He aha ka mea, he mai o ka lepo? One soils. ʻakika soils

He aha ka i ka waiwai nui o ko mākou Honua? O ka holo ana, ia ka wai a me ka lewa, akā, mai poina e pili ana i kekahi mea'ē aʻe. About kumu. He He momona kūpapakū hoʻolako miliona o kekahi laha 'o nā holoholona a me nā mea kanu, ia mea hoomaikai ia ia i ka mea, he nui loa o ka biosphere. Oe i mea ia he mai o ka lepo? Inā 'oe makemake e hoihoi, e hiki ke heluhelu mākou' atikala!

He aha ka lepo?

He nui nā kuhi i ka lepo malalo o ko lakou mau wawae - ke mau lepo, e manaʻo i ka mea e pili ana i kona haku mele 'ana a me ka hana ole i kekahi makemake. Ia manawa, i ka lepo o loa eiiieaena maoli ho okumu. Conventionally, ka mea, ua maheleia i loko o ka puaʻa hiwa paʻa, a me ka wai a hapa, a me ka gaseous hapa ola ke keʻena. I ka haku mele 'ana o ka puaʻa hiwa paʻa ke keʻena nā mea he nui nā minelala hao, a me ka kekahi nui o ka mea i make, ke aloha mea. Ke kinowai hapa - ka wai a me ka mea hoʻoheheʻe nā minelala hao.

Alaila, he hapa o ka gaseous pili lewa a me nā kinoea i hana i loko o ka lepo me ka hopena o ke kulu loaʻa maoli liluwelo keʻano o ka hanaʻana. Live pae - he mau miliona, a ieeeea? O fungi, punahelu, anakahi iki-meaola, spores, a me nā biomass. I ka mea kūpono i ka lepo.

Ano o ka mea paa mahele

(Particles) o ka paa mea pōhaku hehee wale lilo i kumu o ka paa hapa. Ua Ua manaoio ia mea, kuahene one, a he palolo kekahi. Ma lalo o ke one maopopo hehee wale, mai 1 a hiki i 0,01 mm o ka anawaena, a me nā mea a pau i ka mea uuku o 0,01 mm o, ho okumu i ka palolo. All (particles) o ka oi ma mua o kekahi kenimika ma ka anawaena e hana pohaku lepo iwi.

He aha e pono e ike i keia? Ka mea i ka pakeneka o kēia mau kumu mua hilinaʻi nui ma ka lepo type. Eia ka mea, he ho'ākāka 'ana no ke kamaaina, i hiki aku ai i kana mau hana a kokoke i ka hale hoʻokamakama agriculturists:

• Wehe ae oe i ke one, i pihaʻi me ole oi aku mamua o 5% pālolo.
• One pili, a he 5-10% o ka lepo (particles).
• Sandy Lok, kahi o ka lepo hapa ke hele mai i ka 20%.
• Light Lok. Ka maʻiʻo o ka lepo mahele like ia 20-30%.
• Ka Lok lepo. Ua be 30-45% pālolo.
• Kaumaha Lok, he 45-60% ai ke kino i ka lepo.
• Pālolo.

Ike i ka inoa o ka lepo, oe e e hiki ke hooholo i kūpono ai ka lepo.

kekahi ano

O ka holo ana, ke ÿole mechanical 'ole i predetermining ole ma mahiʻai lepo e like ai ma kona fertility a me biomass malaila. No laila, i loko o nä hana kilokilo, one loams a me nā one loa malamalama soils i pinepine haawiia i like kā lākou aaioee i kona wahi o ka ikaika a me nā kumu waiwai. Alaila, kokoke e pau meakino one Lok a me ka pālolo iho hiki e wahi ana i ka lepo kaumaha, no ka mea, i ko lakou mahi a me ka mahi i e pana aku au i loa nui wahie. Other ano o ka lepo mea i pili kēia kalele iho ma luna o lākou hionapāʻili.

Ke'ī mai, ka malamalama lepo ka loa e wehe ai, ai oluolu e hala hohonu ona mau a me ka lewa. e lalana ana koke i ka mea, i loko o ka luawai. I Ka e haule i loko o ka wai, ina ka mea, i ka apuepue mālama, a me nā mea a pau ke aloha residues e ho oholo ai ka fertility o ka lepo, he hana maʻalahi loa hoopuni holoi. he hewa, e lalana ana Clay lepo hoʻopailua e hele ona mau a me ka lewa. Akā, no ka ona mau maʻiʻo mea mau no ka ia. A nutrient maʻiʻo mea nui kiekie ina oe e hoohalike ai i kēia mau kii me ka one soils.

