Ke ole o ka alloying oihana mua ma luna o ka waiwai o ke kila. Ano, lama a me ka hookohu ua

Steel - kekahi o ka loa, imi ae la-ma hope o mea i loko o ke ao nei i keia la. Me ka mea paakiki e noonoo ai i na i kekahi? Ueony no? Ieoaeunoaa paena, mīkini-hale hana, a ua nui no hoi na wahi, a me na mea e hoʻopuni mai iā mākou i loko o maʻamau o ke ola. I ka Ia manawa, Ua okoa no ka oka a pau o ka hao a me ka kalapona, no ka mea, i loko o kēia 'atikala, ua hoʻokolokolo i ka hopena o alloying oihana mua ma luna o nā waiwai o ke kila, e like me kona ano, lama a me Maui.

kekahi mau 'ike

I kēia lā, he nui ua lilo lama hoʻomano hoʻohana i kaʻaneʻane na poepoe o kanaka haʻawina. He pili kēia i ka mea i loko o kēia oka a optimally hiehie i ka pau huahelu o ÿole mechanical, physical, Nine Inch, aʻanoʻenehana ka waiwai, a e ole i kekahi'ē aʻe mea. steelmaking kaʻina ua mau ke hou, a no ka mea, o kona waiwai a me kona mea e like ae e loaa i ka makemake hana o ka kūpono me ka hopena o maomeka, eiiiiiaiou a me machines.

Mea Maluna ma ka manao

Kēlā me kēia kila, ke kaumaha ma muli o ka mea no i ka mea i hana, ma ka OAXA 'aelike hiki e hoalii mai ia i loko o kekahi o kēia mau ka waeʻano.

• Mall.
• Instrumental.
• Special manao me ka kūikawā waiwai.

Ua oi aku ka nui o ke kūlana - mall kila, papahana no kekahiʻano o ka hale hale, i na mea maalea, machines. ? Ieoaeunoai momoku ahi māheleʻia ma luna o ka hoʻomaikaʻi, carburized, luawai-luawai, kiʻekiʻe ikaika.

i differentiated mea paahana steels ke kaumaha ma muli paha ka mea, i ua hanaʻia ai i ka mea paahana: ana, ana, etc. Ua hele me ka i ana ia mea no hoi i ka hopena o ka alloying oihana mua ma luna o nā waiwai o ke kila o keia pae nui ...

Special steels i ko lakou mahele, i ka loaʻa o ke kēia mau pūʻulu.

• Kuhiliʻole kila (iʻikeʻia e like me ka popopo).
• Wela-hoʻopale.
• Wela-hoʻopale.
• Uila.

kila pae ma Nine Inch haku mele 'ana

'ā'ā, Mea Maluna kila ke kaumaha ma muli o ka constituent Nine Inch eiiiiiaiou:

• Kalapona kila papa.
• Doped.

Pēlā kēia mau pūʻulu mau ua hou puunaueia ma ka helu o ke ahiahi, a me ka kalapona he malaila i:

• Low kalapona (emi o 0,3% kalapona).
• O ka meakino (lehulehu o ka kalapona mea 0,3 - 0,7%).
• High-kalapona (oi ma mua o 0,7% kalapona).

He aha ka ke oka a kila?

Ma lalo o kēia ho'ākāka 'ana, ka mea e e hoomaopopo kila a iloko ona i kakauia, ma ka laua me ka paakiki impurities, i mea hoʻonui i hoʻolaunaʻia ma loko o ka oka a me nā hale, e hoʻonui i ka ÿano waiwai o ke kūpono ultimately makuwahine.

A mau olelo e pili ana i ka pono o ke kila

Ua hāʻawiʻia kēia aiao oka a pau i manaoia ma ka lākou o ka waiwai, a me ka huli i ke kumu ma kona iecaianoaaiiuo kaʻina iho. No ka mea, ano, i mea malama i, a oka a hoʻopololei steels i:

• Nine haku mele 'ana.
• Uniformity 'ole.
• Processability.
• Mechanical waiwai.

Ka mea e like ai o kekahi kila hilinaʻi nui ma luna i ka nui o ka oxygen ua iloko o loko o laila, hydrogen, naikokene, luaipele a me ka phosphorus. Ua mea no hoi i ka hope kūlana hoʻokani ma ke ano o ka hana kila. Ka loa pololei ma ka olelo o ka makemake huikala popadniya huahelu ua soposob ma ka steelmaking umu.

