Zhan Batist Lamark: he pōkole Kawaihae. Evolutionary pähola 'o Zhana Batista Lamarck, a me kona makana i ka ulu ana o ka kālaimeaola

Zhan Batist Lamark, he pōkole Kawaihae a e e noʻonoʻoʻia e mākou - ke nä känaka 'epekema mua nana i hana i ka piha pähola' ana o ka evolution o meaola. Eia naʻe,ʻo ia nona i ka helu o nā discoveries o emi i ike. Nei anei oe i mea nui i ka manaʻo i hoʻolauna i loko o 'epekema Zhan Batist Lamark? Kālaimeaola - he manawa i ka 1802? Aaei ia mea, ua i kēia nä känaka 'epekema. Eia hou, oia ua i ka mea mua, e puunaue i ka holoholona aupuni o invertebrates a me vertebrates. E kaumaha naʻauao i loko o ka ola a me ka piʻi like o ke nä känaka 'epekema kaulana, Jean-Baptiste Lamarck. Pōkole Kawaihae no ia ia, e haawi aku oe i kekahi mau manaʻo no kēia hana o ka 'epekema.

Me Kinohi, kamaliʻi

Zh B. Lamark (makahiki o ke ola - 1744-1829). Ua hanau ia ma ka 'ohana hale kākela, Aia i loko o Picardy (Farani). Kona mau makua, he waena-ka papa hanohano. Ua makemake aku e ike i ke keiki a ke kahuna, no laila, hoʻoholo Lamarck i loko o ke kula Jesuit. Kona hopena ma hope o ka make ana o kona makuakane hoʻololi. I kona makahiki 16, oia haʻalele kula a hoʻolālā i loko o ka pūʻali koa Zhan Batist Lamark. Pōkole Kawaihae mai o kekahi mau o kona mahope makahiki o ke ola ua pili i ka 'oihana koa.

Koa hana a ke kuʻuna lapaau

Iloko o na makahiki ehiku 'War, i hoike mai koa nui wale i loko o ke kaua me ka Prussians. Ilamuku ia ia iho i ke kahiko haumāna o ka Jesuit College i loko o nā luna. Eia naʻe, i kona mau koa 'oihana, brilliantly hoomaka, e like me ka Uhane, Lamarck i ole hoopii. Wā e hiki mai nä känaka 'epekema ua hoʻoholo e hoʻi i hope. Ma hope o kekahi manawa, au i hoomaka ai e noiʻi i lapaau i loko o ke kapikala o Farani Zhan Batist Lamark. Pōkole Kawaihae o kona hoomau ana i loko o Paris, kahi Lamarck pakahi aku la o Laielohelohe i ka sciences maoli,ʻano nui botany.

"Palani Flora"

Loea, a ma ka hana hou haumāna i loko o kekahi mau makahiki o ka hana i hana mai i kekahi wahi lihi iki o ka hana i loko o 3 puke. (Essay) i kapaia "Palani Flora". Ma keia pepa hōʻike ana i ka helu o nā mea kanu, a me he mea alakaʻi ma luna pehea e hōʻike iā lākou. Kēia hana i kaulana novice nä känaka 'epekema i ua i ka manawa Zhan Batist Lamark. Kawaihae Zhana Batista i hookoia wale nô o ka Paris Academy o Sciences. Ua Ua haawiia mai ia ia no kona e piʻi like. The Academy hoʻomau ia ana e hana me ka botany Zhan Batist Lamark. Kona Kawaihae, nae, ka mea, ua i kaupalena 'ia ka mahele.

Zhan Batist lilo i zoologist

A lohe o Jean Baptiste ua ma kahi o 50 o kona mau makahiki, i ka makahiki 1793, radically kona scientific haʻawina hoʻololi. Lamarck hana i loko o ka Royal Botanic Gardens, i i lilo iho i loko o kēia manawa i loko o ka Museum o Natural History. Ke iau ua piha o botany oihana, no laila kānakaʻepekema i manaoia e hana zoology. 10 makahiki ma hope, Lamarck lilo iho la me he akamai i loko o kēia wahi, e like me ka ua i ka hoʻopaʻa 'ana o ka flora.

