Electrolytes: examples. I ka haku mele 'ana a me ka waiwai o nā electrolytes. Ikaika a me ka nawaliwali electrolytes

Electrolytes i na Nine Inchʻikeʻia, mai ka manawa kahiko o ka'āina. Eia naʻe, ka hapanui mau mea o ko lākou noi, ka mea, ua lanakila 'o ia nei. Mākou, e kūkākūkā i ka luna makakoho no ka hana i ka hoʻohana i kēia mau waiwai, a ua, e ike i ka hala o ka makana, a me ka oko mai kekahi i kekahi. Akā, ua hoʻomaka me ka waleʻana aku i loko o mōʻaukala.

moʻolelo

Ke kahiko ikeia electrolytes - paʻakai a me nāʻakika mea hamama a hiki ma ka honua kahiko. Naʻe, i ka naauao o ka 'ole a me ka waiwai o nā electrolytes i Hawaiʻi ma manawa. Kumumanaʻo kēia mau keʻano o ka hanaʻana i Hawaiʻi mai 1880, ka wā āna i i ka helu o discoveries, theories e pili ana i ka waiwai o ka electrolyte. Aia he mau quantum ka lele pūʻana i loko o theories hōʻike no nā maomeka o AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN o na electrolytes me ka wai (i ka mea wale nō i ka pāʻoihana e kuai i ka waiwai i e kā lākou hana ma ka hana).

Ano, e ike mākou ponoia mai i kekahi mau theories mea i loaʻa iā ia i ka hopena nui ma luna o ka ulu o ka manaÿo o ko electrolytes a me ko lakou mau waiwai. E ka hoʻomaka me ka loa, he pono ole, a hemahema hoi kumumanaʻo, i kela mea keia mea o mākou i loko o ke kula.

Arrhenius pähola 'o electrolytic dissociation

I ka makahiki 1887 i ka Kuekene chemist Svante Arrhenius a me Lūkini-German chemist Wilhelm Ostwald hoʻomohala i ka kumumanaʻo o electrolytic dissociation. Eia naʻe, 'aneʻi, hoi, ia mea,ʻaʻole pēlā mea. Arrhenius ia ua kākoʻo iā ia, no laila,-kapaia physical pähola 'o nā pāʻoihana a mai i lawe i loko o ka nui o ka AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN o eiiiiiaiou o ka waiwai me ka wai, a koi ana, ua noa na mea i papa (particles) (Ion) ma ka pāʻoihana. Ma ke ala, mai na kulana i keia la e noonoo i ka electrolytic dissociation o ke kula.

Mākou i'ōlelo i ka mea a pau i hana i ka kumumanaʻo, a pehea e wehewehe i keʻano papa hana o ka AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN o ka waiwai me ka wai. Like me kekahi 'ē hana, ka mea, he mau postulates ia ia ia mea:

1. Ma ka naoh o ka wai a me ka waiwai disintegrates i loko o Ion (maikaʻi - a me ka io cation - anion). Mau (particles) e malalo e hydration ka mea,ʻo wai nā lātoma a, incidentally, ua kauoha ma ka kekahi lima ikaika, a ma ka 'ē aʻe - io (kūpenu iho ia i hanaʻia, ke) e lilo ma ka Aqua eiiieaenu (solvates).

2. ka dissociation kaʻina Ua reversible - a laila inā i ka waiwai a ua Wāwahi i Ion, ma lalo o ka aoao o kekahi ololi, ka mea, e hou lilo i kahi.

3. Inā ka ai pili aku nā uila aʻa lolo i ka pāʻoihana a e i ka pono, na cations e hoʻomaka e neʻe i ka hopena maikaʻi'ūholo uila - ka cathode a me anions i ka ikaika hoopiiia - anode. Ia mea ke kumu o ka waiwai i ka haiia wailana i loko o ka wai, hana uila maikaʻi ma mua o ka wai no ia. No ka mea ia kumu i kapaʻia ka mea, electrolytes.

4. Na degere o ka dissociation o electrolyte characterizes pakeneka waiwai malalo i ka noho male 'ana. Ua uku hilinaʻi nui ma luna o ka'ūheheʻe, a me ka waiwai o ka solute, i ka lehulehu o ka hope, a me ka mawaho mahana.

