Ke catalytic hana o nā polokina: examples. Ke kumu nui i hana 'ana o nā polokina

Nā polokina i maoli ai 'ia ke aloha i huiʻia a i ka macromolecular' ole. Ke lātoma o kēia mau 'ona mea nerazvetvlyayuschimsya pīlali. i kūkuluʻia nā polokina mai ka 20'amino nāʻakika. Ka mea, e mall nā lātoma palena iki pa alima - lātoma. All eiiiiiaiou i interconnected kumuʻiʻo polypeptide, i loko o nā hua'ōlelo - he urea, he loulou i loko o ke kaulahao lōʻihi lawa. Ma keia hihia, no ka hakakino kaumaha make i mai i kekahi mau tausani i ai i miliona o'ātoma (particles).

He aha e ia i kumuʻiʻo

I ka hoʻoholo 'ana i ka papa kuhikuhi hana o ke kumuʻiʻo, ia mea pono e maopopo i ka' ole o kēia mau waiwai. Ma ka manawa, he mauʻano likeʻole o kēiaʻano nui kanaka ke keʻena: fibrous a me ka globular. Maopopo iaʻano nui manawa i ka likeʻole i loko o ka 'ole o ke kumuʻiʻo lātoma.

Globular waiwai mea pono wailana ole wale i loko o ka wai, akā, no hoi ma ka paakai pāʻoihana. Pela no ia i ka kumuʻiʻo lātoma i ka spherical shape. Oia solubility he maikai ke e hoopuni wehewehe wahi o na mea i papa'aminoʻakika residues, a ua hoopuniia oukou e ka hydration iwi, ma ka ili honua o ka globule. 'O kēia ka hoʻolako mea maikaʻi hui' ana me nā nā'uheheʻe. It E e kaulana i eiiiiiaiou ma globular pūʻulu nā nā nā'ūhū a pau, e like me ka pono meʻaneʻane a pau biologically hana nā polokina.

Me ka pili ana i ka fibrous waiwai, kā lākou nā lātoma i ka fibrous 'ole. Ke catalytic hana o nā polokina ka loa nui. No ia mea, ia mea paakiki e noonoo ai i na kona hana ole adjuvants. Fibrillar nā polokina mai i hoike mai i kekahi paakai pāʻoihana, kekahi i ka maʻamau ka wai. Lākou nā lātoma i hoonohonoho ia ma ia laua i loko o ka polypeptide mau kaula. Na waiwai i komo i loko o ke kahua o kekahi o ka mall kumu o connective nā'aʻaʻa. Ua elastin, keratin, collagen.

A kūikawā pūʻulu o ka luna 'nā polokina, i loaʻa ole wale ka'aminoʻakika akā, i ka nukelea nāʻakika, carbohydrates a me nā waiwai. hula a pau o kēia mau eiiiiiaiou kūlana ano nui i. O ka pau nui o ka catalytic hana o nā polokina. Eia hou, na waiwai i manao naehana pigments, hormones, e like me ka ike loea hoomalu no kekahi meaola. Biosynthesis o ke kumuʻiʻo ua lawe mai ma luna o ka ribosome. Kēia kaʻina me ka nānā 'ana i ka hōʻike kumu o nukelea nāʻakika.

Ke catalytic hana o nā polokina

Catalysis o nā Nine Inch waiwai - o ka nui loa hana o nā polokina. i lawe mai Similar keʻano o ka hanaʻana ma nā'ūhū. He nā polokina e i kekahi catalytic waiwai. Kēlā me kēia no kēia mau waiwai i lawe i kekahi a me kekahi mau ano reactions. Nā'ūhū catalyze ka cleavage kaʻina hana o eiiieaena nā lātoma a me kā lākou hoʻololi kemikala. Ma kekahi aoao, ua kapaia ka naoh catabolism a me ka anabolism. Ke catalytic hana o nā polokina, a me kŰia? Aiiio o ka DNA replication a me ka RNA hoʻololi kemikala'ōpū mai.

He aha ka catalysis

Kela manawa, ma ka 2013, ua loaʻa i ka uuku oiʻepekema ma mua o 5000 nā'ūhū. i hiki ke ho ololi i ka papa o kaʻaneʻane pau biochemical reactions mau waiwai. E lilo hou akaka catalytic hana o nā polokina, ia mea e pono ai ka mea catalysis e maopopo. Me ka Helene 'ōlelo i kēia manaʻo ua unuhi like "cessation". Catalysis mea he loli ma ka pele māmā holo o kekahi Nine Inch naoh. Kēia ka hana ma lalo o ka hana ana o kekahi i huiʻia. Nā'ūhū hana me ka hōʻeleu nā polokina. e loaʻa mau ano he kumu hoʻohālike o keia kŰia ma maʻamau o ke ola. Pono i ke kanaka, aole ia e hai.