New hana Baptiste

Ma ka hopena o 18th kenekulia, ua hiki mai i ke kahua o ka hooulu ana o ka 'epekema ka wā o ka ulu nui loaʻa botany, physiology a me ka kemika. I kā lākou e lilo, ua loaʻa mai i kēia mau no ka hoʻopaʻi 'wale i ka hoʻomalu. Lamarck, imi e pale aku i ka pōʻino e hiki mai disintegration o ka 'epekema i loko o kaawale lālā, a mālama i ka pilina ma i nei ma waena o lākou, i hana mai i ka helu ana o na hana. Ma ia, D. ana i haawi ai i ka generalized nānaina ma ka geology, kālaimeaola, kemika, ke kālaikūlohea, a no laila, ma luna o.

I ka mua o ka hana ikea i ka 1794. Ua Ua hoolilo ana i kekahi manaʻo hoʻopiʻi kū'ē e pili ana i ke ano o ka ikaika a me ka mea. Keia hana ua kapaia "hoʻokolokolo 'ana o nā kumu o ke kumu o physicalʻike manaʻo, ka oi aku o ka poe e pili ana i ke ahi." Kēia i ukali ia e hana i ka 1796 "Refutation o ka pneumatic kumumanaʻo ...". Ma kēia mau hana, me ka nānā 'oi ma philosophical hoopaapaa ana ia ma mua o empirical ikepili, Zhan Batist i ole kau aku hou manaʻo, akā, he mau misjudgments.

I ka 1802 ua kekahi (essay), "Hydrogeology". Lamarck i loko o kēia hana o ka mooolelo o ko mākou Honua like me ka moʻo o ka moana ke alahulaʻana i ka'āina, a me kona hou he kuemi hope mai. I ka ulu ana o na 'âinapuni, a me ka palapala moʻopane o biogenic kimu i, oia e manaoio mai, i caiieiaiey. Lamarck i loko o kēia puke mua mai i nā kiʻina hana a lehalehu t Ka Ikepili, hoʻohanaʻia ke kālā no ka poʻe puni hoʻonaʻauao. Eia hou kekahi, ia i hoʻonui i ka manawa maoli o ka moolelo o ka honua, i i noʻonoʻo i loko o ka 18th kenekulia he haiki, a i kaupalena 'ia he mau tausani makahiki. Naʻe, i ka hana Zhana Batista, e like me ka mea mua elua, i ole e nui publicity.

"Kahua hoʻonohonohoʻana kālaimeaola o invertebrates"

Lamarck paʻi hou i ka puke ma ka 1800. Ua Ua kapaia "kahua hoʻonohonohoʻana kālaimeaola o invertebrates." Nä känaka 'epekema ma ka mea nema ka i manaoia Linnaean Mea Maluna nenoaiu o invertebrates. He hana i kona iho. Lamarck i kākau i kēia hana a puni pepehi i ka waiwai ohi, ana i ohi ia ma o ka 30 makahiki o kona ola ana. Ma keia hana ia, aole ia e hilinai aku maluna o wale kekahi i kekahi manaʻo hoʻopiʻi, e like me ka mau, akā, no hoi no ka noiʻi, a me ka waiwai o factual mea. Lamarck i ka papa kuhikuhiE ana no ka classifying homology o na nā loko. Kēia hoʻokokoke ae nā kānakaʻepekema, e pale i ka hailona o ua hewa ka i ana Linnaeus, a e pili ana i ka ia pūʻulu kekahi meaola wale ma luna o ka muli o mawaho similarity, no laila, i ke nä känaka 'epekema ma kekahi mau kahua hoʻonohonohoʻana pauku la ilo, molluscs a me ka' ē aʻe.

