Evolution paleontological hoike. I ka moolelo o ke ola ma ka Honua

Ao ana e pili ana i Evolution mea controversial. Kekahi manaoio i ke Akua i hana mai i ke ao nei. 'Ē aʻe hoʻopaʻapaʻa me ia, i mai la ia Darwin ua pololei. Ka mea, kulanakauhale lehulehu hoike o ka evolution i loa ikaika kākoʻo i kona kumumanaʻo paleontological.

Ke koe o nā holoholona a me nā mea kanu, lawelawe e decompose, a laila, nalo me ka kumumea. Eia naʻe, i kekahi manawa nā minelala hao panai liluwelo'aʻaʻa, kūpono ma ka ho okumu ana o fossils. Epekema mau loaʻa fossilized leho a iwi, i mea, na kino iwi, ka paakiki loa o ka meaola. I kekahi manawa e loaʻa ko läkou 'o ka holoholona wao akua, a me kā lākou mau ko läkou' o fingerprints. E like hou kākaʻikahi hiki huai ae holoholona loa. Ka mea i loaʻa i loko o ka hau o ka permafrost a me ka Amber (kēpau o kahiko mea kanu) ole anoaeuoiauo (maoli kēpau).

Science paleontology

Palaeontology - ka 'epekema i Haʻawina fossils. Sedimentary pōhaku i ana waiho mau papa, no ka mea, o ka mea ka meaʻoi papa komo 'ike e pili ana i ka hala o ko mākou Honua (superposition rula). mea hiki e hooholo i ka hoahanau makahiki o likeʻole fossilsʻepekema, i mea e maopopo i ke ano o ka meaola noho ma ka Honua ma mua, a me ka mea hope. Kēia i mea e hiki ai e hoʻoholo i ka hopena e pili ana i ka olelo o ka evolution.

Ka wāwahie mooolelo

Inā mākou e nānā i ka wāwahie mooolelo, ke ike i ke ola ma keia Honua ma ka ua nui hoʻololi, i kekahi manawa ma o aku o iaia. First protozoa (prokaryotes), 'aʻole ole i kekahi ke kelepona hele nucleus ku ae la ma ka Honua ma kahi o 3.5 ieeeea makahiki aku nei. About 1,75 ieeeea makahiki aku nei, he hookahi-aa? Eukaryotes. Ma hope o ka ieeeea makahiki, ma kahi o 635 miliona makahiki aku nei, multicellular holoholona ikeia'ku, i ka mua o ka i lilo i ka huahuakai. Ma hope o kekahi mau hou na umi o ka miliona o makahiki, na clams mua a me na ilo i loaʻa. Ma hope o 15 miliona makahiki ma hope o ia mea, ua primitive vertebrates, lampreys e hoohalike ai kēia. Around 410 miliona makahiki aku nei, he iwi ā iʻa, a me nā mea kolo - ma kahi o 400 miliona makahiki aku nei.

Over ka mea e hiki mai ana 100 MYRʻano nui Fern uhiia ka aina, a i na kanaka] amphibians a me nā mea kolo. Me 230 o 65 miliona makahiki aku nei, dinosaurs Kīwala'ō i ka Honua, a me ka loa, he pono ole kanu i laila cycads a me nā gymnosperms pae. Ua kokoke i ka manawa, o ka mea i oi aku i ka mea like ike ma waena o ka wāwahie? Aaoa a me flora i kēia. Kēia kiʻi keʻae i ka kumumanaʻo o ka evolution. Otherʻepekema ho'ākāka keiki, he ole.

Aia i kela paleontological hoike no ka evolution. Kekahi o ia mau mea - hoonui DURATION ola ana o ka 'ohana a me ka genera.

Mahuahua ka longevity o nāʻohana a me genera

E like me ka loaʻa i ka 'ikepili, oi ma mua o 99% o nā mea a pau? Ueo a ola meaola e noho loa ma ka Honua - he mea ole? Ueo i i ole ola i ko kakou manawa. Ua hoakakaia epekema e pili ana i 250 tausani. wāwahie, kela mea keia mea o ka i ua loaʻa wale nō i loko o hoʻokahi a oi e pili papa. E hoopono ana mai o kaʻikepili loaa ma paleontologists, kela mea keia mea o lakou, ua kahi o 2-3 miliona makahiki, akā, kekahi mea hou a nui emi.

