Ka loa refractory metala. Ano o ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia

Ke hooheheeia - keia mea o ka loa e like me ka mea (a me nā lula a me nā aniani), a ua hoʻohana 'ia e kanaka, mai ka manawa kahiko o ka'āina. Oia laila, i ke kanaka i ikeia ano o ka metala, oia hoʻohana i ka naʻe paha i loko o nā mea a pau i ko lakou mau waiwai, e ho okumu ana i nani na hana o ke akamai, mea aniani, hale mau, mea kanu.

Kekahi o na kumu nui hiʻona ma ka noonoo ana o kēia mau waiwai o kā lākou paakiki a me ka kiʻekiʻe heheʻe wahi. Mau ano ae oe, e hoakaka i ka laulā o ka i ana o ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia. Nolaila, ua noonoo a pau ke kino ai ka waiwai a me ka nānā 'ua haawiia mai ka heheʻe nīnūnē.

Helu waiwai o ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia

ke hooheheeia ano physical waiwai hiki ke hoikeia ma ke ano o ka eha kī kumu.

1. Mea hao sheen - a pau i pili ana i ka like kala-keʻokeʻo nani ano alohilohi, ma ka hou ana i ke keleawe a me ke gula. Ka mea, i ula a me ka melemele kai, niioaaonoaaiii. Kalipuna - kālā uliuli.
2. Helu moku'āina - nā mea a pau ma lalo o paa maʻamau rula, koe wale no ka Hereme, i mea ma ka palapala o ka wai.
3. Uila a me ka thermal conductivity - Ua typical o nā mea a pau i eliiaʻi, akā, ua kaheaia ma ka loli iki ana degere.
4. Malleability a me ka ductility - no hoi, he pono ole i na mea hiki ke hooheheeia aiao a mea hiki ia oe, e oko i ka mau hope paha.
5. Ke heheʻe, a baila aʻela i wahi - hoʻoholo i refractory metala, a me ka haahaa heheʻe wahi. Kēia aiao He okoa no a pau ikamu.

All physical waiwai i hoakaka ia e ka kūikawā 'ole o ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia puka olu oia. Kona māhele hoʻoponoponoʻana o Kamehameha, shape a me ka ikaika.

Fusible a refractory ke hooheheeia

Kēia AOAIAaOO He mea nui ka wā e hele mai ai i na mau mea o ka noi o ka waiwai. Refractory ke hooheheeia, a oka a - o ke kumu o ka me mechanical 'enekinia, a me ka shipbuilding, smelting a me ka hoike ana o na mea he nui nui huahana, kiʻi maikaʻi hana kila. Nolaila, Radio ike o ka heheʻe, a baila aʻela i mahana he kūlana apau.

Hōʻike no ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia ikaika, hiki māhelehele au iā lāua i loko o ka hana a me ka brittle. Inā mākou e kamailio e pili ana i refractoriness,ʻaneʻi maopopo ka papa kuhikuhiE pūʻulu elua:

1. Fusible - i ka poe i mea hiki ke hoʻololi i ka physical moku'āina ma ke anawela ma lalo 1000 ° ^C. ano he kumu hoʻohālike nā ke tina, ke kēpau pōkā, o Hereme, paʻakai, cesium, manganese, kiniki, Aluminum, a me na mea e ae.
2. Refractory i ka poe nona ka mahele heheʻe i ka mehana o luna ma mua o ka mea i koho ia waiwai. Aia i ole he nui, akā, ma ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ua hoʻohana 'ia i emi.

Table ke hooheheeia me ka mahele heheʻe i ka wahi ma luna o 1000 ^{° C,} ua hōʻike mai iā ia ma lalo nei. He ilaila, a kuni ihola ia i ka loa refractory laʻelaʻe 'ia.

Kēia papaʻaina metala nā mea a pau me ka poeikohoia, nona ka mahele heheʻe i ka mahana mea kiʻekiʻe ma luna o ^{1000 °} C. naʻe, i loko o nä hana kilokilo, he nui loa o ia mea i hoʻohana 'ia no kekahi mau kumu. No ka laʻana, no ka mea, o ka oicyenoaaiiie pomaikai aie i ka radioactivity paha i lanakila maluna o degere o ka fragility, waiū i corrosive hoouka.

No hoi, mai ka papaʻaina ka mea, ua maopopo i ka loa refractory metala i loko o ke ao nei - ka tungsten. Ka haahaa uku no ke gula. I ka hana ana me ke hooheheeia mea nui palupalu. No laila, he nui o ka luawai haiia ae maluna, e hoʻohana no ka iiaie oaoieei hana.

Most refractory metala - Tungsten

Ma ka papa'āweʻaweʻa kemika papaʻaina ka mea, ua aia ma lalo o ka ordinal helu 74. ka inoa ua loko ma ka inoa o ka physicist kaulana Stephen Wolfram. Ma lalo o maʻamau rula o ka puaʻa hiwa paʻa refractory metala silvery-keʻokeʻo waihoʻoluʻu. Ua loaʻa i ka hai mea hao sheen. Chemically kokoke inert i loko o ka naoh komo ka makemake ole.

