He aha ka polyploidy? He aha kūlana 'Aʻole ia pāʻani ma ke koho, a ma ka aoao maoli

heluhelu i kēia 'atikala ma hope, oe e aʻo i polyploidy. E nānā mākou i ke kūlana ia Radio. Oe e hoi aʻo i mea na ano o ka polyploidy.

Education polyploids

Mua o nā mea a pau, e hai mai no ka mea i manaoia ma keia pohihihi hua'ōlelo. Keena a kanaka paha i oi aku mau e puhi ia o chromosomes i kapaia polyploids. Polyploid keena me ka haʻahaʻa alapine (frequency) i ka hopena o ka "hewa" mitosis. Keia ia lŘlŘ ka wā e puʻunaueʻia ka chromosomes, a me ka cytokinesis ia lŘlŘ. Pela aeee hiki ke hanaʻia o ka palua o ka helu ana o chromosomes (diploids). Inā ka mea, e hele ana ma ka interphase, e kaʻana like, ka mea hiki ke haawi ala i (nā kiʻie 'ole asexually) hou kanaka nona na keena, e i palua ka nui chromosomes ma mua o ko lakou mau makua. Alaila, i ke kaʻina hana o ka ho okumu - i ka polyploidy. Polyploid mea kanu hiki ke hua mai la artificially hoʻohana colchicine - alkaloid uhi i ke kahua o ka mitotic kālī ma ka pohāʻana o ka microtubule ho okumu.

waiwai polyploids

Kēia mau mea kanu volatility mea pinepine nuiʻololī ma mua ia o ka pili diploid, no ka mea, kēlā'ōewe ua poe e ia lakou ma ka liʻiliʻi loa palua i ka helu. Ma cleavage o ka MOKUNA XXXIII No homozygous ma kekahi recessive'ōewe kanaka hoolilo wale 1/16 kahi o ka 1/4 o diploids. (Ma nā hihia ka mea, ua ea ae ka hana i ke alapine (frequency) o recessive alleles mea 0,50.) Polyploidy pono'ī nona selfing, hou hoemi lākou volatility, hoʻowahāwahā i ka mea i kā lākou nā diploids advantageously kea pollinated.

Kahi loaʻa nā polyploids

No laila, ua'ōlelo mai mākou i ka ninau, i mea polyploidy. Akā, ma ka mea, he mau mea kanu?

Kekahi polyploids i na mea maikai hakuloli i ka maloo, wahi a haʻahaʻa mahana ma mua o ka palapala diploid palapala, oiai kekahi poe i oi hoʻomākaukau i kekahi lepoʻAno. No ka mea, o keia, ka mea hiki ke noho i loko o nā wahi me ka loa ana o ka ola, ma a ko lakou diploid kūpuna paha ina ua make. Me ka uuku alapine (frequency) ka mea ana i loko o na mea he nui maoli populations. Ka mea, e hoʻomāmā iki ma mua o ka like diploids, e hele mai i loko o outbreeding. Ma keia hihia, e like me ka wa i hiki e hua momona hybrids. Emi polyploids hapalua kumu i hanaʻia ma ka a pāpālua hoʻi i ka helu ana o chromosomes i loko o ka diploid sterile hybrids. 'O kēia kekahi o na aoao plodovistosti ke ola.

Ka mua hoʻopaʻa pepa paʻi kiʻi hihia o ka polyploidy

He nolaila, emi, he pono ole, ma polyploid hybrids hana ma waena o radishes a me cabbage. Kēia i ka mea mua pono-hoʻopaʻa pepa paʻi kiʻi hihia o ka polyploidy. He mau genera pili ana i ka ohana o crucifers, a ua pili loa aku. Ma somatic keena , a me nā 'ano o nā chromosomes ka 18, a me ka mea mua meiotic metaphase 9 mau' akomi i hui o chromosomes. Me kekahi pilikia, ka mea i loaa ia ia ma ka hapalua ma waena o kēia mau mea kanu. Ma meiosis, ka mea, he 18 unpaired chromosomes (9 a me ka 9, mai radish mai cabbage) a ua loa sterile. I waena o kēia mau mea kanu hapalua polyploidy spontaneously i hanaʻia, i i loko o somatic aeee ua 36 chromosomes i meiosis a mau hana 18 hui. Ma nā hua'ōlelo, polyploid hapalua i nā mea a pau 18 chromosomes like me ka radish, a me ka cabbage a me ka mea, ho'āʻo o maʻamau. Kēia hapalua A ua prolific.