I ka nui o ka wāwahie genera i hōʻikeʻia e kānakaʻepekema, mea e pili ana i 60 tausani, a me nāʻohana - 7000. O na ohana a me na ohana, ma ka huli, i ka luawai-hoakaka holo. ʻepekema, Ua i hanau hale i kēia ōlaʻi o ka miliona o ka makahiki i loaʻa. Like no na ohana, ka lōʻihi like 'ole o ko lākou ola o oaeuiinoe na umi paha hoi haneri o ka miliona o ka makahiki.

Ka Ikepili o paleontologicalʻikepili hōʻike i loko o ka 550 miliona makahiki i hala iho nei, ua ulu steadily ka lōʻihi like 'ole o ke ola o ka' ohana a me ka genera. Kēia e pono wehewehe i ka kumumanaʻo o ka evolution: ke kiʻekiʻe o loaa i loko o ka biosphere loa "Hardy a" ku paa auanei pae o ka meaola. Ka mea, e emi mai paha, e hele loa iaʻi i hou hoʻopale i? Aneie loli.

Aia mea'ē aʻe hoike o ka evolution (paleontology). Hahai I ka puunaue ana o meaola, kńnaka i loa hoihoi 'ikepili.

hoi o ka makana o ka meaola

Hoi o ka makana o ke kanaka pūʻulu o ola meaola, e like me nā mea a pau o ia i kahi hookahi, i hōʻoia ana i ka evolution. Wale Darwin ka kumumanaʻo ke wehewehe i ko lakou hooponopono ma ka Honua. No ka laʻana, kokoke i kekahi pae o fossils loaʻa "evlolyutsionnye kaua." No laila, i kapaʻia mālie loli ike i loko o ka 'ole o ka meaola, a i nā puku i kekahi i kekahi. Mau loli pinepine mea pahuna, ma kekahi hihia, ua hiki ke olelo e pili ana i oi a emi huikau ka fluctuations.

Ke alo aku o ka waena pepa

Lehulehu paleontological hoike no evolution loaʻa i ke ola ana o ka waena (malumalu) ano o ka meaola. Oia meaola hui pu iho hiʻona o kekahi? Ueony a genera, 'ohana, a no laila, ma luna o. D. Haʻi'ōlelo o ka malumalu ano, e like me ka rula, pū wāwahie. Naʻe, i kēia aʻole i manaʻo 'ia e make mai i ka palapala? Ueo. I ka kumumanaʻo o ka evolution ma muli o ka hana o ka laau phylogenetic Wānana hoʻi i ka malumalu pepa maoli ola (a nolaila, hiki ke 'akomi i), a me ka mea - i.

Currently, he nui wale o kēia wānana i hele mai nei. No ka laʻana, e ike ana i ka 'ole o ka manu a me nā mea kolo, noiʻi ke hoʻoholo i nā hiʻona o ka palapala ano ma waena o lākou. He mea hiki, e imi i ka i koe iho o nā holoholona, like i ka mea kolo, akā, he mau'ēheu; ole e like me ka manu, akā, me ka lōʻihi huelo a me niho. Pela ia mea hiki ke kilokilo i ka malumalu pepa ma waena o mammals a me nā manu,ʻaʻole e e 'akomi i. No ka laʻana, aole ola mammals i hulu; a me na manu o ka meaola i ka waena pepeiao iwi (keia mea ano o mammals).