"Akeakamai o Zoology"

Ma ka manawa o ka Lamarck hala 60 makahiki, ua ike na mea a pau i aoia i mua ona i loko o ke kahua o ka holoholona a me ka mea kanu? Ueo. Ano, ua i nä känaka 'epekema i hou pahuhopu nui - e kākau i ka puke, i makemake ole wale ua oleloia ua hiki aku meaola, e like me ka hoakaka ma na kanawai o ke ano. Zhan Batist ma kona hou (essay) hapai e hōʻike ana i kekahi mea kanu a me nā holoholona, pehea ka mea, Hawaiʻi a me ka hoʻololi, a pehea e hiki konaʻikena moku'āina. Ke nä känaka 'epekema ho'āʻo e hooiaio mai i ka mea, i ole hana i loko o kā lākou mau noho ana, a ua hoʻomohala ma lalo o ka aoao o na kanawai maoli o ke ano. Ma nā hua'ōlelo, Lamarck i ka mea nāna i hana o ke kumumanaʻo mua o ka evolution. Ma keia ka mahalo, ka mea, ua he precursor i Darwin (kiʻi ma lalo nei). I ka 1809 i ke nä känaka 'epekema paʻi i kana hana. Ka puka o Zhana Batista Lamarck i loko o ka puke "akeakamai o Zoology". I loko nō o ka inoa, ka mea'ōlelo,ʻaʻole wale nō e pili ana i na holoholona, akā, i pili ana i wildlife i mau. Ma keia hana, nolaila, hoonoho mai i ka kumumanaʻo o evolution Zhana Batista Lamarck, ma ka i ana i uaʻike i kēia lā i loko o ke ao nei a pau.

I ka hopena o ko Lamarck ka pähola 'ana o ka make ana o Zhana Batista

Pinepine i loko o ka mōʻaukala o ka 'epekema, ka mea i hiki mai ai i kona wā i i ike i ke kanaka nui, a ma kā lākou kumumanaʻo. Wale na makahiki ma hope ka mea, loaa ka iaia mea hewaʻiʻo. ʻAʻole au i hele i kēia hoʻopaʻi, a me Zhana Batista. Ua i maopopo ma kona wā Evolutionary pähola 'o Zhana Batista Lamarck. Kekahi mau kānakaʻepekema wale mai i uku i kekahi hoʻolohe i kana hana, oiai kekahi poe, a aole hoiʻakaʻaka ma ia ia. Lamarck, e hilinai ana ma ka kākoʻo, ua hoʻoholo ihola i ka hōʻike i kēia hana a hiki i Napoleon. Naʻe, i ka Auguseto, ka mea i manaoia na haipule o ka 'epekema, akea i hoʻopuʻukahua Zhana Batista. Lamarck ma ka pau ana o ke ola makapo. I ka makahiki o ka 85 makahiki, poina e nā mea a pau, make aku la ia Zhan Batist Lamark. I ka kumumanaʻo o ka evolution, haʻalele iā lākou ma ka'āina hoʻoili, i kona inoa palaho.

Ke ae pā o ka pähola 'o Lamarck

He aha ka ka pā like o Lamarck ka kumumanaʻo? Ke nä känaka 'epekema koi i ke ola ma luna o mākou Honua originated i loko o ka kūlohelohe alanui. Mua, he mea meaola. Ke kiʻekiʻe, ma luna o ka millennia, i hou iho la lakou, hoʻololi i lōʻihi a hiki lākou i kaʻikena kūlana. Zhan Batist ua kūkākūkāʻia ia, mai ko kākou mau kūpuna, e like ia, a hooponopono hou primitive kumu o nā mea e noho ana. Keia, o ka papa, ua pono Zhan Batist Lamark. I ka kumumanaʻo o ka evolution,ʻo ia i manaoia, aole nae i loko o kekahi i ka mahalo, 'aʻole i hoopihaia me ka wai.