mall oihana mua

Nā mea pōhaku lepo hehee wale i ke aggregated e lilo nui nā hale. Inā keia kŰia ua i ike, o ka lepo e pili ana i ka unstructuredʻano. Oia ka primer i ole ia i ka mea maikaʻi kūpapakū no ka ulu ana o ka mea kanu no ka mea, ua ole pono loaa ke kumu kahua.

one soils

Pololei hoʻohālike - ke one soils. No laila, ka mea i kapaia he primer, a iloko ona i kakauia mai 0 a hiki i 5% o ka lepo (particles). Nā soils o kēia 'ano e loa Lightweight, ka mea e mai i kekahi' ole. O kēia mau mea, kokoke e loaʻa holoi leʻa aku au i ka māhuaola a evaporates koke i ka wai.

E kiʻi ma ka liʻiliʻi loa kekahi hua i loko o ia mau olelo pinepine i, e waiho i ka nui ka nui o ka mea hoʻomomona, a no hoi e mall ka lepo, ka hoʻopukaʻana i ka lepo, a me ka peat sawdust overrotten. It E e hoʻomaopopo i ke one lepo i loko o keia hihia huli mai e e loa kumukuai, mai kā lākou hana hou i, e pana aku au i ka hailona o ka manawa, kumu waiwai a me ke kala.

Ma nā makahiki, 'epekema ua ole ana i ke kaua ma luna o lākou iho i ka nele o ka' ole i loko o ke one, a ua wae 'ia mau mea kanu i hiki ho okumu ia oe iho. I ka nui, eia cultivars piha iho ua hōʻike hewa no ka wao nahele ana.

Ka mea, i ka fibrous aa'ōnaehana ulu, a mau ka nalu o ka mauu hiki paa hoopaa i kekahi i kekahi, e hana i ka ikaika "canopy". Ma lalo o ia mea i nā hoʻomāhuahua o ka mahuaola, mai ka wai, a me ka lewa mea ole hou hiki ke holoi mai, a puhi ia. Inā lulu hua e like kalaka nui-wao'āina, i loko o kekahi mau makahiki ma laila i hanaʻia loa maliuia no ka kanu lepo.

He aha ka lepo maikai, no ka mahiʻai?

Epekema agronomists manaʻo i ka nui e pono ai ka aina me ka huna nui o ka mai 10 a hiki i 0,25 mm o. Ua porous a me ka pono ia kaua ke pale ka'aʻaiawāʻana. Eia hoʻi, e like me ka lepo maikai ka wai pilipaa, akā, hoi kona omoāea, kŘpa a lohi.

Ke kumu nui ka pono i ka mea e ma luna o ka ili o keia ano o ka aina ua kokoke,ʻaʻole i hanaʻia anuanu maloo pńpa e ālai 'ia' o ka ulu a me ka hooulu ana o ka moʻomeheu ulu. O ka ikaika o ka makani lepo kanu'ōiwi koe integral, ka mea, ua i puhi mai o ka topsoil. Ke'ī mai, i ka mall lepo ceteris paribus e ae e ohi iʻoi nui aku e ohi mai.

O ka holo ana, e hiki ke kiʻi i kēia hopena a me ka unstructured ka lepo, akā, ka mea, e pono e pana aku au i ka hailona o ka manawa a me ka kala ho'āʻo e somehow neutralize kona io ano.

humus

A me nā mea pōhaku (particles) i loko o ka puaʻa hiwa paʻa hapa i nā humus (particles). Hoole i ka ai i kapaia i koe iho o nā holoholona a me nā mea kanu, hoʻokō 'lepo microflora. Nui, ma ka maʻamau lepo he he nui ka nui o ka mahuaola, akā, ka hapanui o ia mea,ʻaʻole i loaʻa i ka mea kanu.

Wale ma muli o ka saprophytic microorganisms i recycle ia ke aloha, ka mea kanu i loaʻa no ke omo o ka māhuaola. Ka luna lepo, ahu iho kekahi mau mai i ka 15% humus. He aha ia mea, i ka maikaʻi o ka loa nui waiwai o ka lepo - kona fertility a me ka nanea ana o ka aaioee.

Ka wai a me ke kinoea

He ole exaggeration i ka olelo ana a pau lepo keʻano o ka hanaʻana ke hiki wale i ka wa a ka ona mau i loko o ka lepo. Ma kekahi ano, me ka mea e ole ulu a hoʻomohala mea kanu, a me microorganisms make. A pau ona mau a me ka lepo paʻakai o microelements, a i mea hoʻoheheʻe i loko o laila, a pau i hana i ka lepo pāʻoihana. Mai keia loaa i ka mea kanu kupono no ke ola a me ka hooulu ana o ka mea pōhaku kumu mua.

