English statistician a me ka economist Petti Uilyam: Kawaihae, aneiai ike, theories, hana

Petti Uilyam (1623-1687 GG.) - English economist, nä känaka 'epekema a me ka poe akeakamai. He lilo kaulana ia ia i malama aku Oliver Cromwell , a me ka 'ōlelo Pelekānia Repubalika. Ke nä känaka 'epekema Ua ulu ka hoʻokō ano e ana i ka aina i koho ia no ka haoʻana. Ma hope o Cromwell ka mea, i mālama ai ma lalo o Charles II a me James II. No kekahi mau makahikiʻo ia i noho ai i loko o ka hale kanawai Beritania. Eia naʻe, loa ike aneiai wale Uilyama Petti. Ua Ua aie me ka paku ana i ka rula o ka laissez-faire ma ka moku'āina kālai'āina.

Uilyam Petti: Kawaihae

Wā e hiki mai maikaʻi-ike economist dosmitovskoy au i hānau i loko o ka ohana o tailors. He la 'ike a me ka akamai keiki, a i ka 1637, loaa ae nei i ka' oihana me he kāpena keiki ma luna o ka moku. Soon, nae,ʻo ia i kona wāwae wawahi iho la, a ua waiho uka i loko o Noremana. i ka makahiki ma hope o Petti Uilyam aʻo he Roma, a hoʻolimalima i kekahi kumu 'ōlelo Pelekānia no ka mea kūloko heluna. He laila, hoʻi maila i 'Enelani. Ma keia manawa, i ka wā e hiki mai economist muaʻana iā Kalani ma Roma, Greek, Farani, makemakika a me ka kilohōkū. Ma hope o ka manawa pōkole wā o ka hana i loko o ka Moana, hele aku la ia i Holland, i kona wahi i lilo hoihoi i ka'anatomia. Ma Part I, William hoʻolimalima i pilikino kakauolelo o Hobbes, i ae la ia ia, e kiʻi ike me Descartes, Mersenne a me Gassendi.

I ka 1646, hoi aku la oia i 'Enelani, a hoomaka ae la e noiʻi i lapaau i ka Kulanui o Oxford. He ua hiki ke invent a me ka Palapala Sila Nui kā lākou mau ka hoʻopiliʻana mīkini, akā, no ka hookupaa aku i kona kuai pilikia. I ka 1652 i la oia i ka uwe o ka wa e kaawale aku, a hele aku la i Ireland i Cromwell ka poe koa. He noho ma ka hale kanawai,ʻo ia i mālama ai i nā aliʻiʻelua. Ma hope o 1660, i ka makahiki o kona scientific hoihoi i 'oni iki mai ka physical sciences i ka nohona. I ka 1667, ua mare Elizabeth Waller. Economist make i ka 1687 ma London, kahi i hoʻi mai ai, mai Ireland koke ma mua o kona make ana.

aneiai wale

Maʻepekema theories 'ole e mau kumu:

• Thomas Hobbes. William i kona kino kakauolelo no kekahi manawa, a hiki ke hoomanao pono i ka naauao koi "kivila ka maluhia a me ka mea nui." Nolaila, ka hapanui o kona ola oia i imi i ke kumu o ka pomaikai o Ireland.
• Frensis Bekon. Ke nä känaka 'epekema Uaʻae ia makemakika a me ka kilo e ia i ke kumu o nā mea a pau ka naauao sciences. No laila, i loko o lākou? Iie hauna e, imi mau la oia e imi i laupaʻi nā hoailona. Kēia mea i ka ai-kapaia kālai'āina makemakika.

Uilyama Petti ua pinepine kapaia ka mua oiaio nä känaka 'epekema-economist. Ka hohonu o kona noiʻi e ukuhi i ka mea ma luna o Thomas Mann, Iosia Child a me Dzhona Lokka. Haʻahaʻa o ka hana mua o ka hoʻokele waiwai kālai'āina. Kona oi-ikeia theories pili i ka auhau, na waiwai, i ke kala lako, a me ka uku o kona holo, koina, hoihoi holo 'awelika, kūwaho hoʻi kalepa a me ka waiwai kūʻai aupuni. Haʻahaʻa, kekahi o ka mua kū'ē i ka mercantilist manao. He manaoio aku i e e ma muli o ka kumu o ka lilo ana o kekahi huahana i hoolilo ia ma luna o kona? Iecaianoaaiiuo hana. Ke aupuni waiwai o ke aupuni, ma o kona manao, 'aʻole wale nō i loko o ke gula a me ke kala, a me ka mea palapala i ka nele ana o ke kālā,ʻaʻole wale nō, akā, i kā lākou loaʻa pākeu.