Eia, i ka mea, a pau i ka walaʻauʻana tenets o keia poe noonoo ole kumumanaʻo. Ia mākou, e hana i loko o kēia 'atikala i ka ho'ākāka' ana no nā mea e hanaia ana ma ka electrolyte pāʻoihana. Ano he kumu hoʻohālike o kēia hui e iki mai ia ia ma hope, a me ka manawa e kekahi kumumanaʻo mākou noʻonoʻo.

Kumumanaʻo nāʻakika a me Lewis kumu

E like me ke kumumanaʻo o electrolytic dissociation,ʻakika - i ka waiwai makana i loko o ka pāʻoihana kona hydrogen cation a me ka waihona ipu - hui decomposes ma ka pāʻoihana i ka hydroxide anion. Aia o kekahi kumumanaʻo, i kapaʻia ma hope o ka chemist kaulana Gilbert Lewis. Ua apono 'oe, e hohola aku i ka manaʻo o kekahi mau nāʻakika a me nā kumu. E like me ka Lewis kumumanaʻo, kaʻakika - o ka Ion a me nā lātoma o ka waiwai i i noa huina'ine orbitals, a ua hiki keʻae i ka huina'ine mai kekahi lātoma. Oluolu e koho i nā kumu e e ka poe (particles) e e hiki ia oe, e haawi aku i kekahi a oi o kona electrons i "hana"ʻakika. He hana hoihoiʻaneʻi ka meaʻakika a kumu paha e ole wale ke electrolyte akā, i kekahi waiwai i hiki insoluble i ka wai.

Protolytic kumumanaʻo Brendsteda Lowry

I ka 1923, kū kaʻawale o kekahi i kekahi, mau kānakaʻepekema - J. a me T. Lowry Bronsted -predlozhili kumumanaʻo, i ua manawa 'Imi hoʻohana' ia e kānakaʻepekema, e wehewehe i ka Nine Inch keʻano o ka hanaʻana. Ke ae pā o kēia kumumanaʻo mea i ka dissociation o ke ano iho mai i ka proton hoolilo mai o kaʻakika kumu. Pela, ua hoʻomaopopo 'aneʻi i ka la mahope me ka proton acceptor. A laila, i kaʻakika o kā lākou mau pou. Ke kumumanaʻo kekahi wehewehe i ke ola ana o ka maikai waiwai e ho'āʻo ka waiwai a me nāʻakika a me nā kumu. Ia mau hui i kapaia amphoteric. I kumumanaʻo Bronsted-Lowry no lākou manawa i pili ampholytes, no ka mea hoiʻakika a kumu mau kapa protoliths.

Ua hele mai nei mākou i ka lalo nei. Here mākou e hōʻike 'oe i kekahi mau ikaika a me ka nawaliwali electrolytes, a kūkākūkā i ka hopena o ka mawaho aʻe ma luna o ko lākou mau waiwai. A laila, e hoomau aku i ke ano o ko lakou pili ana.

Ikaika a me ka nawaliwali electrolytes

Kēlā me kēia waiwai reacts me ka wai wale nō. Kekahi hoike mai i ka mea pono (e like, paʻakai koloriside), a me kekahi mai e hoike mai (e like, chalk). Pela, ua māheleʻia aʻela nā mea a pau 'ona i loko o ikaika a me ka nawaliwali electrolytes. Ka hope, ua 'ona e pāʻani aku poorly me ka wai, a waiho ma ka lalo o ka pāʻoihana. Kēia 'o ia hoʻi i ka mea, i ka loa haahaa o dissociation a me ke kiʻekiʻe ikehu mea paa, a e leie aku ka lātoma e disintegrate i loko o kona ke keʻena Ion ma lalo o maʻamau ana. Dissociation nawaliwali electrolytes ia lŘlŘ kekahi lohi paha ma ka hoʻoulu i ke ana wela a me ka lehulehu o ka waiwai ma ka pāʻoihana.

Kamaʻilio e pili ana i ka electrolyte ikaika. O nā mea a pau i ka wailana paʻakai, e like me ka ikaika o nāʻakika a me alkalis. Ka mea, e oluolu e uhai ia i Ion a me ka loa paʻakikī e ohi ia ma ii iai. Ke kala pono i loko o ka electrolyte, incidentally, ua lawe mai i ke aloha a hiki i ka Ion i kakauiaʻi ma ka pāʻoihana. No laila, i ka mea maikai lawelawe ikaika electrolytes. Ano he kumu hoʻohālike o ka la mahope: ikaika nāʻakika, alkalis, wailana paakai.

