Herbert Spencer: Kawaihae a me ka walaʻauʻana i ka manaʻo nui. English poe akeakamai a me ka sociologist o ka hopena o XIX kenekulia,

Herbert Spencer (makahiki o ke ola - 1820-1903) - i ka poe akeakamai oʻEnelani, i ka papa kuhikuhiE Luna e e hoʻomano māhele ma ka 2nd hapalua o ka 19th kenekulia evolutionism. He i manaoia ma ka holistic kālaiʻike,ʻaʻahu ike ma muli o kekahi sciences, a ua hiki i loko o kona ulu ana o ke ao kaiāulu. Oia hoi, ma kona manao, o ka mea o nā kulanui o ka ike, e uhi ana i ke ao a pau o ke kānāwai. E like me ia Spencer, oia ka evolutionism, i ka ulu ana. Major hana ma kēia mea kākau: "ʻike manaʻo" (1855), "System o kemikala kālaiʻike" (1862-1896), "Social 'ikepili helu" (1848).

Kakahiaka ola Spencer

Herbert Spencer i hānau i loko o 1820, April 27, ma Derby. Anakala, makua kāne, a me kona kupunakane, he mau kumu. A ilihune ola kino i Herbert i kona mau makua, ua i nalowale kekahi mau manawa i loko o ka manaolana i ke keiki e ola. E like me ke keiki, ia i hōʻike i kekahi 'Amelika nā mea hiki, au aʻo e heluhelu i loko wale nō 8 makahiki, nae, o ka puke mea,ʻaʻole loa hoihoi i loko o laila. Herbert Spencer ma ke kula ua molowa, a hoopuehu aku i na mea paakiki a me ka lohe ole. Kona upbringing i hana i loko o ka hale makua kāne, ka mea i makemake i kana keiki i loaa i kekahi a me kuokoa manaʻo. Herbert ma hoʻokō 'ana i ka hoʻoikaika' ana i ko lākou ola.

Education Herbert Spencer

He Ua hoounaia mai i ka 13 makahiki, e like me ka 'ōlelo Pelekānia hana mau, a hiki i kona makua kāne i loko o ka malama hanai. Thomas, makua Spencer ka, ua he kahuna i loko o Bateseba i. Ua i "ke kulanui ke kanaka." Herbert i kona manaʻo koʻikoʻi, wahi a ka hoʻonaʻauao 'ana ma Kamepelika University. Eia naʻe, ma hope o ka ekolu-makahiki hoomakaukau papa aʻu i hele aku i ka hale. He hoʻoholo ihola e hoʻomau lākou hoʻonaʻauao ma luna o lākou iho.

Kiakahi Ke minamina Herbert Spencer i kālaiʻike hoʻonaʻauao ua i loaa. He ua he kula maikai o ke ola, a ma hope kokua mai i ka lanakila nui o na pilikia pilikia i loko o ka hoʻoponopono mau pilikia.

Spencer - lunaʻenehana

Spencer ka makua kāne makemake i kana keiki, e lilo i kumu kula, oe i e hahai mai i loko o kona mau kapuwaʻi. Ka loaa ana i kekahi haumāna ka hoʻonaʻauao, ka mea, ua kōkua nui i kekahi mau mahina ma ke kula, ma kahi āna i aʻo ia ia iho, hoʻokahi houʻana, hoʻokahi kumu. At Spencer hōʻike tālena me ke kumu. Akā,ʻo ua oi hoihoi ma ka 'epekema a me ka makemakika ma mua o philology a me ka mōʻaukala. A ka wā i loko o ka hana o ka Railroad i hooakea ai i ka lunaʻenehana, ua hoolohe mai i ke kaumaha me ka hoʻokūoʻo kahunapule, Herbert Spencer. Kona Kawaihae i keia manawa ua koho ia e ka mea e hiki ia ia ke hana i kana hana, oia sketched mea kuka, unuhi ae la ia palapala. He mea hoihoi i loko o ka thinker i invented he kūikawā hoʻopololei ( "velocimeter"), ke hoʻololi e ana i ka mämä holo o ka Loko Ka.

Features Spencer like me ka poe akeakamai

I ka hapanui o ka hiki akeakamai Herbert Spencer, kona Kawaihae ua ho'ākāka 'ia i loko o kēia' atikala, kekahi mau mea hiki huli ana o ka naau. Ua lawe mai iā ia i ka Comte, i hoʻokumu o ka positivism, a me Renouvier, Neo-i, he, i ke hoʻoholo 'ia i ka papa o na humanities ma ke kulanui. Kēia hiʻona ua i komo i loko o ke kahua o ka palapala philosophical Outlook Spencer. Akā, he mau loko ia a me kona drawbacks. No ka laʻana,ʻo ia, e like Comte, i i ike i ka momoku ahi o ka German 'ōlelo, no laila, na hana o ka poe akeakamai, ka poe i palapala ma luna o ia, hiki i heluhelu i loko o ka palapala. Eia hou, ma ka hapa mua o ka 19th kenekulia i loko o 'Enelani nohoʻikeʻole Kelemānia thinkers (Schelling, Fichte, Kant, a me kekahi poe e ae.). Wale mai i ka hopena o 1820s, e hoomaka ana i ka Pelekania no ka ike i kākau mai Germany. Ka mua unuhi i ka ia manawa, ua ilihune loa e like ai.