Auhau, 'ikepili helu a me ka lahui makahiki helu mahina

I ka wa o haʻahaʻa o Hoʻohaku manaʻo i loko o 'Enelani i mercantilism. Enelani ua ma ke kaua ana me Holland, a me ka mea, ua pono i ke kala. No ia mea, haʻahaʻa o hoʻoili ma ka huli ana i ka pololei nā loina o ka auhau. Ka mea, Ua manao iho, e kōkua hoʻopiha i ka pahu i ka mea kaua. Haʻahaʻa o kaukahi, no na mai eono mau mea o ka ohi. He manaoio aku i ka mea, e ia ka pololei, a me ka proportionate. Haʻahaʻa o koi i ka ohi ana o na auhau i loko o ka palapala, aole wale no mea maikai i eliiaʻi, akā, i ke kala. Na ia mau rula la oia ia ia ma o ka i ka ho omaulia o ka lahui makahiki. He manaoio aku i ka waiwai o ka moku'āina mea ole wale ke gula a me ke kala, akā, i ke kala. E like me kona mau ho, i ke aupuni makahiki o ʻEnelani ma ka 1660s ua like me 667 miliona paona.

Nā 'ikepili helu haʻahaʻa o hoʻohana mea averages. Eia naʻe, i loko o ia mau lā ka mea, ua he e piʻi like nui. Kokoke i kekahi ma mua ona, i ole hoʻohana laupaʻi nā hoailona. Heluʻikepili, a hiki ma Hawaii, ka mea, ua nui loa paakiki ke kiʻi. No ia mea, hele mai haʻahaʻa a me kā lākouʻaoʻao iho o ka loiloi 'ana i ka helu ana o kanaka. He manaoio aku i ka mea ulu ma ka waiwai hoʻolilo e 30% hiki aku i ka hapaʻauhau mahuahua i loko o ka heluna kanaka, a me kekahi kanaka i loko o kanakolu make kēlā me kēia makahiki. A oaeuiinoe helu o ka poʻe i loko o Lākana. Ma ka aina, ma ka mea mahuʻi haʻahaʻa oʻewalu āna manawa hou kanaka. It E e kaulana i keia iaoia i ua nema aku iloko o ke ola ana o ke nä känaka 'epekema.

Pähola 'o ka waiwai a me ka uku hoopanee

Petti Uilyam hana mau i ka paio kaulana nō e Aristotle. He hoomau i kona pähola 'o ka waiwai, a i ka nānā' ana ma luna o nā kumu waiwai no lilo i? Iecaianoaaiiuo. He kaukahi, no na mai nā kumumea: aina a me ka hana. Ua pau i ke kumu o ka hanaia ana o taxable makahiki. Haʻahaʻa makemake e ho okumu i ka helu kaulike, i ka hopena o ka i makemake ia i ka pololei kumukuai o ka waiwai. ua An nui hapa o ia i noʻonoʻo i ka pono hana. Haʻahaʻa o pili i kona pähola 'o ka waiwai i ka i ka ho omaulia ana o ka nahae. Me ka pili ana i ka uku kuala holo 'awelika, i loko o ia mau lā, he nui nō noʻonoʻo i ka hewa, e loaaʻi ka waiwai. Eia naʻe, haʻahaʻa i oleʻae me kēiaʻano. He hoʻolauna iā 'o ka manaʻo o ka uku no ka haawi ana i ka hoʻohana' ana i ke kala mai i ka mea hāʻawi.

ka nānā 'ana ma luna o ka loina o ka noninterference Management

ʻO kekahi mea nui mea mea i hoala mai i loko o kona hana Petti Uilyam, o ke akeakamai o ka laissez-faire i loko o ke aupuni. Here ia i hilinaʻi ma luna o ka 'inikua rula o non-ākeʻakeʻa i loko o ka hana o ke ola i ke kino. He hoʻohana 'ia, a me monopolies, a me ka pāʻana i ka mea hoʻolilo o ke kala, a me ke kalepa i ka waiwai. He manaoio aku i ke aupuni hooponopono i oi ino ma mua o ka pono.

Uilyam Petti: kumumanaʻo

I loko nō o kona ola ana, huli i nā nä känaka 'epekema i nā hana o ka wā e hiki mai? Aneia iainiiaaiea. Nā hana Hiki ke loaʻa i loko o ka manao Uilyama Petti auhau i ka ho omaulia ana o ka aina makahiki 'ikepili helu, i ke kala lako a me ka māmā holo o ka holo, i ka kumumanaʻo o ka waiwai a me ka uku hoopanee, hoʻokele, hooponopono o ke kālā launa kumu a me ka hana, piha hana, mahele o ka hana, a he nui nā kumuhana apau loa. Kona theories i alakaʻi ai i ka manao o na mea he nui loa-ikeia economists. Ma ka hoohalike, me kona mau ukali i na mea nui naau me Adamu Smith, Karl Marx, a Dzhon Meynard Keyns. Ua kōkua loa palahalaha mau mea hoihoi haʻahaʻa o lōʻihi manawa koe pili.

Hana Hou a me ka hoʻoilina

Uilyam Petti - mea hoʻoheheʻe kālā a me ka lālā o ka Royal Society. He ua ahoʻikeʻia no kāna hana ma aneiai mōʻaukala a me ka 'ikepili helu. Mea i hoʻokumu i o ka mea kēia i kūpono o ka helu - o Uilyam Petti. Hana o ka 'epekema hana nā:

• "Hoonoho ma luna auhau a me na hana" (1662).
• "Kalaiaina makemakika" (1676).
• Verbum Sapienti (1664).
• "Kalaiaina Anatomia o Ireland" (1672).
• "Ma o ka hala" (1682).
• "(Essay) ma ka augmentation o na kanaka" (1682).