Nā aniani kaulona: 'ano o nā aniani kaulona (ke kālaikūlohea). Ano o kaʻohiʻohi,'ōnohi liʻiliʻi ia maka aniani. Pehea e hooholo i ke 'ano o ka maka aniani?

ʻO nā aniani kaulona kamaʻilioʻana i ka i ka spherical a kokoke spherical ili. Ka mea, i e convex, concave 'ole i lalo (ke kahahńnai o ka infinity). Ua mau surfaces ma a malamalama ae. Ka mea, hiki ke hui ma naʻano likeʻole, e lilo nāʻano o nā aniani kaulona (Hawaii photo haawi hope i loko o kēia 'atikala):

• Inā nā surfaces i convex (mawaho uma) kikowaena hapa o ka pūhaka o nā kihi.
• Maka aniani me ka convex a me ka concave spheres ua kapaia ka meniscus.
• Maka aniani me ka i lalo ili ua kapaia he plano-concave a plano-convex, ke kaumaha ma muli o ka 'ano o ka' ē aʻe poepoe.

Pehea e hooholo i ke 'ano o ka maka aniani? E mākou hoike i kēia i loko o hou au mamuli.

Kaʻohiʻana nā aniani kaulona:ʻano o nā aniani kaulona

Nānā 'ole o ka huiiaʻi me surfaces ina kā lākou mānoanoa ma ke kikowaena kuleana, ua oi aku ia mamua o ka kihi, ka mea, e haawiia keia i kaʻohiʻohi. Ua he maikaʻi mea nui loa. ʻO kēia mau 'ano o converging nā aniani kaulona.

• plano-convex,
• biconvex,
• he concavo-convex (meniscus).

Ka mea, i kapaʻia "maikaʻi".

E kau ka nā aniani kaulona:ʻano o nā aniani kaulona

Inā lākou mānoanoa mea thinner ma ka waena konu ma mua ma na kihi, e kapaia ka mea, hoopuehu. Ua i ka io mea nui loa. Aia nō kekahi mau 'ano o ka ua nui nā aniani kaulona.

• plano-concave,
• biconcave,
• concave-convex (meniscus).

Ka mea, ua kapaia "io."

walaʻauʻana manaÿo

Nā kukuna diverge mai kekahi wahi kahi o ka hoʻokahi wahi. Ka mea, i kapaʻia mea ulana lole. A hiki aku ka mea nana i ulana komo i ka maka aniani, kēlā laau ua refracted ma ka hoololi ana i kona kuhikuhi. No keia kumu, o ka mea nana i ulana hiki Haʻalele i ka maka aniani i loko o ka oi a emi divergent.

Kekahi mau 'ano o ka'ōnohi nā aniani kaulona hoʻololi i ka olelo o na kukuna no laila, e ka mea, converge ma ka hookahi wahi. Inā ka malamalama kumu ua manaʻo ma ka liʻiliʻi loa ma ka mea nui mamao, i ka laau converges ma kekahi wahi a, ma ka liʻiliʻi loa ma ka ia mamao.

Real a me kaʻike kamepiula kiʻi

A wahi kumu o ka malamalama ua kapaia henua pololei e hoopii mai ai, a me ka wahi o ka hoʻohui o ka laau o na kukuna e hele mai ana, mai ka maka aniani, ia mea he pololei ia kiʻi.

Nui ka mea, he kaua o ka wahi kumu māhele ma IeAUPIIe, IAa IO he palahalaha ili. Lakou i mea hoike i ke kiʻi ma luna o ka honua aniani, ho'āʻia mai mahope. Kekahi laʻana o ka filmstrip ua hoomalamalamaia mai la mai ka hope no laila ia i ka malamalama mai ka mea hele ma ka maka aniani, multiplies i ke kiʻi ma luna o ka palahalaha pale.

