Hydrogen'okesaside: e hoomakaukau ai a me ka waiwai

Ka mea nui a me na waiwai a pau ma luna o mākou Honua, o ka papa, i ka wai. He aha e like me ia i loko o nui? Ua ua ike ia ke ola ma ka Honua ua i hiki i ka Hekikai o ka wai wale. E like me ka wai o ka (hydrogen'okesaside), mai ka Nine Inch wahi o Hawaii? He aha ia mea i loko o a me ka waiwai? E ho'āʻo i ka maopopo i kēia 'atikala.

Hydrogen a me kona hui

Ke easiest'Ātoma i loko o ka pau ana o ka papa'āweʻaweʻa kemika'ōnaehana - hydrogen. He paʻa i ka pālua kulana, e moe ana i loko o ka subgroup o halogens, e like me ka mea mua pūʻulu a me ka mekala 'åkilikai ke hooheheeia. He aha wehewehe ia mau hiʻona? Kona iwi lolouila 'ole o ka'Ātoma. He mea wale nō i kekahi huina'ine, a hiki e oluolu me ka haalele iho, a me ka hoʻopili aku iā ia iho i kekahi, ho okumu i kekahi mau, a pau i ka pā, ahu iho.

Ia mea ke kumu o ka papa, a wale i ke degere o ka'okesaside o na kumu mua 1 a me -1. Ua hoopuni reacts me ke hooheheeia ho okumu i hydrides - involatile paa paʻakai-me huina lakou o keʻokeʻo ano.

Eia naʻe i hiki wawe ka paha ke hydrogen nā lātoma a me yiaeaiiacaaeneiie waiwai interacting me nonmetals. No kekahi laʻana:

• hydrogen sulfide H ₂ S;
• methane Ch _4;
• silane SiH ₄ a me na mea e ae.

I mau, na hui hydrogen paha ke nui iho la ia. Naʻe, i ka mea nui wale waiwai, i ka mea, ua komo, ka hydrogen'okesaside nona ka haʻilula ka H ₂ O. kēia mea iʻikeʻia i huiia i ke hoʻomaopopo iho i ka haʻilula a hiki iniiaiie kula kiʻekiʻeai ',ʻaʻole i kama'āina i ke kemika. Ma hope o ka wai (a me keia mea i ka kiʻekiʻe loa'okesaside o ka hydrogen) -ʻaʻole wale nō ka mea, he pono ole ukana, akā, i ke kumu o ke ola ma luna o mākou Honua.

Ke loa ka inoa o ka hehee ai Hōʻike 'kona ka papa kuhikuhi o Mānoa, - hydrogen, oa "ka hānau keiki i ka wai." Like kekahi'ē aʻe'okesaside,ʻeleu kekahi mea he aeaie hui me ka helu o ke kino a me ka Nine Inch waiwai. Eia kekahi, he mea kūikawā ano i maopopo i ka wai, mai nā mea a pau i ka'ē aʻe i huiʻia.

ʻO kekahi mea nui papa o ka hui i kuahene hydrogen nō nāʻakika, na ke aloha a me ka mea pōhaku.

Nine waiwai o ka hydrogen

Mai ka viewpoint o reactivity, hydrogen - i lawa ka ikaika hoemi hope paha. Ma na reactions mea hōʻike e ia waiwai. Naʻe, i ka AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN me kekahi ikaika i eliiaʻi, e lilo ia i oxidant.

Loa nui ma ka hana o ka naoh o ka hydrogen me ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia oxides. O kekahi aoao o ka noho o ka polokalamu i loko o ka palapala maemae. Vodorodotermiya - he metallurgical iaoia no ka hoʻololi kemikala o ka maemae metala oxides ma ka ho'ēmiʻana me ka hydrogen.

Ke naoh me ka hydrogen'okesaside i ka i kēia mau palapala: Me _m O _{y me} + H ₂ = H ₂ O + Me.

O ka holo ana, i kēia mea,ʻaʻole ka mea wale iaoia no ka hoʻololi kemikala a pau, he mea hiki ke hooheheeia. Aia nā 'ē aʻe. Naʻe, i ka hydrogen ka ho'ēmiʻana o oxides - lawa energetically maikaʻi a me ka hemahema hoi manufacturing kaʻina i loaʻa i ākea palapala noi.

I hoihoi 'o ka hiʻona i ka wā i hui pūʻia me ka lewa, hydrogen kinoea hiki ke hana i kekahi mea pahū ukuhiia ikaika. Kona inoa ua detonating kinoea. No keia mea, hui pu iaʻi E e hana i ka uku o nā puke o ka hydrogen i kekahi ka oxygen.