Makaʻu mea e pono ai ka hana ana o electrolytes

Ano, e nana i ana i ka loli e loli ai ka mawaho 'ia ma luna o ka waiwai o ka waiwai. Ka lehulehu 'ana e loli ai i ka degere o ka dissociation o ka electrolyte. Eia hoʻi, i kēia pilina hiki ke hoikeia mathematically. Ke kānāwai e wehewehe i kēia pilina, i kapaʻia ke kānāwai o ka dilution o Ostwald, a ua palapala ia: he = (K / c) 1/2. Eia, he - o ka degere o ka dissociation (ia me ka hapa), K - dissociation ikaika, okoa no kela a me keia waiwai, a me - ka electrolyte lehulehu i loko o ka pāʻoihana. E like me ia i kēia haʻilula, oe ke aʻo i ka puu e pili ana i mea a me kona hana ma ka pāʻoihana.

Akā, ua auwana mākou, mai ke kumuhana. E möakäka hou lehulehu ma ke degere o ka dissociation o electrolyte kekahi e loli ai i ka mahana. No ka hapanui waiwai hoomahuahua ka mea maoli i ka solubility a me ka reactivity. Kēia e wehewehe i ka hanana o kekahi reactions ma ke kiekie ana wela wale. Ma lalo o maʻamau keia, ka mea, i kekahi loa lohi, a ma nāʻaoʻao (ua kapaia reversible kēia kaʻina).

Ua hookolokoloia mākou i nā kumumea i hooholo i ka hana o ka'ōnaehana e like me ka electrolyte pāʻoihana. Ano, ke hele nei ma i ka pili ana o kēia mau mea, me ka kanalua, loa nui Nine Inch waiwai.

hanalima noi

O ka holo ana, ua lohe kela kanaka keia kanaka i ka hua'ōlelo "electrolyte" i noi ai i ka iuo aaoa?. Ma kekahi kaa hoʻohana kēpau-ʻakika iuo aaoa?, I ka electrolyte ma i hanaʻia i ke kūlana o ka 40 pakeneka sulfuricʻakika. E maopopo ke kumu malaila ua mea a pau e pono ai o ka waiwai pono e maopopo i nā hiʻona o ka pu ki.

Pela ka mea i ka loina o ka hana ana i kekahi o na pu ki? Ma ka reversible naoh i lawe aku i ka huli ana o kekahi waiwai i loko o kekahi, e like me ka hopena o ka a na electrons i hookuu. I ka wā o ka o na pu ki kauoha AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN ia lŘlŘ waiwai, i mea hiki ole ma lalo o maʻamau ana. Ua hiki e na poe like me ka hoʻomāhuahua o ka mana i loko o ka mea like me ka hopena o ka Nine Inch naoh. I ka hookuu i ka nana e hoole hou 'hoʻomaka, hoemi i ka'ōnaehana i kona loiloi mua moku'āina. Kēia mau keʻano o ka hanaʻana a pau lakou i kekahi kauoha-hookuuia kalapona.

E noonoo oe i ka keia kaʻina mea he maopopo hoʻohālike - ke kēpau-ʻakika o na pu ki. E like me ka mea, he mama, e koho, i ka he kumu ninoieo o ka hehee ai, ec he kēpau (diokisd alakai a me PbO ₂₎ a me kaʻakika. Kekahi o na pu ki ninoieo o na nā uila aʻa lolo, a me ka makahiki ma waena o ia hoopihaia me ka pololei i ka electrolyte. E like me ka la mahope, e like me mākou i ike, i loko o kēia hana hoʻohana sulfuricʻakika lehulehu o ka 40 pakeneka. Ke cathode o ka o na pu ki i mai kēpau'okikene lua, ka anode ua i ke kēpau maemae. I keia mea, no kēia mau 'ano' okoʻa nā uila aʻa lolo mau ana reversible reactions pili i Ion i nā dissociatedʻakika:

1. PbO ₂ + ¶ I ₄ ^{2- + 4H + + 2e - =} PbSO ₄ + 2H ₂ O (ka naoh 'ia ma ka hopena maikaʻi'ūholo uila - cathode).
2. PB + ¶ ₄ ^{2- -} 2e - = PbSO ₄ (ka naoh i hana ma ka maikaʻi'ūholo uila - ka anode).