Ma ke ano maoli, i loko o ka palapala o nā minelala hao i kakauiaʻi maluna.

• wolframite;
• scheelite;
• Gyubnera;
• ferberite.

ʻepekema, ua hoao aku au ia ia i ka tungsten - ka loa refractory metala o nā mea a pau. Eia naʻe, eia nā manaʻo kōkua e seaborgium theoretically hiki i ka lanakila i ka mooolelo o keia metala. Akā, ia mea he radioactive hehee ai me ka loa pōkole wā o ke ola. No laila, e ho'āʻo iā ia mea,ʻaʻole i hiki.

Ma ka kekahi wela (ma luna 1500 ^C) tungsten i ductile a me malleable. No laila, hiki i ka paka i ka lahilahi uea ma ka manawa ona. Keia waiwai ua hoʻohana 'ia no ka hana ana o filaments ma ka pololei, hale malamalama pu u kukui.

E like me ka loa refractory metala i hiki ke ku imua o mahana ^{o ka} oi ma mua o 3400 C, tungsten ua pili i ka hope o nā mahinaʻai o ka 'ike loea.

• like me ka kuʻihao'ūholo uila ma lalo o argon;
• no kaʻakika-e hoʻokēʻai ai, e mae-hoʻopale a me ka wela-hoʻopale oka a;
• like me ka paio hahana maoli nō hehee ai;
• ma ka holo paipu like me ka filament, a no laila, ma luna o.

Kaawale mai tungsten metala, hoʻomano hoʻohana 'ia ma ke akamai,' epekema a me ka uila no kona hui. E like me ka mea refractory metala i loko o ke ao nei, a ia ano he huina lakou me ke kiʻekiʻe loa kbps ano: mau nō, hoʻopale i kaʻaneʻane a pau ano o Nine Inch hana, mea i malama i ka ka popopo, withstanding haʻahaʻa a me ka kiʻekiʻe Mahana O Ke Kai (lanakila 'ana, tungsten sulphide, kona hookahi nā pōaka a me nā waiwai).

Niobium a me ka oka a

Nb, a niobium, - ma lalo o maʻamau olelo o ke kala-keʻokeʻo lustrous metala. He mea i refractory, e like me ka hoʻololi mahana i ke kinowai moku'āina no ia mea 2477 ° ^C. It mea keia mea e like ai, e like me ka hoʻohui pū 'ia o ka haʻahaʻa reactivity a me ka superconductivity e leie aku niobium ua lilo poe hanohano i ka mea hiki kanaka haʻawina kela makahiki. I keia la, ua hoʻohana 'ia kēia metala ma na hana e like me:

• rocket 'epekema;
• aerospace hana;
• nukelea ikehu;
• Nine Inch i hoʻomākaukauʻia no? ieoaeunoaa;
• Radio 'enekinia.

Ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia hoopaa mai ai i kona physical waiwai, a hiki i loa haʻahaʻa mahana. Ma muli 'atikala wehewehe aku ma ka popopo ia'ku, wela ia'ku, mea paʻa, maikai loa conductivity.

He mea hiki ke hooheheeia ua hou a hiki i ka Aluminum pono, e hoʻoikaika 'Nine Inch e kū'ē'ē mai. Mai ia paka cathodes a me anodes, ka mea, ua doped me ka 'ole-ferrous oka a pau. E like malihini i loko o kekahi mau aina hana me ka maʻiʻo o ka niobium.

tantalum

Metal, ma ka noa palapala ma lalo ano kūpono a me ka uhiʻia me ka'okesaside ho film. Ua loaʻa i ke kaʻina o physical waiwai e ae ia ia e laha a me ka mea nui no kanaka. Kona papa kuhikuhi ano e like penei:

1. Ma ke anawela ma luna 1000 ^{° C} i superconducting.
2. 'O kēia ka loa ma hope o ka refractory metala o ka tungsten a me ka rhenium. Ka mahele heheʻe i ka mehana o 3017 ° ^C.
3. Wahi aku me ka absorbs kinoea.
4. No ka mea, he mama, e hana e like me ka mea ua olokaa ae la i ka papa, pepa kini a me ka uea wale.
5. Ua maikai paakiki a me ka brittle, i hoopaa mai ai ductility.
6. He loa hoʻopale i Nine Inch konohiki ( 'aʻole e hoike mai, a hiki ma ka Aqua regia).

Ma muli o ia mau ano ua hiki ke loaa hiʻona me ke kumu no na mea he nui kiʻekiʻe-ka mahana a me kaʻakika hoʻopale, ka popopo-hoʻopale oka a pau. Kona hui lehulehu loaʻa palapala noi i loko o nukelea ke kālaikūlohea, uilaʻoe, Me na manao kumumanao. Ka mea, i hoʻohana 'ia me superconductors. Mua, tantalum ua hoʻohana 'ia e like me ka hehee ai i loko o ka filament. Ano, Ua lawe i kona wahi ma ka tungsten.