Wai - hydrogen'okesaside

Ka mea i ka'okesaside ka mea nui, mākou i kekahi mau manawa mamua ae nei. Ano, e mākou i emi iho ia i loko o hua'ōlelo o kemika. Ua keia hui no a hiki i keia papa o'okanikaʻole waiwai?

E hana i kēia, e ho'āʻo e kākau i kekahi wahi okoa haʻilula: H ₂ O = Hoh. ʻO lalo laina o ka ia me ka helu o nā'ātoma o ka mua,, ia nae ka manawa maopopo i ke alo o ka hydroxide. He aha ka waiwai e ia i? E noonoo i ka dissociation o ka hui:

Hoh = H ⁺ + OH ^-.

Nolaila, o ka waiwai o kaʻakika, no ka mea, o ka hydrogen makana i loko o ka pāʻoihana na cations. Ma waho o ka papa kuhikuhiE ka mea, hiki e ole wale i hanaʻia ma hope o ka mekala 'åkilikai ke hooheheeia.

Nolaila, kekahi inoa e loaʻa hydrogen'okesaside - oxyacid loa na mea haku mele 'ana. Once ia eiiieaena ulana i ano o ka haawiia lātoma, nolaila, kona waiwai e e kuikawa. A ua kipaku waiwai, mai ka 'ole o ka lātoma, no laila ia, a kālailai.

Ka 'ole o ka wai lātoma

No ka mea manawa mua ma luna o kēia kumu hoʻohālike i manaʻo Niels Bohr, a me ka mea a pau a hiki i ka Poʻokela Honua a me ke kilo o kēia pukana. Ka mea i hoʻonoho i nā kēia mau hiʻona.

1. Ka wai lātoma - he kūpenu iho ia i, mahope mai o nā kumu i loko o kona 'ole nui oko meaningfully electronegativity.
2. Kona helehelena mea triangular, ma ka waihona ipu - hydrogen, a ma ka luna - ka ka oxygen.
3. Manawa a hiki i kēia 'ole, ka waiwai hiki ke ho okumu i hydrogen paa ana i waena o ka mea ia nā lātoma, a me nā hui me he haku mele ikaika electronegative hehee ai.

View like nānā akula au i hydrogen kiai schematically'okesaside, hiki ke kiʻi 'ia ma lalo nei.

Helu waiwai o ka hydrogen'okesaside

kekahi kumu ano hiʻona hiki ke ho'ākāka 'ia ma.

1. Palapala: gaseous - uahi, wai, paa - hau, hau.
2. Paila wahi - 100 ⁰ C (99.974).
3. Heheʻe wahi - 0 ⁰ C.
4. Wai ke emi ka wā enaena, i loko o ka mahana huahelu o 0-4 ⁰ C. kēia wehewehe i ke kahua o ka hau ma luna o kaʻili kai, i ka mea i haʻahaʻa nuʻa a me ka mālama 'ana o ke ola ma lalo o ka papa o ka hydrogen'okesaside.
5. Ke kiʻekiʻe waiwai o ka wela 'auhau,, loa nae haʻahaʻa thermal conductivity.
6. Ma ke kinowai moku'āina hydrogen'okesaside ho'āʻoʻia (viscosity).
7. A mau waiwai i ke kapa i kaʻilikai hoʻopilikia a me ke kahua o ka hopena maikaʻi uilaʻia ma luna o kaʻili kai.

E like me mākou i haiia ae maluna, o ka oi aku o ka waiwai hilinaʻi ma luna o ka 'ole. Pela ka mea, o 'aneʻi. I ka hana e lilo hydrogen makaukau na kaula paa alakai i like nā hiʻona o ka hui.

Hydrogen'okesaside: Nine kulai

Mai ka oiai ua o kemika, ka wai ha awina mea kiʻekiʻe nui iho la ia. No ia mea, ke hele mai i ka reactions pu ma ka paio hahana maoli nō. He aha ka hiki o reacting'okesaside hydrogen?