Inā e heluhelu i ka naoh, mai haʻalele i ka akau - kiʻi i ka keʻano o ka hanaʻana i hana i na pu ki aloha hookuuia, a ina pono - ma ke kauoha. Kēlā me Nine Inch papa kumu o kēia mau reactions mea okoa, akā, i keʻano papa hana o ko lākou mau hanana i mau wehewehe i ka ia: he mea mau keʻano o ka hanaʻana, kekahi o i electrons i "ke kemu" a me ka 'ē aʻe, conversely, "e hele." Ka mea nui wale nō mea i ka helu o ke kemu electrons i keia i ka helu paʻi.

Maoli, a keu aku? Iuo aaoa?, Ua nui na palapala noi o kēia mau waiwai. I mau, electrolytes, examples o a mākou i hāʻawi aku ai, - ia mea wale nō i ka hua o keʻano o ka waiwai i i hui ma lalo o keia makahiki. Ka mea, a puni mākou mai'ō a'ō, mai'ō a'ō. No ka laʻana, ka mea kanaka kino. Anei oe manaʻo ma laila nō i ia mau waiwai? Loa hewa. Ka mea, i loaʻa wahi i loko o mākou, a lakou i ka nui helu o ke koko electrolytes. Mau nā, no kekahi laʻana, hao Ion, a he hapa o ka hemoglobin, a kōkua amo ka oxygen i na nā'aʻaʻa o ko mākou kino. Ke koko electrolytes pāʻani i ke kī kūlana ma ka rula o ka wai-paakai kaulike, a me ka hana ana o ka naau. He kuleana pili i ka hana ma ka potasiuma Ion a me ka paʻakai (ka mea, i ke kaʻina hana e ia lŘlŘ ma aeee i i kapaʻia potasiuma-paʻakai EII ni).

I kekahi waiwai e mea i hiki ke hoike mai i ka liʻiliʻi loa he uuku - electrolytes. A he mea ole ka hana a ko makou mau ola, kahi nae a lakou i noi. Ia mea,ʻaʻole wale na iuo aaoa? Ma ka hi a me iuo aaoa?. Anei kekahi Nine Inch a me ka ai aaioee, koa nā hale hana, kapa nā hale hana, a no laila, ma luna o.

Ke electrolyte haku mele 'ana, ma ke ala, He okoa. Pela, e mea hiki ke kālā līkaia no kaʻakika a me kona'ākilikai electrolyte. Ka mea, oko fundamentally i loko o kā lākou waiwai: e like me mākou i'ōlelo mai, nāʻakika i proton nā mea hāʻawi, a me ka mekala 'åkilikai - acceptors. Akā, ma manawa, o ka haku mele 'ana electrolyte loli ma muli o ka emi o ka hapa o ka waiwai lehulehu kekahi emi paha, piʻi pū (ia a pau hilinaʻi nui ma luna o ka mea i nalowale, ka wai a me electrolyte).

Kela a me keia lā i 'alo me ia mākou, akā, loa mau kanaka i like ka wehewehena o ia i kekahi manawa me electrolytes. Ano he kumu hoʻohālike o ka hana i ho'ākāka 'ona mākou ana, no laila, e ka hoʻoneʻe i ka iki hou luna' manaÿo.

Ke physical waiwai o electrolytes

Ano, e pili ana i ke kālaikūlohea. Ka mea nui wale nō e maopopo i loko o ke ao ana i keia kumuhana - kaʻikena ua hala aku i na electrolytes. Kuleana kūlana ma keia pâʻani 'o ia ma ka Ion. Mau papa mai (particles) e neʻe mai kekahi hapa o ka uku ole pāʻoihana i kekahi. Penei, anions lawelawe mau i ka maikaʻi'ūholo uila a me ka cations - a hiki i ka hopena maikaʻi. Penei, ma ka hana ana i ka uila he kākoʻo pāʻoihana, ke puunaue i ka 'āhewa' ana ma ke alo oʻaoʻao o ke kahua.