A pau o nāʻanuʻu ma waena o na (particles), a ma lalo o maʻamau hana hea i ku ma ka wai piha me ka lewa. Eia naʻe, ma kekahi hihia, ka mea hiki ke lawe i ka wahi o ka methane, hydrogen sulfide, kalapona'okikene lua 'ole maʻemaʻe (nahele soils ma ka papu wahi). Incidentally, ka lepo lewa pono i ka ia, aʻano kiʻekiʻe ka maʻiʻo o ka kalapona monoxide. mea kanu haha aku i ka maikai, a me ka saprophytic microorganisms 'Imi hana kā lākou hana no ka aaioee o ka kūpapakū, ka lepo pono ia ma ka liʻiliʻi 15% o ka lewa.

Live mahele

E like me mākou i mai la ia ia i loko o ka hapa iki ola ninoieo o koʻohune, ka līoho a me fungi. Koʻohune i incredibly nui i ka lepo, e like me ka mea, ke hoʻolilo i nā minelala hao i loko o 'ano apau loa i loaʻa i ka mea kanu. Eia kekahi, legumes komo i loko o ka symbiotic pilina me microorganisms, a i hiki hoi ke hoʻopunipuni naikokene i loko o ka lewa, a kau aku la ia i loko o digestible palapala.

Nui! Inā i ka lepo i ka haahaa pH (ʻakika ka lepo), ka koʻohune i loko o ia mea uuku loa. E hana ma ka decomposition o ke aloha residues ma keia hihia loa hana fungi. O ka papa, i loko o ka lepo i komo he nui ke dala, a hiki holoholona multicellular invertebrates a me vertebrates (iole, kameleona iole).

Ano, e ike i ka mea, he mai o ka lepo.

ʻakika lepo

No ka mea, ua'ōleloʻia mākou e pili ana i ka typical hoailona oʻakika soils, e ka kamailio e pili ana i keia he wahi hou lepo. He aha ka mea a pau e pili ana i?

Ka loa nui ololi i maopopo ai i ka mea e like ai o ka soils o lākouʻakika. Kēia anakahi'ākilikai, ina ka pH mea like i 7. Ina ia mea oi'ākilikai lepo. I emi - keiaʻakika lepo. Kēia ololi e loli ai,ʻaʻole wale nō ma luna o ka microflora, akā, no hoi ma ka nui o ka mea hoʻoheheʻe nā minelala hao i loko o ka lepo a me ka māhuaola. Ka hapa nui o na mea kanu mahi i loko o keu o nele o ka'ākilikai paha kānaka'ākilikai ka lepo, aka, aia no kekahi poe? Ueo i pono kaʻakika 'ia. No ka laʻana, rai, i wale hiki me ka nui loa acidifying lepo.

Mākou ho oholo ai ka pH wale

Kēia, e hoopai i ka u kukui a me ka anakahi pāʻoihana (phenolphthalein, no ka laʻana) i hiki hoʻololi kala ke kaumaha ma muli o nā 'ano o ka meakino. Ka moku me ia he uuku ka nui o ka aina, a laila, a pau o ka maikai Haalulu iho e hui pono a pau. Ma hope o ia 'oe pono e kali a ka mea kikiʻo ka slurry, a me ka pāʻoihana' aʻole e hoʻololi waihoʻoluʻu. E ho ohana i ke kuhikuhi ana i ka lāʻau, hooholo lepoʻakika. I Ka manaʻo ma ka lepo ano.

Aʻo! Kue i ka mahaloia manao, ai ka pH mea i ikaika. Ua hiki e okoa a hiki i kokoke mau mea o ka mahinaai nei, no laila, noiʻi e halihaliia oia iwaho kekahi mau manawa, lawe lepo Eia kekahi laʻana o ma ka liʻiliʻi 'ekolu a eha wahi. Ma hope o kēlā me kēia palapala noi o fertilizers (oi mea pōhaku) Pono no hoi e kaha i ke kiʻekiʻe o kaʻakika.

He aha hiki ke hana, e hoʻololi i ka 'inideka?

Inā ka lepo mea, uaʻakika, ia mea pono e deoxidize. No keia mea, limestone, chalk, a me kekahi aooa nā mea huihuina, i mea pela produces mahiʻai hana. Ma ka hihia o kaʻakika pono nō e pono ai i ka hoʻoikaika 'ana, hoʻohana i ka maʻamau peat paha manure. Ae,ʻakika lepo ua pinepine loaa mai ka mahiʻai i hoʻohana nui mea mea mea he kūlohelohe mea hoʻomomona.