Oka a kila a me ka hoʻololi 'ana i kona waiwai

Oka a kila a iloko ona i kakauia i loko o kona momoku ahi omaka palapala designations lawelawe limanui aku hehee ai hoʻololi kona waiwai,ʻaʻole wale nō, mai kēia mau mawaho hope, akā, kekahi o ko lākou ae 'ana ma waena o lākou.

Inā mākou e noonoo manaʻoi ka kalapona, ke alloying hehee wale ma luna o ka AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN me ia hiki ke maheleia i mau nui pūʻulu:

• Na kumu mua i hana i ka Nine Inch huina lakou me ka kalapona (carbide) - molybdenum, chromium, vanadium, tungsten, manganese.
• Ke kumu mai,ʻaʻole i hana carbide - silikone, Aluminum a me ka nikala.

It E e hoʻomaopopo i ke kila, a i doped karbidobrazuyuschimi waiwai i ke kiʻekiʻe loa paakiki, a māhuahua Wear e kū'ē'ē mai.

Ka haahaa oka a kila (momoku ahi: 20HGS2, 09G2, 12G2SMF, 12HGN2MFBAYU a me na mea e ae). Ua ninoaaeyao he kūikawā wahi oka a 13X, i mea paakiki lawa no ka? Iecaianoaaiiie o konaʻoki kino, engraving, Jewelry lako a pan, pahi kahi.

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Ka maʻiʻo o ka alloying nā kumumea i loko o ke kila hiki e hooponoponoia ia mea, mai kona i 'ae'. Kēlā me kēia no kēia mau eiiiiiaiou hoʻolauna i loko o ka oka a pau i kona mau 'ike palapala. No kekahi laʻana:

• Chromium - Cr.
• Vanadium -V.
• Manganese -Mn.
• Niobium - Nb.
• Tungsten -W.
• Titanium - la.

I kekahi manawa, i ka hoʻomaka o ka Papa kuhikuhi o ke kila papa i nā palapala i. Kēlā me kēia no ia hāpai he kupaianaha manaʻo. Ma 'ana, i ka palapala "P"' o ia hoʻi i ke kila o ka mämä holo kiʻekiʻe, "W" Hōʻike i ke kila poepoe-hanau ana, "A" - automaton, "E" - .. Electrotechnical etc. High quality steels i loko o kā lākou alphanumeric inoa i loko o ka hopena leka "he" a me ka hana e like ai komo i ka palapala "W" ma ka pau ana o ka omaka.

Ka hopena o ka alloying oihana mua

Mua o nā mea a pau e pono e mai la oia i ke kahua hopena kalapona i ma luna o nā waiwai o ke kila. He kēia hehee ai hoʻolako i mahuahua i loko o ka lehulehu me ka hoomahuahua i ka ikaika a me ka paakiki ma lalo (viscosity) a me ka plasticity. Eia kekahi, o ka mahuahua kalapona lehulehu e hōʻoiaʻiʻo mea hōʻemi o machinability.

Ke chromium maʻiʻo ma ke kila pono lakou aloha ia kona ka popopo e kū'ē'ē mai. Kēia Nine Inch hehee ai ano ma ka oka a ili ma kekahiʻano pākīkē oxidizing 'ia, he lahilahi aiiay'okesaside ho film. Eia naʻe, e hoʻokō keia kanawai ma ka kila chromium e ia ma ka liʻiliʻi loa 11,7%.

Special noonoo E e Aluminum. Ua Ua hoʻohana 'ia i loko o ke kila alloying kaʻina hana no ka heleʻana o oxygen, a naikokene, ma hope o kahi e, i mea e haawi ana i ka ho'ēmiʻana o ka oka a poe oo hoi. Eia kekahi, Aluminum nui hoonui ae i ka toughness a me ka fluidity hoola ana hoi i loa deleterious phosphorus kanawai.

Vanadium - mea he kūikawā alloying hehee ai, a ma oka a kila kila kiʻi kiʻekiʻe paakiki a me ka ikaika. I ka oka a palaoa emi iho, a piʻi pū nuʻa.

Oka a kila, a kaha pihaʻi tungsten, hāʻawi me kiʻekiʻe paakiki a me ka ulaula paakiki. Tungsten mea i maikai ma ia mea, eliminates ka brittleness o ka oka a pau i loko o ka papa hawaii.