I ka loaʻa o Archeopteryx

Ma paleontological hoike no ka evolution loaʻa i ka helu o ka hoihoi 'haʻina. Ka mua Archeopteryx iwi lala o na? Ueo i ike i kekahi kakahiaka nui lā ma hope o ka puke o Charles Darwin ka hana "ke kumu o? Ueo." Kēia hana i nāʻimi naʻauao hooiaio o ka evolution o ka holoholona a me nā mea kanu. Archeopteryx He He palapala waena ma waena o mea kolo a me nā manu. Plumage ia? Ac?, I mea typical no na manu. Eia naʻe, Ua kokoke i okoa mai dinosaurs ka iwi 'ole o ka holoholona. Archeopteryx i ka lōʻihi pokou huelo, niho, ma kona alo lala, he mau maiuu. Like no ka hiʻona o ka iwi ano o ka manu, i ole i oia ia nui (wishbone, ma na kihi - Hook spines). Ma hope,ʻepekema Ua loaʻa i kālā, waena waena o mea kolo a me nā manu.

Kaʻimiʻana i ka mua kanaka iwi

Ma paleontological hoike no evolution nā ka ka loaʻaʻana, a ma ka 1856 i ka mua kanaka iwi. Kēia hanana i wahi i loko o 3 makahiki ma mua o ka lehulehu ākea o "ke kumu o? Ueo." Epekema i i ike i ka puke i nā wāwahie auaiaea wahi, a hiki hookupaa i chimpanzees a me nā kānaka i iho mai o ka hoʻomaopopo like kūpuna. No laila, ua 'ike akula' paleontologists he nui helu o ke kino iwi o ka meaola i malumalu ano ma waena o chimpanzees a me nā kānaka. He nui paleontological hoike no ka evolution. Ano he kumu hoʻohālike o kekahi o ia e e hōʻike mai iā ia ma lalo nei.

Transitional ano ma waena o chimpanzees a me nā kānaka

Charles Darwin (Ua hāʻawiʻia ma luna o kona kiʻi), Eia naʻe, i i ike e pili ana i ka mea nui e loaʻa ai 'ike akula ma hope o kona make ana. Paha, ka mea makemake e hoihoi 'ai i loaʻa mai i ka hoike o ke aloha evolution hoomaopopo aku i kona kumumanaʻo. E like me ia, e like me ka makou i ike, i nā mea a pau e iho ana mākou mai monkeys. No ka mea, he pono ole kupuna o chimpanzees a me nā kānaka i hele ma eha wāwae, a me kona lolo nui 'aʻole i oi aku ka nui o ka chimpanzee lolo, i loko o ka papa o ka evolution, e like me ke kumumanaʻo, ka mea, ua i ho'ōla hoʻomōhala bipedalism. Eia hou, i ka buke o ka lolo ua ia e mahuahua. Penei, pono i ke e kekahi o na Lolina ekolu o ka malumalu palapala:

• nui lolo, bipedalism undeveloped;
• e hoʻomōhala ana i bipedalism, lolo ka nui me chimpanzees;
• ulu bipedalism, lolo ka leo o ka waena.

Ke koe o Australopithecus

Ma Africa, i ka 1920. ka i koe iho o ka meaola i ua loaʻa, a i ua kapa Australopithecus. Ua haawiia mai ia ia ia Raymond i nā ihe kēia inoa. 'O kēia kekahi maopopo o ka evolution. Kālaimeaola Ua hoʻonui 'ike ma ka helu o nā' ano like nā haʻina. Ma hope, ua 'ike akula' epekema ka i koe iho o nā mea, me nā manu kuhukukū AL 444-2 a me ke kaulana Lucy (kiʻi ma luna).

Australopithecus noho ma ka'ākau a me ka hikina Africa, mai ka 4 a hiki i 2 miliona makahiki aku nei. Ka mea, i kekahi i kekahi mau mea nui lolo ka leo ma mua o ka poʻe o nā chimpanzees. Ka 'ole o ko lākou pelvic iwi, ua kokoke i ka kanaka. Kalevari ma ka 'ole ano o bipedal holoholona. Ua hiki ke nānā 'ia e ka nei puka i loko o ka occipital iwi e hoʻohuiʻia i ka spinal Canal cranial lua. A, petrified ka lehu ma Tanzania i loaʻa "kanaka" meheu i i koe ma kahi o 3,6 miliona makahiki aku nei. Australopithecines, ke'ōlelo mai nā lua o ka waena ano o ka mea ma luna o ke ano. Lolo i ka mea like me ka chimpanzee ka hola, ua ulu bipedalism.