Pakiko-ka hoʻonaʻauao, ka mua philosophical palapala

Ma ka lima o Spencer i ka makahiki 1839 hāʻule i loko o ka "nā loina o Geology" Lyell. He hui ma keia haku mele 'ana i ka kumumanaʻo o ka evolution o ke ola. Spencer nō kilo 'enekinia, hana, akā, ua manawa ua maopopo i kēiaʻoihana mea he ikaika kālā oihana ka mea, aole ia i kumu hoʻomalu. Herbert i ka makahiki 1841, oia hoi ka hale, a ua noho no ka makahiki elua i loko o ka hoʻoponopono-hoʻonaʻauao. Heʻia ike lea i na hana o ka Classics o kālaiʻike, a paʻiʻia i ka mea ia manawa i kana mau hana mua - 'atikala i kākau' ia no "ole-conformists", hoolilo ana i na kumuhana o na palena oiaio o ke aupuni hope.

Herbert hou i loko o 1843-1846 makahiki e hana ana me ka lunaʻenehana, e alakai i ka oihana. He mea hoihoi i loko o nā nīnūnē pili aupuni. Great keiki ka lawe 'ana ma luna o ka mea i loko o ke kula kekahi makua kāne Thomas, he kahuna i hahai ma hope, ma ka Akä naÿe i lala' ē aʻe o ka Spencerʻohana, makeʻe kulana ike, komo i loko o ke aupuni neʻeʻana, i nā Chartists, like pono me campaigning no ka abolition o ka palaoa, a Me Na Kanawai.

"Social LIKE"

Spencer i ka 1846 ua lilo i Hope hoʻoponopono o "Ka Economist" (pule). He ukuia maikai, i hoʻolaʻaʻia lā i kona hoʻokoe manawa iho hana. Herbert kākau, "ka nohona 'ikepili helu", ma i ka hooulu ana o ke ola manaʻo me ka hana ana i nā kilokilo manaʻo. He hope i loaʻa i kēia manaʻo he teologichnym. Naʻe, i loko o kēia hana, Spencer noi i ka nohona ola o ka pähola 'ana o evolution.

Ua i hele unnoticed keia (essay) hoʻomalu. Nakinaki ia me ke aloha Spencer ELLISTE, Lewis, Huxley. Nō hoʻi, i kēia hana hoʻolimalima i ia admirers a me nā hoa e like me Hooker, Georg Groth, Stuart Mill. Wale me ka Carlyle pilina i ole nei. Noʻonoʻo, a me Spencer hiki ole lawe i kona laau awaawa, pessimism.

"ʻike manaʻo"

Poe akeakamai, ho'āla aʻela i ka pomaikai o kana hana mua. He publishes i loko o ka manawa mai ka makahiki 1848 a hiki i 1858 i ka helu o nā hihia, a ua noonoo ana i ka manao, i ka manaʻo o ka mea makemake, e hoʻolaʻaʻia lā i ka wā e ola ana. Spencer hoʻohana i "ʻike manaʻo" (i ka lua o ka pepa, paʻiʻia i ka 1855) ma ka pili ana i kaʻike manaʻo o ke kuhiakau o maoli kumu o? Ueo a me Hōʻike i ka nōhie ka hoao ana hiki e wahi i ka inexplicable kanaka. Nolaila, Darwin manaoio aku i ka ka poe akeakamai me kekahi o kona mua.

"Kemikala kālaiʻike"

Ua, Spencer hoʻomaka e hoʻomōhala kona mau kahua. Ua i 'ole ma o ka empiricism o kona mau mua,ʻano nui Mill, a Hume, Kant ka noʻonoʻo loi, refracted ma ka prism o Hamilton (' elele o ke kula o laila,-kapaia "he pono ole ke aloha"), e like me ka positivism o Comte a me maoli kālaiʻike o Schelling. Naʻe, i ka manaʻo o kona philosophical'ōnaehana i ka manaʻo o ka? Acaeoey.

"Kemikala kālaiʻike", ka papa hana i kona, Herbert ua laʻa 36 makahiki o kona ola ana. Kēia hana Ua hoonani aku la Spencer, a hai mai la i ka loa,''he poe akeakamai o ka noho ana i ia manawa.