Polyploids-ka nāhelehele

Kekahi polyploids ai ka haohao ana me ka nāhelehele i loko o ka mahinaʻai e pili ana i kanaka hana, a me kekahi manawa ka mea, ua loaʻa kupaianaha pomaikai. One pono-ike laʻana - i ka poʻe e noho lā ma ka paakai wahi lepo wai o ka genus Spartina. One? Ueony, S. maritima (kiʻi ma lalo nei), ua loaʻa i loko o ka Swamp ma na mokuna oʻEulopa a me Africa. Kekahiʻano, S. alterniflora, i hoʻolauna i ka UK ma ka hikina o ka North America a puni 1800 a me a laila, e halii mai i lohe nui, ho okumu i nui kūloko lēpela.

me ka hua palaoa

Kekahi o ka mea nui polyploid kanu pūʻulu hiki ke noʻonoʻo i kekahi ano o ka palaoa Triticum (kiʻi ma lalo nei). Ka loa, he pono ole i loko o ka honua mōhaiʻai iʻohi - pahee huapalaoa (T. aestivum) - ua 2n = 42. Kahi I huapalaoa originated ma ka liʻiliʻi loa 8,000 makahiki aku nei, paha i loko o Central 'Eulopa, e like me ka hopena o maoli hybridization o ka mahiʻai, a i 2n = 28, a me ka hihiu cereal ka ia ano e i 2n = 14. Wild mauʻu, paha ulu me ka nāhelehele i waena o ka palaoa. Hybridization, haawi ala i ka palupalu hua palaoa, hiki ke hana ma waena o polyploidy akaka mai ka manawa i ka manawa i loko o ka populations o nā makua? Ueo.

Ua hoʻoneʻe 'ia paha i ka pau anaʻe o ka 42-chromosome palaoa a me kona mau mea kōkua ma na hoailona i waho ma ka margins o ka mahiʻai mua, ka mea, i kekahi koke ia, a koho' ia no ka hou mahi. Kekahi o kona mau makua ano, 28-chromosome palaoa ua mahi, ka mea, ua i ka hopena o ka hybridization o nā hihiu laha 'o ka chromosome 14, mai ka Middle East. Ano o ka palaoa, a me 2n = 28, a e hoʻomau 'ia e mahi a me ka 42-chromosome. Oia palaoa chromosome 28 nō i ka papa kuhikuhiE kumu o ka hua liilii i ka? Iecaianoaaiiie o ka nulu'Īkalia aie i ka adhesiveness kiʻekiʻe o ke kumuʻiʻo. 'Aneʻi i ka kūlana hoʻokani ma ka polyploidy.

Triticosecale

Nā haʻawina i hōʻike i ka hou laina loaa mai ma ka hybridization ke hoʻoikaika 'ana i mahiʻai? Iecaianoaaiiuo. Polyploidy i kanu? Aneii ua hoʻohana loa kaiāulu. No i olelo mua iaʻi o Triticosecale - pae manmade hapalua ma waena o ka hua palaoa (Triticum) a me ka rai (Secale). Kekahi o ia mau mea, hoʻohuiʻia hua o ka palaoa me ka rai ruggedness, o ka loa i ka pilina paʻa laina popo - maʻi, ma o na la poho nui i ka mahiai. I kŰia mau mea e pololei ai nui ma ka kiʻekiʻe-kiʻekiʻena wahi o na koaʻe ke a me subtropics, ma ka popo - i ka papa kuhikuhiE ololi ke kaupalenaʻana i ka mahi o ka palaoa. Triticosecale ua e ulu ana ma ka unahiʻole, i nui, a ua nui kaulana i loko o Farani a me nā'āina'ē. Ua kaulana loa o ka 42-chromosome laina o keia cereal. Ua Ua loaa ma ka a pāpālua hoʻi i ka helu ana o chromosomes ma hope o hybridization o chromosome 28 palaoa 14-chromosomal rai.

Ke 'ano o nā polyploids

Ma ke ano maoli, ka mea i laweʻia ma lalo o ka aoao o ka mawaho rula,ʻaʻole no ka hana kanaka. Lākou helehelena - kekahi o ka mea nui evolutionary maomeka. Kēia manawa ka nui polyploid poe ma ka honua flora (oi ma mua o ka hapalua o nā mea kanu? Ueo). Iwaena o lakou i na mea he nui o ka loa nui ulu - ole palaoa wale, akā, i pulupulu, ke ko, maia, uala a me ka pua nānālā. A hiki i keia papa hiki e hoʻohuiʻia loa nani māla pua - chrysanthemums, pansies, dahlias.

Ano, ia oe i ka polyploidy. No kona kūlana ma ka mahiʻai, e like me 'oe ke ike, ka loa kiʻekiʻe.