Eia kekahi laʻana catalytic kuleana pili i

E maopopo ana i ka hana o ka'ūhū, ia mea kumukuai noʻonoʻo 'ana i kekahi mau examples. No laila, he aha ka mea i ka catalytic hana o nā polokina. examples:

1. Ma kāʻamaʻai ribulezobifosfatkarboksilaza catalysis hoʻolako fixation o CO _2.
2. Hydrogen peroxide ua pipili i ka o oxygen a me ka wai.
3. DNA polymerase synthesizes DNA.
4. Amylase Ua hiki ia oe pili mai pia i ka maltose.
5. Hoʻololi iho o carbonicʻakika: CO ₂ + H ₂ O + HCO ₃ ⁺ H.

Ke catalytic hana o nā polokina mea e hōʻeleu i kekahi Nine Inch loli '. Ua pili i like reactions hoʻololi kemikala, disintegration konohiki, ke kanaka nā'ātoma a hoolilo electrons mai kekahi ke keʻena i kekahi.

amo kuleana pili i

pono e mālama 'ia e pōʻino hana o kēlā me kēia halepaahao ma kekahi mau waiwai i mea ole wale no kā lākou hanaʻia, akā, i ke ano o ka ikaika. Liluwelo oihana nā nā polokina, a amo. Mau eiiiiiaiou i lako i loko o ka halepaahao a pau nui mea, no ka mea, ua kūkulu ka kekahi mau papa o lipids na membranes. Heʻaneʻi, a ma laila nō i keʻano o nā polokina. Ma keia hihia, no ka hydrophilic wahi a pauʻeleu ma luna o kaʻili a me ka huelo - i loko o ka mānoanoa o kaʻili lahilahi. Kēia 'ole' Aʻole e ae, e komo i loko o na keena ka loa nui waiwai - Ion o ka mekala 'åkilikai ke hooheheeia,'amino nāʻakika a me nā pulapula o ke. Nā polokina Ua hoolilo a pau o kēia mau eiiiiiaiou i keena no o ko lakou kino. No ka laʻana, hemoglobin 'ohua' ka oxygen.

mea loaʻa

O ka papa kuhikuhi hana o ke kumuʻiʻo ole wale i ka mana keena o ke ola meaola, akā, i kōkua, e kuhikuhi i na lepa i hele mai, mai ka mawaho a puni, a me ka kokoke keena. Ka loa ana mamuli o keia kŰia - ka acetylcholine mea loaʻa, a ua aia ma luna o kaʻili lahilahi o e pili ana i interneural hui 'ana. Ke kaʻina hoʻi ka loa nui. Nā polokina hana mea loaʻa hana a me kā lākou AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN me ka acetylcholine ua hoike mai ia ma kekahi ano. E like me ka hopena, i loko o ka halepaahao ho'īli neaiaea. Eia naʻe, ma hope o kekahi manawa, pono e wehe i ka neurotransmitter. Wale i keia hihia, o ka halepaahao e e hiki ke loaa i ka hou maika i. Ua Ua kēia kuleana pili i ua hana ia e kekahi o na nā'ūhū - atsetilholtnesteraza i hanaʻia splitting i gidrolizatsetilholina choline a me ka'ākeka.

aiiay

Ka'ōnaehana paleʻea nenoaiu o kekahi poʻe e ola ana i hiki ke pane i ka hanana o ka haole (particles) i loko o ke kino. Ma keia hihia, ke kumuʻiʻo ua ho'ā 'aiiay kuleana pili i. Ma ke kino, he mea he hooulu ana o ka helu nui o lymphocytes, i mea hiki ke hanaʻino i ka pathogenic koʻohune, macromolecules, a me nā maʻi 'aʻai keena. I kekahi o kēia mau pūʻulu o ka waiwai e hiki mai ana ka hanauna ho'ākāka nā polokina - immunoglobulins. He he auaaeaiea o kēia mau 'ona i loko o ke koko. Nā immunoglobulins hoʻomaopopo haole (particles) a me ka hana i ho'ākāka 'ia i luna' lahui kekahi luku ke kahua. A lawe aiiay hana o ke kumuʻiʻo.

mall

kumuʻiʻo hana i loko o ka halepaahao hele unnoticed no ke kanaka. Kekahi waiwai i ka hapanui mall manaʻo nui. Mau nā polokina i mechanical e ikaika ana i na nā'aʻaʻa kanaka i loko o meaola. Mua o nā mea a pau, e ka collagen. 'O kēia ka papa kuhikuhiE ke keʻena o ka extracellular mua o nā mea a pau connective nā'aʻaʻa i loko o ke kino ola.