Herbert Spencer i ka makahiki 1858, ua hoʻoholo ihola e haʻi i ka puke o na hana o ka 'iaE. I ka pukana mua ia i paʻiʻia ma 1860. I ka wā mai ka 1860 a hiki i 1863, hele mai "XIX. Me nā loina". Eia naʻe, ma muli o ke kālā pilikia Edition aneane holo.

kālā pilikia

Spencer waiho wale aku no ka luhi loa a me ka poho, mea ma luna o ka verge o kaʻilihune. Mākou e hoʻouka hou aku au i keia hana i Hāʻule maila ko mākou hopohopo exhaustion. I ka makahiki 1865, i ka poe akeakamai mai nei nui heluhelu i puʻe wale akula kēlā i ke wehe 'ia auoiaea o ka moʻo. Mau makahiki ma hope, Herbert ka makua kāne make ma hope, i loaaʻi i ka poe uuku e noho ai, i ua mau mea kaʻu hou kona kālā kulana.

Familiarity me Youmans, paʻiʻia i loko o ka US

Herbert Spencer i ka manawa e hālāwai me Youmans, he American, ka mea i paʻiʻia kana mau hana i loko o ka United States. Ma keia aupuni, loa mahalo Herbert i mua ma mua i loko o 'Enelani. Material kākoʻo iā ia i Youmans a me Amelika kânaka, e leie aku ka poe akeakamai e hou ka paʻi o kona mau puke. 27 makahiki o ke aloha mau Youmans a me Spencer, a hiki i ka make ana o ka mea mua. Name Herbert i nā i ikeia. Ke koi no kona mau puke. Ua uhi i ka 1875, kālā ka pōʻino, ka waiwai.

Spencer hana i loko o ka makahiki i 2 hele a hiki i ka aoao hema o Europa, a ma Amerika, e noho ana i loko o ka hapanui i loko o Lākana. I ka 1886, i ka poe akeakamai no ka mea, o ka mea ilihune ola i puʻe wale, e alalai mai i kona 4 makahiki o ka hana. Ka hope ka leo i paʻiʻia ma ka 1896, ma ka Akuma ka.

Herbert Spencer: XIX. Ideas

Ka hana nui o kona ( "kemikala kālaiʻike") oia o 10 puke. Ua nā ka "XIX. Me nā loina", "Ke kumu o kaʻike manaʻo", "kumu o ka kālaimeaola", "kumu o Sociology". Ka poe akeakamai manaoio i ke kumu no ka hooulu ana o ko ke ao nei a pau, no hoi me ka likeʻole nā kaiapili, mea he evolutionary kānāwai. Mea o "incoherent homogeneity" komo "manaʻo aukahi heterogeneity", i ua differentiated. Kēia kānāwai mea paʻa, wahi a Herbert Spencer. Pōkole Hōʻikeʻano mea ignores a pau nuances, akā, no ka mea mua mau makamaka, a me ke akeakamai o keia mea nui iho la ia. Spencer ko läkou 'kona hana ma luna o kekahi mau' mea i loko o nā mahinaʻai, a me ka mōʻaukala o ke kaiāulu. He hoole theological ho'ākāka o Herbert Spencer. Sociology ia mea devoid o ka loko a me ke kilokilo. Kona hoʻomaopopo no ka functioning o ke kaiāulu like me ka meaola ola o interrelated māhele kŰlń ao ka laulā o ke ao o ka mōʻaukala a me ka paipai i ka poe akeakamai, e noiʻi i ia. E like me ia Herbert Spencer, i ke kānāwai o ka equilibrium o ke kumu o ka evolution. Ke ano o kekahi wahi nahā o kona AIM i mau hoʻi i ka mea mua moku'āina. 'O kēia ka organicism o Herbert Spencer. Mai ke kumu o cia no ka hānai kapu huapalapala evolution mea lohi. I pili i ka wā e hiki mai nei,ʻaʻole like optimistic me Mill a me Comte, Herbert Spencer. I ka papa kuhikuhiE manaʻo o kāna i mākou pokole kamaʻilio nui.

Poe akeakamai make i ka 1903, December 8, ma Brighton. He noho, ma muli naʻe o konaʻilihune ola, oi ma mua o 83 makahiki.

Herbert Spencer ka kumumanaʻo i kapa i ka hoʻonaʻauaoʻia kanaka. I kēia lā, ua hou manaʻo paha hoʻopoina e pili ana i ka poe aie i ka loaʻa mai o keia a me ia manaʻo. Herbert Spencer, sociology a me ka kālaiʻike a pâʻani 'o ia i ke kūlana nunui i loko o ka ulu ana o ke ao nei manao, o kekahi o ka naau nui loa ma ka mōʻaukala.