Ke koe o Ardipithecus

Ma hope,ʻepekema loaa i ka hou paleontological loaa. Kekahi o ia mau mea - ka i koe iho o Ardipithecus, e noho ana ma kahi o 4.5 miliona makahiki aku nei. Ma hope o ke kālailai kona iwi, ka mea ike i Ardipithecus kolo ana maluna o ka honua ma luna o diawahine ia wāwaeʻelua, e like me ka piʻi lāʻau ma luna o nā mea a pau eha. Ka mea, i ka poorly ulu bipedalism no mahope laha 'o hominids (Australopithecus a me kānaka). Ardipithecus hiki aole o lakou hele ma lōʻihi mamao. Ka mea, i ka malumalu palapala ma waena o ka pono kupuna o chimpanzees a me nā kānaka a me Australopithecus.

Lehulehu maopopo i ua loaʻa ke kanaka evolution. E kamailio wale ana i kekahi o ia mau mea. Ma ke kumu o ka 'ike i loaa mai, nä känaka' epekema ka manaʻo e pili ana pehea hominids hoʻololi ma manawa.

Ke evolution o hominids

It E e kaulana ia a hiki i kēia manawa he nui ka poe i hoomaopopoia ma ka hoike o ka evolution. A papaʻaina, a me ka 'ike e pili ana i ke kumu o ke kanaka, i ua poe i loko o na kula puke haʻawina o kālaimeaola, ua Haunted e na kanaka, ma o na la lehulehu hoopaapaa. Ua mea hiki ke komo i loko o kēia 'ike i loko o ke kula laulā maʻamau? Children i e noiʻi i ka hoike o ka evolution? Ka papaʻaina hanau he familiarization ano, angers ka poe i manaoio i ke kanaka i hanaia e ke Akua. Hehe, ua hōʻike 'ike e pili ana i ka evolution o hominids. E hooholo no ka iho ana i ka hana ia.

Ma ka papa o ka evolution o hominids i loko o ka mua pololei hele i hana, a ua me ka nui loa māhuahua nui ma hope o ka buke o ko lākou lolo. Australopithecus, ola 4-2 miliona makahiki aku nei, ka mea, ua ma kahi o 400 CC, aneane e like me ka chimpanzee. Ma hope o ia mau mea i loko o ka palapala o ko mākou Honua noho Homo habilis. Loaʻa i kona mau iwi, ka mea nona na makahiki ua oaeuiinoe e ia 2 miliona makahiki, loaʻa oi kahiko pohaku i na mea paahana. Kahi o 500-640 CC i ka nui o kona lolo. Hope i loko o ka papa o ka evolution ua kekahi e hana ana i ke kanaka. kona lolo ua no nui. Kona leo ua 700-850 CC. ʻO kekahiʻano, Homo erectus, e hou e like me kaʻiʻo nō o kēia kanaka. Ka buke o ka lolo ua oaeuiinoe 850-1100 CC. A laila, hele mai i ke ano o Heidelberg ke kanaka. Kona lolo nui i hiki 1100-1400 CC. Next hele mai i ka Neanderthals i ka lolo ka leo o 1200-1900 cm³. Homo sapiens originated 200 tausani. Makahiki aku nei. Ua Ua wehewehe aku ma ka lolo nui 1000-1850 CC.

No laila, ua hōʻike mai iā ia mākou i ka hoike ka papa kuhikuhi o ka evolution o ke aloha ao nei. Pehea e hai aku i keia ike, e hoopo nopono mai. I ka like o ka evolution mau a hiki i kēia lā. Paha hana hoihoi hou loaʻa nō e loaa i loko o ka wā e hiki mai. Ma hope o nā mea a pau, ma keia e like me ka 'epekema me paleontology ua' Imi ulu. Hoike o ka evolution hāʻawi, ia 'Imi kūkākūkā nā ma kānakaʻepekema, a ma ka poʻe mamao mai ka' epekema.