It E e kaulana i loko o mammals collagenʻo ia ma kahi o 25% o ka huina kaumaha o nā polokina. Hoʻololi kemikala o keia ke keʻena ia lŘlŘ ma fibroblasts. Mau mea i ka walaʻauʻana keena o kekahi connective'aʻaʻa. Mua i hana procollagen. Kēia mea He He precursor, a ua chemically kamailio ana, a he ma ka'okesaside o ka hydroxyproline e proline residues, a me ka gidrksilina lysine residues. Collagen ua hua mai i loko o ka palapala o ka ekoluʻakika'amino kaulahao, ka hoʻoluli i loko o kaʻoni iho.

It OʻAʻole pau i ka mana o nā polokina. Kālaimeaola - muli o kona kulana he luna 'epekema, a leie aku oe e kuhikuhi i, a ike i ka nui hanana likeʻole e hiki i ke kanaka kino. Radio kēlā me kēia hana o ka kumuʻiʻo he kūlana kūikawā. Ke'ī mai, ma ka laholio nā'aʻaʻa, e like me akemāmā, ke koko moku pa, a ili mai elastin. Kēia kumuʻiʻo mea hiki ke kikoo, a laila, e hoʻi i kona kikokikona shape.

Hawaii kumuʻiʻo

Muscle contraction - he kaʻina hana ma i ka huli ana o ka ikehu waiho i loko o ka palapala o ATP nā lātoma ma macroergic pyrophosphate linkages,ʻo ia i loko o me mechanical hana. Ma keia hihia, i ka hana o ke kumuʻiʻo i loko o ka halepaahao hana myosin a me ka actin. Kēlā me kēia no ia i kona mau 'ano.

Myosin mai ka hana 'ole. Kēia kumuʻiʻo ninoieo o filamentary lawa lōʻihi hapa - ka huelo, e like me ka kekahi mau globular poo. Myosin ua hookuu, i hookuu ia ma ke ano o ka hexamer. Kēia ke keʻena ua hana nui loa'ālike polypeptide na kaula, kela mea keia mea o ka i mai he hakakino kaumaha o 200 tausani, a me 4 kaulahao nona ka hakakino kaumaha o 20 wale tausani.

Actin mea he globular kumuʻiʻo i loaʻa ka hiki e polymerize. Ka wā o kēia mea 'ano apau loa i lawa ka lōʻihi' ole, a ua kapaia o F-actin. Wale nō i loko o ia ka moku'āina ke keʻena hiki maʻamau pāʻani aku me ka myosin.

Ano he kumu hoʻohālike o ka papa hana o nā polokina

O ka lua ma na keena o ka meaola ola ana likeʻole keʻano o ka hanaʻana i makemake e hiki ole me nā polokina. An kumu o ka mea loaʻa kuleana pili i ka waiwai ke malama me ka memo keena adrenoceptor ka piʻiʻana adrenaline. I ka paku ole ia i ka malamalama decomposition o rhodopsin. O kŰia hoomaka ka naoh, a huli maile.

Me ka pili ana i ka mall hiʻona, ka maikai laʻana i loko o keia hihia e malama i ke kanawai o ke collagen. Kēia mea i hāʻawi mai i ka connective nā'aʻaʻa o oi aku elasticity.

An laʻana o ka hana amo o hemoglobin e hali ana i ka oxygen puni ke kino ola.

ma ka hopena

Kēia mea a pau ke walaʻauʻana liluwelo mana o nā polokina. Kēlā me kēia no ia mea nui loa ia no ka meaola ola. Ma keia kekahi kuleana pili i ua hana AYEIE kumuʻiʻo. I ka wa e kaawale aku o ia mau eiiiiiaiou hiki i malfunctions o kekahi nā loko, a nenoai i loko o ke kino.