Ma kēia hihia, kamailio e pili ana i ka pelane. Point ma ke kiʻi pelane 1: 1 hoʻopili like i ka mea nui ma luna o ka mea pelane. ʻO ia pili i ka geometrical kii, a hiki nae i ke kūpono kiʻi hiki ke hulu me ka pili ana i ka mea, mai luna a lalo a haʻalele i ka akau.

Manamananui-kukuna ma kekahi wahi i ka mea maoli kiʻi, a me ke koena unuhi - ka mana. I ka mea, ua maopopo ua hōʻolokeʻaʻia ma luna o ka pale - ia mea i pololei ia. Inā ka ia kiʻi hiki ke ike pono ma ka nana ana ma ka maka aniani ma ka malamalama kumu, ka mea, ua kapaia ka mana. Kona mau manaʻo i loko o ke aniani - ka mana. A kiʻi i e ike hiki ma ka telescope - like hoʻi. Akā, i ka wānana o ka pahupaʻiwikiō maka aniani a hiki i ka ho film i hāʻawi mai i ka maoli kiʻi.

mea nui loa

Pulakaumaka nā aniani kaulona Hiki ke loaʻa ma ka hele ana ia i ka laau o laua na kukuna. Ka wahi i mea a lakou e akoakoa ana, a me ka mea e kālele ana F. ka mamao, mai ka mea nui wahi o ka maka aniani ua kapaia kona mea nui loa. F. oe ke skip i ka laua kukuna mai o ka kekahiʻaoʻao, a pela loaʻa F ma nāʻaoʻaoʻelua. Kēlā me kēia maka aniani, he elua mau F a me ka. F. Inā ka mea, kŘpa a lahilahi hoʻohālike au i kona mea nui loa, i ka la mahope e kaha like kokekau.

Divergence a me ka hoʻohui

Wehewehe aku ma ka maikaʻi mea nui loa converging nā aniani kaulona. Ano o kēia 'ano o nā aniani kaulona (plano-convex, biconcave, meniscus) emi na kukuna hele mai mai o lakou, oi ma mua o ka mea, ua hoouukuia mai a hiki i keia. Na kaʻohiʻana nā aniani kaulona hiki ke hana me ka maoli a me ka mana kiʻi. Ka mua ua hana wale ina ka mamao mai ka maka aniani a hiki i ka mea, ua oi aku ia mamua o ka mea nui.

Wehewehe aku ma ka hopena maikaʻi mea nui loa diverging nā aniani kaulona. Ano o kēia 'ano o nā aniani kaulona (plano-concave, biconcave, meniscus) nāu kekahi kukuna oi ma mua o ka mea, i hemo mua noho ma luna o lākou ili honua. E kau ka nā aniani kaulona e ho okumu i kaʻike kamepiula kiʻi. Wale i ka wa a ka hoʻohui o ka hana 'ia kukuna nui (ka mea, converge aloha ma waena o nā maka aniani, a me ka mea nuiʻoi ma kaʻaoʻao e ku pono ana) i hana na kukuna hiki nō converge e hana i kekahi maoli kiʻi.

kaʻokoʻa ma

Ka mea, e lilo loa makaala e hoomaopopo hoʻohui 'ole divergence o na kaola hoʻohui' ole divergence maka aniani. Ano o nā aniani kaulona a me Puchkov Sveta i ole ia i ka ia. Kukuna pili me ka mea a kiʻi wahi, ua kapaia divergent ina ka mea, "holo aku" a me ka nń ina ka mea, "houluulu" i kahi hookahi. Ma kekahi coaxial 'ōnohi'ōnaehana'ōnohi (axis) o ke ala ana o na kukuna. I ka laau ma ka iho (axis) hele me kekahi loli o ke ala e hiki aku ma muli o ke refraction. He, ma ka mea, he ho'ākāka 'ana maikai o ka'ōnohi (axis).