E hoomahuahua i wela ia'ku,ʻume mākenēki waiwai, a me ka nui ia'ku i ka hopena wahie, kila oka a me ka cobalt. Akā, i kekahi o ia mau kumu i ole ikea e ia i kekahiʻiʻo hopena ma luna o ke kila, ka silikone. Eia naʻe, i loko o kēlā mau steels, a i manaoia no welded metala, i ka lehulehu o ka silikone pono pono ia i loko o 0.12-0.25%.

Ālai 'hoonui ae i ke ÿano waiwai o ke kila a me ka makanekiuma. Ua i hoʻohana Ua like me ka desulfurization konohiki i ka hihia o ka hoʻohana 'ana vnedomennoy desulphurization.

Ka haahaa oka a kila (e koho ia kekahi mau alloying hehee wale emi o 2,5%) pinepine kekahi mau manganese, a ua hoakaka ia me ka pono mahuahua ma ka paakiki, abrasion ia'ku, oiai e malama ana e pono ai plasticity. Akā, i ka lehulehu o keia hehee ai e e oi aku 1%, aʻaʻole e hiki ke loaʻa ai i kēia mau waiwai.

Kalapona kila papa fusible no kekahi nui-unahiʻole, i hale hale pihaʻi me ke keleawe, a hoakaka i kā mākou anticorrosion waiwai.

E hoomahuahua i ka ula paakiki, elasticity, tensile ka ikaika a me ka tensile ia'ku i ka popopo i kila pono lawelawe molybdenum, a hoi hou maoli ka ia'ku e'okesaside a me ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia ka wā enaena i kiʻekiʻe ana wela ano. I huli ai oe, a me ka cerium neodymium, e hoʻohana 'ia e emi i ka porosity o ka oka a pau.

E noonoo pono i ka hope o ka alloying oihana mua ma luna o ka waiwai o ke kila hiki ole ke AOON a me ka nikala. Kēia e leie aku i ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia, e loaa i ke kila hardenability a me ka maikaʻi ikaika, ductility a me ka hopena ia'ku, e mahuahua, a malalo kali o ke anu brittleness.

Loa hoʻomano hoʻohana like me ka dopant, a me ka niobium. Kona lehulehu i ka 6-10 manawa o ka nui koi 'ia prisutsvtuyuschego kalapona ma o ka oka a, eliminates ka intergranular ka popopo o kuhiliʻole steels, a i malama i ka weld ami, mai ka loa undesirable ka make.

Titanium apono 'oe e kiʻi i ka kaʻoi loa hana o ka ikaika a me ka ductility, e like me ka hoʻoikaika' ana i ka ka popopo e kū'ē'ē mai. Ka poe kila, a iloko ona i kakauia i ka mea hoʻonui, ua ike pono no paku ole ia i kekahi aaioee hana, keia i ke kālā no mīkini hana.

Introduction o zirconium oka a kila mau hiʻohiʻona nō e loaa i ka makemake mōhaiʻai nui ina e pono ai, a no ka ho ololi ia i loko o ka ulu ai.

incidental impurities

Loa undesirable oihana mua i i loa negatively pili i ka pono o ke kila i arsenic, ke tina, antimony. Lākou mau helehelena i loko o ka oka a mau kumu no ke kila lilo loa brittle ma ka palena o ko lākou mau mānoanoa ko, o ka oi aku ka wā rollback kila holehole mai ai a me ka manawa o ka annealing o haʻahaʻa kalapona steels.

ka hopena

I ko kakou manawa, i ka aoao o ka alloying oihana mua ma luna o ka waiwai lilo loa ua kaulana. Poe akamai i pono ua kālailai i ka hopena o kēlā me kēia mea hoʻonui i loko o ka oka a pau. mau hiʻohiʻona nō kaʻimi naʻauaoʻike i nā metallurgists i loko o ka mea pae e lilo i kekahi kiʻikuhi kiʻikuhi o ka steelmaking, e hooholo i ka helu o ka enehana koi 'ia a me ka consumable mea (na mea i eliia, noʻonoʻo, pellets, a me nā mea hoʻonui). Ka hapanui o steelmakers pinepine hoʻohana chromium, vanadium, cobalt, a me nā alloying oihana mua a nā loa pipiʻi.