, hiki i kahi māla elela vortex hau'oli, a'o ia ho'i, e ho'oulu i ka māla magnetic vortex. Holo ke ka'ina ma waena o ka lumi, kahi e nānā ai kekahi ma hope o kekahi.