Laau nui i ua neʻe aku, mai ka mamao mai ka'ōnohi (axis) ua kapaia divergent. A me ka kekahi poe e noho kokoke ia ia, ua kapaia o nń. Na kukuna ia laua i ka'ōnohi (axis), nō ka 'Aʻohe hoʻohui' ole divergence. Penei, i ka wa e kamailio ana i ka hoʻohui 'ole divergence o ka mea nana i ulana, ia correlated me ka'ōnohi (axis).

Kekahi mau 'ano o nā aniani kaulona, na ke kālaikūlohea o i ka ia i ka laau ua deflected i ka nui loa ana i ka'ōnohi (axis), e ohi. Ka mea, converge kukuna converge hou a me ka divergent e haʻalele i emi. nō ka mea, i hiki, inā lākou ikaika i lawa no keia mea, e kekahi pūʻolo o laua a me nń. Like me diverging maka aniani e hoike mai i hou diverging kukuna, a converging - e e laua a divergent.

kiʻiona makaaniani

A maka aniani me ka mau convex surfaces pūhaka ma ka waena konu ma mua ma na kihi, a me ka hiki ke hoʻohana like me ka mea magnifier a loupe. Ma keia hihia, ke kilo nana ana ma kona mana, nui kiʻi. Ke pahupaʻiwikiō maka aniani, nae, hana ma ka manaʻoe kūkulu 'ole mīkiniʻimi maoli ana hoemi i ka nui hoʻohālikelike me ke kiʻi.

spectacles

I ka hiki ana o ka maka aniani, e hoʻololi i ka hoʻohui o ka malamalama ua kapaia kona ikaika. Ua Ua kāheaʻia ma ka diopters D = 1 / [illegible], kahi. F - mea nui loa i loko o mika.

Ma ka maka aniani me ka mana o ka 5 diopters [illegible] = 20 knm, kēia Hōʻike diopter optometrist kākau kuhikuhi makaaniani. No ka laʻana, ka mea i kākau 5.2 diopters. Ma ka Workshop pau workpiece lawe 5 diopters, kūpono ma ka hola, a me ka iki pepe i kekahi ili e hookui 0.2 diopters. I ka rula o ia no ka lahilahi nā aniani kaulona, ma i nā wahi e kokoke ana i kekahi i kekahi, ua mālama noho aliʻi i kā lākou mau huina mana o ka huina o kela a me keia dioptre: D = D ₁ + D _2.

Galileo ka telescope

I Galileo ka manawa (i ka hoʻomaka o ka XVII kenekulia), kuhikuhi mai la lakou ma Europe i lohe nui i loaʻa. Ka mea, kamaʻilioʻana ia e ua hanaʻia i loko o ka Netherlands, a haawi ma ka alanui kanaka kūʻai aku. Galileo lohe i kekahi i loko o ka Netherlands i na ano elua o nā aniani kaulona i loko o ka Tube, no ke kaawale ana mea he nui. He hoʻohana i ka telephoto maka aniani hoʻoʻiliʻili i loko o kekahiʻaoʻao o ka Tube, a me ka pōkole-upena hoopuehu eyepiece ma ka 'ē aʻe hopena. Inā ka maka aniani mea nui loa e like me [illegible] _e, a eyepiece [illegible] _E, o ka mamao ma waena o ia e e [illegible] _e -f _E, a me ka ikaika (angular magnification) [illegible] _e /. F _aloha. Oia ka noaia ua kapaia Galileo paipu.

Telescope mea, piʻi pū 5 a me 6 pa hipa, like i Contemporary binoculars lima-paa. He lawa no ka nui pīhoihoi Astronomical loina. Oe ke maʻalahi ike i ka Helu craters, eha mahina o Dia, na apo o Saturn, nā kūlana o Venusa, nebulae, a me ka hoku huhui waina a lākou, e like me ka mea faintest hoku i loko o ka nō hoʻi.