Chromium a me kona oka a

Kekahi o ka hardest metala i loko o kona ano maoli palapala Ua bluish-keʻokeʻo waihoʻoluʻu. Kona mahele heheʻe i ka wahi mea haʻahaʻa ma mua o ua noʻonoʻo hiki i keia manawa i ke kumu a me ka mea ^{ma kahi o} 1907 C. naʻe, ka mea, ua nō ia i loko o ke akamai a me ka hana a puni, e like me ka pono amenable ke ÿano ololi, hoʻokō 'a ua'omoʻomoʻia.

No waiwai chromium like napylitelya. Ua ua pili i ka 'atikala, e haawi ia lakou nani alohi mai, ka palekana i ka popopo, a hoʻoikaika Wear e kū'ē'ē mai. Ke kaʻina Ua kapaia chrome plating.

chromium oka a mau loa mahalo. No ka mea, i dala uuku o keia metala ma ka oka a kekahi maoli i ka paakiki a me ka ia'ku i na ona o ka hope.

zirconium

Kekahi o ka loa pipiʻi metala, no laila kona hoʻohana i oaoieei-noi ka pilikia. Naʻe, ka mea kino ano e wale ia irreplaceable i ka nui no hoi na hana.

Ma lalo o maʻamau rula, he nani kala-keʻokeʻo metala. Ua loaʻa he i lawa ke kiekie heheʻe i kumu i - 1855 ^C. He mea maikai paakiki, ka popopo ia'ku, mai ka chemically hana. Kekahi hōʻike maikaʻi biocompatibility me ka ili, a me ka pau meaola. Kēiaʻo ia i ka waiwai metala no ka hoʻohana i ka lāʻau lapaʻau (mea,ʻimi hoʻopunipuni mau lala, a no laila, ma luna).

Main palapala noi o zirconium a me kona hui, me oka a pau, like penei:

• nukelea mana;
• pyrotechnics;
• alloying mea hiki ke hooheheeia;
• lapaau;
• bioposudy hana;
• mall mea ;
• e like me ka superconductor.

Zirconium a me ka oka a pau i nā mea hoʻonani i i ma luna o ke kumu ona, hiki no i alakaʻi ai i ka hana o ko kanaka ola.

molybdenum

Inā e loaʻa mai i ka mea a ka loa refractory metala, ma ka hou ana i ka i koho tungsten a me ka molybdenum i ke kapa. Kona mahele heheʻe i ka mehana o 2623 ° ^C. Pela ia mea loa paakiki, ductile a me workable.

Ua Ua hoʻohana 'iaʻano nui i loko o ke gula maikai ano akā, me he integral ke keʻena o na oka a pau. I mai la lakou, mahalo i ke alo o ka molybdenum nui hooikaika ma ka Wear ia'ku, wela ia'ku a me ka anticorrosion.

Kekahi molybdenum hui i hoʻohana like iiaie oaoieei lubrication. No hoi, keia mea i ka doping metala mea ka poʻe e loli ai i ka ikaika a me ka anticorrosion, i ka loa pohihihi keia.

vanadium

Oho metala me ka silvery alohilohi. Ua loaʻa he 'ano kiʻekiʻe uku o ka hauneneʻe (1920 ° ^C). Ua Uaʻano nui hoʻohana like me ka hōʻeleu i loko o na mea he nui keʻano o ka hanaʻana ma muli o ka 'oni' kona. Energy ua hoʻohana 'ia i loko o nā ka Nine Inch he kumu i loko o ka hana o'okanikaʻole nāʻakika. O ka papa kuhikuhi nui mea i maemae metala, oia kekahi o kona hui.

Rhenium a me kona oka a

He aha ka ka loa refractory metala tungsten hope? It rhenium. Kona mahele heheʻe i ka i kela mea ^{ma kahi o} 3186 C. No ka i oi ka ikaika a me ka tungsten, a me ka molybdenum. Plasticity ia mea,ʻaʻole i lanakila maluna o. Koi no ka rhenium mea nui loa, akā, i ka? Iecaianoaaiiie o ka manaʻo pohihihi. No ka mea, o keia, ka mea, o ka loa pipiʻi metala i loko o ka'āina i kēia lā.

Ua ua hoʻohana 'ia no ka hana o ka:

• mokulele hēkī kiko'ī;
• thermocouples;
• filament kālepa no ka spectrometers a me nā manaʻo;
• like me ka hōʻeleu i ka aila hoohehee maemae au ia.

All palapala noi i pipiʻi, no laila ka mea, ua hoʻohana 'ia wale nō ma ka hihia o ka lōʻihi pilikia, ka wā e puku i kekahi mea'ē aʻe mea,ʻaʻole hiki.

titanium oka a

Titan - he loa Lightweight metala kala-keʻokeʻoʻeleʻele, a ua hoʻomano hoʻohana ma o ka metallurgical ka hana a me ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia. Ua hiki explode ka wā i loko o ka finely puunaueia ana, no laila, i ke ahi p ÷ ino.

Ua Ua hoʻohana 'ia ma ka mokulele a me ka rocket? Iecaianoaaiiuo, ka? Iecaianoaaiiie o na moku. Hoʻomano hoʻohana 'ia ma ka lapaau, no ka biocompatibility me ke kino (ʻimi hoʻopunipuni lala, e hou ana i, implants, etc.).