1. Me ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia e mea i loko o ka lalani voltages i ka hydrogen. Pela ka K'lauea (i Al) 'aʻole i pono kūikawā rula, a i ka hoemi mana haʻahaʻa e pane koke me ka mahu wale. ʻO ka mea e, ma hope o hydrogen, mea i hiki ke komo i loko o ia mau hana kūleʻa.
2. Me ka 'ole-ke hooheheeia. 'Aʻole a pau, akā, loa. No ka laʻana, ma ka lewa o ka fluorine wai lila lapalapa'ā. Nō hoʻi, ke naoh hiki e chlorine, kalapona, silikone a me nā nā'ātoma.
3. Me ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia oxides (walaʻauʻana) a me kaʻakika (nonmetals). He hana, niioaaonoaaiii, alkalis a me nāʻakika. Mawaena o na mea hiki ke hooheheeia no ia mau reactions hiki ka poeikohoia o ka mua ka papa kuhikuhiE hui elua o subgroups, koe wale no beryllium a me ka makanekiuma. Ole-ke hooheheeia e kuaheneʻakika oxides pane koke me ka wai a pau. An koe ka muliwai one - SiO _2.

Helu kaulike reactions hydrogen'okesaside me lakou i mea hoike, e like me penei: ¶ I ₃ + H ₂ O = H ₂ ¶ _4.

Haawi aku i ke ano maoli

Mākou i mua i loaʻa mai i ka waiwai - ka loa, he pono ole i loko o ke ao nei. Kû ke i ka pakeneka ka maʻiʻo o ka mea.

1. About 70% o ka kaumaha o na kanaka kino a me ka mammals. Kekahi? Aaoa'okesaside haku o ka hydrogen e pili ana i 98% (jellyfish).
2. 71% o ka Honua uhiʻia e ka wai.
3. I kā mākou kaupaona ana o ka wai o ka moana.
4. About 2% ua hookomoia ma ka hauneneʻe.
5. 0,63% ua kiaʻana i kāna i loko o ka lepo.
6. 0,001%, mai ka lewa (noe).
7. kanu kino ninoieo o 50% wai, kekahi? ueo i hou.
8. He nui o ka hui i loaʻa ma ka mea pōaka palapala i loaʻa ka nakinakiia ka wai.

E hoomau i ka papa hiki ia no ka paakiki, e hoomanao i kekahi mea, i kekahi hapa a 'aʻole helu' ka wai a me ka wā i kekahi mea e ole komo loa,. A i 'ole i hanaʻia me ka komo o ka'okesaside.

Nā Papahana no ka hoomakaukau

Awina hanalima waiwaiʻAʻohe hydrogen'okesaside. Ma hope o nā mea a pau, hiki pono e hoʻohana hoomakaukau-i kumu - muliwai, o ic ?? a me nā kino o ka wai ma mua o ka pana aku au i ka nui nui o ka ikaika a me ka Nine Inch. No laila, i loko o ke keʻena hoʻokolohua ia mea pili wale ke loaa i puhi ia,ʻoi loa-maemae ka wai.

No kēia mau mea, hoʻohana ho'ākāka apparatuses e like me Launch. Oia ka wai ua koi 'ia no ka nui Nine Inch reactions, mai ka maka he nui dala o impurities, paʻakai, Ion.

Ka liluwelo kūlana

E olelo aku ua hoʻohana 'ia mai'ō a'ō i ka wai,ʻaʻole e olelo aku i kekahi mea. He inconceivable e noonoo ai i na ola me keia pili. Mai kakahiaka nui a ka hopena i ka po kanaka i mau hoʻohana ia nā ma lulu popilikia a me ka hanalima mau hana.

Waiwai o ka hydrogen'okesaside Komo i ka hoʻohana 'ana o ia e like me he ao'ūheheʻe. Aʻaʻole wale nō i loko o ke keʻena hoʻokolohua. Akā, i ka poʻe e ola ana, he poe, ma na lua o ka wahi tausani o biochemical reactions.

No hoi, o ia iho i ka wai he hou aku i komo i loko o na syntheses, ia kekahi lawelawe 'ana me ka ma-huahana mai ana ia lakou. Kela a me keia kanaka i loko o ke ao nei no 60 makahiki, hele ma iho ma kahi o 50 na tona o keia mea kupaianaha mea!

'okesaside hydrogen ua hoʻohana 'ia:

• ma nā mea a pau na hana;
• lapaau;
• Nine Inch hoʻololi kemikala;
• ma kela ano keia ano o na hana;
• hale ka poino;
• mahiai.

He paakiki e hooholo i ka wahi o ke ola i loko o i kekahi ke ola me ka wai. Wale ola mea loaa ole hydrogen'okesaside i loko o kona haku mele 'ana, a noho ole ia, i nā mea hoʻomaʻi. I mea no ke aha la i kekahi kanaka hiki ole ke hana i kēia mau meaola.