Kepler telescope

Kepler lohe e pili ana i keia (oia, Noord Galileo), a kukulu iho la kekahi ano o ka telescope me ka mau o kaʻohiʻana nā aniani kaulona. Kekahi ma i ka nui mea nui loa, he maka aniani, a me kekahi ma i ia mea emi - ka eyepiece. Ka mamao ma waena o ia mea like i ka [illegible] _e + [illegible] _E, a me ka angular magnification ka [illegible] _e /. F _aloha. Kēia Keplerian (ole Astronomical) telescope hana ka hulu kiʻi, akā, no na hoku a me ka mahina ka mea, aole ia i mea. Kēia noaia Ua hoomakaukau ai i ka nui o hoʻomālamalama o ke kula o Hawaii ma mua o ka Galilaia telescope, a ua nui kupono e hana e like me ka mea e leie aku e malama i kou mau maka ma ka paa kulana, a ike i ka pau kahua o ka Hawaii mai ka palena a hiki i ka lihi. Ka mea e leie aku e hoʻokō i ka oi mahuahua ma mua o Galileo Tube me ka mea mea hōʻemi.

He mau telescopes e ae mai spherical aberration, kūpono ai i loko o ke kiʻi,ʻaʻole hoʻomōhala loa, a me ka chromatic aberration, i hana 'ia nā pōpō fringing. Kepler (Newton) i manaoio ua hiki ole mau mā e lanakila. Ka mea, i ole mua i hiki mai i iaʻano o achromatic nā aniani kaulona, na ke kālaikūlohea o i e eʻike wale i loko o ka XIX kenekulia.

hōʻikeʻana telescope

Gregory? Aaeaaaaony i like me ka maka aniani telescope aniani i ke hoʻohana ', no ka mea, i ole waihoʻoluʻu fringing. Newton i kēia manaʻo, a hana i ka Newtonian telescope ke kinona o ka concave ke kala aniani, a me ka maikaʻi eyepiece. He haawiia'ku i ka hāpana i ka Royal Society, kahi āna i koe a hiki i kēia lā.

Single-maka aniani telescope hiki Hana Hoʻolohe i kiʻi ma luna o ka pale a ho film. No ka pono ulu pono ka maikaʻi maka aniani me ka nui mea nui loihi, e olelo oukou, 0.5 m, 1 m paha he nui mika. Oia ka hoʻoponoponoʻana o Kamehameha ua pinepine hoʻohana 'ia i loko o Astronomical For. People malihini me optics i mea paradoxical kulana home 'ole kahi nawaliwali lōʻihi pulakaumaka maka aniani, oia ke oi aku, piʻi pū.

spheres

Ua Ua ua? Aaei i i i i ka hana 'ike loea kahiko telescopes, no ka mea, ka mea i hana i ka mea uuku aniani lei. Ka pilikia o ia mea, i ike ole ia mea ka mea, i hoʻohana ', a me ka mea e, o ka papa, hiki i lilo i kumu o ka telescope maikai. Kala Hiki ke hoʻohana no ka hoʻoulu i nā mea liʻiliʻi, akā, i ka mea e like ai i ka mea ia manawa ua aneane kupono.

Ka mea nui loa o ka maikaʻi aniani poepoe ka loa pōkole a me kona mauʻano i ka maoli kiʻi mea kokoke loa i ka poepoe. Eia hou kekahi, aberrations (geometric ei) nui. Ka pilikia waiho i loko o ka mamao ma waena o nā surfaces elua.

Eia naʻe, inā 'oe e ka hohonu Kapikoowāea Groove e aeie i nā kukuna, a i kiʻi mā, e huli mai loa mediocre kiʻiona aniani i loko o ka uku. Keia olelo hooholo ua wahi ia Coddington, he magnifier o kona inoa hiki ke kuai i keia la ma ka liʻiliʻi magnifiers lima-paa e noiʻi i uuku loa mea. Akā, ke hōʻike i kēia i hanaʻia ma mua o ka 19th kenekulia,ʻaʻohe.