Mau kumu no ka hooulu ana o ka ke aloha ao

No ke aha la i loli kanu a me nā holoholona, Hawaiʻi mua, a mau no ka hoʻoikaika 'ana a me ka manawa? ho'āʻo ke nä känaka 'epekema, e pane i kēia nīnau. Naʻe, hoʻowahāwahā i ka unquestionable ano akamai o Lamarck hiki ole pono wehewehe i kēia kŰia materialistically. ʻepekema hoʻopaʻapaʻa ana i ke kūpono 'ana o ke aloha ao nei hilinaʻi nui ma luna o ka papa aʻe elua. Ka mea mua o ua holoholona a me nā mea kanu lākou iā lākou iho i eager e hoʻoikaika 'ana a me ka loli. Ke'ōlelo mai, no ka makemake no ka holomua o ka hoʻomaopop 'ana i kūʻiʻoo waiwai. Ka lua o ke kumu - i ka hopena ma luna ia o ka kahua ma i meaola e ola nei. Keia kulana ua, ole kapaia noho 'ia ua ua loaʻa mai i ka hopena o ka lewa ma luna o nā mea kanu a me nā holoholona, ka lepo, ona mau, wela, ka malamalama, ka ai, a no laila, ma luna o. D.

Ke kanawai o ke ola 'ia

ʻepekema, i mea kanu, a malalo holoholona pololei a me ka loli ma lalo o ka aoao o ke kaiapuni. Ka mea, kuai kekahi waiwai a me ka shape. No ka laʻana, ulu ma ka lepo maikai, kanu loaʻa iā ia kekahi he loa okoa helehelena ma mua o ka mea 'ano o ka mea kanu i hele aina ino. A makua i loko o ka malu, aole ia e manao i ka ulu i loko o ka malamalama. I huli ai oe, o ka holoholona i ĸokoĸa ana nä pane, akā, i kēia mea he wahi okoa. Ka mea i hanaʻia ma lalo o ka aoao o ka papa houʻano hoʻololi. Mau hou, e hoʻomōhala likeʻole kino, e hana me ia. No ka laʻana, mau noho ana i loko o ka ulu lāʻau holoholona, a ua koi e piʻi laau, hōʻike prehensile lala. A 'elele? Aaoa, puʻe wale akula kēlā i ka manawa e neʻe ma lōʻihi mamao, eia ikaika wāwae, hooves a me ka ulu. Ma keia hihia mākou e ole ana me ka pololei a me kaʻauhau'ēʻaʻe ole o ke kaiapuni, a ke hele mai maʻano. Zhan Batist kekahi i manaoio aku ai i kekahi hana mana e meaola kuai ma lalo o ka aoao o ke kaiapuni, hiki ke ili.

Ike a me ka unrecognized manao o Lamarck

ʻepekema e piʻi like o ka i kēia lā paipai i ole a pau, he oiaio pähola 'o Zhana Batista Lamarck. ʻepekema mai e ike i ka mea i loko o ke aloha ao nei he mea he inexplicable a me ka pohihihi makemake i ka hoʻoikaika 'ana. Kekahi hapa keneturia ma hope, Darwin wehewehe i ka pono 'ole o nā mea kanu a me nā holoholona, e like me ke ala o ka mea, a ke hakuloli i kā lākou' ia, he uuku okoa. He noʻonoʻo i ka papa kuhikuhiE kumu o ka evolution o maoli wae. Eia naʻe, hou kālaimeaola ke hoʻomaopopo iho i ka hopena ma luna o meaola o? Aneie rula, ninoaaeyao he nui wahi i loko o ka pähola 'o Lamarck. Aka hoi, i ka'āina hoʻoili o nā moʻolelo ka loaa i ka meaola ka ola ua hōʻole. Nauka manaoio hou i ka mea hou me na hoailona hoi ma lalo o ka aoao o mutations - loli e ana i loko o ka germ keena o ka meaola.

I loko nō o kēia, i ka na makana Zhana Batista Lamarck ka nui. He ua ka mea mua nana i hana i ka kumumanaʻo o ka ulu maoli o ka mea a pau ke aloha ao nei. Zhan Batist Lamark, o ka makana i ka hooulu ana o ka kālaimeaola, i ka muli o kona kulana kilakila, i keia la ke nânâ i ka luawai-hewaʻiʻo i ka hoʻomaopopo pono o ka mamo.