Loa hana hoihoi physical ano e like me nuʻa. Ua loli ai na waiwai o ko mākou i huiʻia ma lalo o kūkākūkā. A pinepine POP ka nīnau: "? Pehea e hoomahuahua i ka pa apŘ o ke electrolyte" I mea, o ka pane mea puni hoʻi: ia mea e pono ai i lalo loa i ka wai ka maʻiʻo o ka pāʻoihana. Mai ka pa apŘ o ke electrolyteʻano nui hoʻoholo nuʻa o ka sulfuricʻakika, ka mea pili kēia hilinaʻi nui ma luna o ka lehulehu hope loa. Aia nāʻaoʻaoʻelua ia? I ka manao. Ka mua Ua puni hoʻi: hoʻolapalapa i ka electrolyte na ma ka o na pu ki. E hana i kēia, e pono e kauoha ia ai e ka loko mahana ala iki ma luna o hoʻokahi haneri kekelē Kelekia. Inā keia hana, aole ia i hana, mai hopohopo, he mea kekahi: wale e puku i ka mea kahiko hou electrolyte. E hana i kēia, omo i ke kahiko pāʻoihana e hoʻomaʻemaʻe i ka ma loko o ke koena sulfuricʻakika i puhi ia ka wai, a ninini i ka hou hapa laila. Nō kāu, o ka mea e like ai o ka electrolyte pāʻoihana koke i ka makemake lehulehu waiwai. Ma hope o hope ke hoopoina ana pehea e hoala mai i ka pa apŘ o ke electrolyte.

Ke electrolyte haku mele 'ana pili kēia hoʻoholo kona waiwai. Ano e like me uila conductivity a me ka pa apŘ, no kekahi laʻana, ikaika hilinaʻi ma ka ano o ka solute a me kona lehulehu. Aia He He ninau kaawale no Pehea la ka nui o ka electrolyte i loko o ka o na pu ki hiki ia. I ka mea, kona leo ua pololei e pili ana i ka hai nona iho o ka huahana. Ka oi sulfuricʻakika i loko o ka o na pu ki, no laila ia mea oi loa aku kou mana, 'ole. E. ka oi anakahi uila ka hiki ke.

Where ka mea maikaʻi kēia?

Inā 'oe i kekahi kaʻa enthusiast paha e hoihoi i loko o kaa, oe e ike na mea a pau ia oe iho. He oiaio, e hiki ike pehea e hooholo i ka nui o electrolyte i loko o ka o na pu ki ka manawa. A inā 'oe makemake e aku, mai ke kaʻa, alaila, e ole e hana wale i ka ike ana o ka waiwai o kēia mau waiwai, kā lākou hoʻohana a pehea e pāʻani aku i kekahi i kekahi. Ike keia, e huli i pioloke, oe e noi, e olelo aku i ka mea a ka electrolyte i loko o ka o na pu ki. 'Oiai, hiki ina oe i ke kaʻa enthusiast, akā, oe i ke kaʻa, a laila, i ka ike ana o ka pu ki mea e e loa ole ia ia ka poino, a, e kōkuaʻoe e hana hou. It E e nui maʻalahi a ho'ēmi i hana na mea a pau ia oe iho, ma mua o ka hele i ke kaʻa konu.

A me ke aʻo hou e pili ana i keia kumuhana, ua paipai aku ia oe kikoo mai i ke kemika puke haʻawina no nā kula a me nā kulanui. Inā 'oe i kēia' epekema pono a me ka heluhelu lawa buke, i ka pono koho e e "Nineʻikena kumu" Varypaeva. Aia e holo mai i loko o au mamuli o ka pau pähola 'ana o na pu ki aloha ola, heʻano o ka iuo aaoa? A me ka hydrogen hehee wale.

ka hopena

Ua hele mai nei mākou i ka hopena. E ka helu i. Ma luna o mākou ana no na mea a pau, e like me i keia mau mea e like me electrolytes: examples, kanu'ōiwi nā kumumanaʻo, a me ka waiwai, mana a me ka noi. Once hou, ka mea e e mai la oia ia mau i huiʻia, he hapa o ko mākou ola, me ka i ka mea hiki ole nei, ko kakou kino a me nā mau mea o ka hana. E hoomanao i ka electrolytes koko? Mahalo iā ia ke ola. A me ka mea e pili ana i kā mākou hi? Me keia ike, ua hiki ke koho i kekahi pilikia a me ka o na pu ki, maopopo like manawa pehea e hoala mai i ka pa apŘ o ke electrolyte i loko o laila.

A pau ole i ka hai aku, akā, ua i i kau aku ia i ka pahu hopu. Ma hope o nā mea a pau, ka mea, ke i nā mea a pau e e hai aku hiki no kēia mau mea kupaianaha waiwai.