"Makani pāhili" (MRL). Russian MLRS 9K57 "makani pāhili"

Kao lele lako kaua me na mea kaua mai ka Soviet manawa, a me ka manawa i loko o Rusia mau ia e he nui ka pu kāleka,ʻaʻole wale nō i loko o na puali kaua, akā, i loko o ka lahui ke kūkā '.

Naʻe, ma mua o kēia hiki infrequently. Where ia mea e pono ai ma ka kela la i keia noho ana o ka poe koa'ōnaehana o kū'ē volley ahi. Kekahi o ka loa e like me ka mea i ka "makani pāhili". MLRS Ua laha i loko o ka puali koa, ia mea nō nike i ka paka. Ua haawiia kona pono a me ka pono io, ka mea, ua i kahaha ko oukou naau i ka laekahi ka welelau o e Hōʻano hou i ka puali koa o ka luna ', kona mōʻaukala nā lā hoʻi i ka 60s o ka hope kenekulia!

Mōʻaukala o ka hanaia'na

Ua Ua manaoio ia a pau na wahi lulu kūpono 'ana o kēia' ano i kekahi kupuna - MRL "Katyusha". Ma ka hoohalike keia mea oiaio, akā, ua pono loa poina i kaʻiʻo nō o kēia mau rocket launchers i radically okoa mai ka kaʻao luna '.

No ka laʻana, e like me ua lōʻihi ke alakai wahi lulu akamai haalele hoino aku'ōnaehana: ka mea e ole e like me ka ala o ka mea lele ua loaa pili kēia ākeʻakeʻa kumu, a me ka manawa e kauoha aku hoʻohui mea he kiʻekiʻe.

A no ka mea, i kēia kupuna MRL 9k57 "makani pāhili" E e noʻonoʻo i ka holo ana M-21B, a ua hahao i loko o hana i loko o ka mamao 1963 makahiki.

I loko nō o ka kohu kūpono hiʻona o keia MLRS, ke koa ua i hiki maopopo ana me ia. I mea no ke aha la i ka makahiki 1963 ma Tula komo ka moku'āina pale kauoha no ka hooulu ana o ka olelo mua iaʻi hou kükohu, ma a he ole ia wā M-21B. I ka poe koa wahi i ka kŘpa a haʻahaʻa kohoʻia, a me ka lethality o kona kookoo lele ua unsatisfactory. Lālau aʻela ia i loko o ka nui o nā haʻawina o ka Great Patriotic War, mākou koa ua mua maopopo loa i kaʻenemi ka mea e kahiko ai kolamu makemake i "pepe" mamua o ka manawa, a no laila, hou koi e pili ana i ka hou 'ana i ka hoʻokō' ana a hiki i hoʻowahāwahā kapa kila pale.

E nana ana imua, ua e hoailona oukou ia 9k57 MLRS "Uragan" Makuakane me keia hana.

sketches

Mai ka makahiki 1963 a hiki i 1964, poe akamai i Tula CDB hoʻoili i loko o ka hulina study o kā lākou hana. I ka papa kuhikuhiE pilikia, a laila, kū maila ia ma mua o ia i ka hoʻokumu o MRL, i makemake e ka mea e hiki ai ke pepehi i ka olelo a me ka motorized mana o kaʻenemi ma ka mamao o 40 kilomika.

I ka hopena o kēia mau haʻawina a lilo pāhana "makani pāhili" E e loaʻa i ka hapalua like-1964. MLRS i kēiaʻanoʻana i pio o kaʻenemi ma ka mamao o 35 kilomika. Kona pono i ka mea kiʻekiʻe maneuverability, a leie aku oe e koke paka i ka volley mai ka paʻa wahi, a ke haʻalele me ka 'akomi e ka enemi.

I ka pau ana o 1966 - i loko o Tula hoomaka ae la e hoʻomaka nui-unahiʻole, i noiʻi hana koke i ka makahiki 1967 ma ka ka manaʻolana 'ia o ka apono ana o ka hou nenoaiu i hana. Kona hopena ua i hoopau ai i ke-hoakaka manaʻo o ka luna 'nā mea a pau i ka mea' ike e pili ana i ke ano o ka leho a me kā lākou mau aku ana o ka pono.

I ka 1970, i ke Kuhina o hana i noi mai ia i ka hope loa kikoo o ka hou MRL 9k57 "makani pāhili". It E e kaulana ia ma ka manawa komo i loko o ke ana o nā kānakaʻenehana a me nā kānakaʻepekema mea ole wale kekahi o Tula. Pela, ma a puni Moscow Central lapaʻau Halemai Moiwahine lawelawe 'ia ka hulina study o ka huaʻai mālili' āhewa 'ana a me ka fuze nenoai. Kazan i hana kipaku mālama lele me ka Cassette type warhead.

Ka hopena o ka mua ho'āʻo ma

Ke uninitiated mea heluhelu i ke kahaha ko oukou naau ma ka Pehea lā ka lōʻihi o ia i ka Soviet hana no ka hanaia ana o kekahi wale prototype o keia ano keia ano o ka 'ike loea. Ua pono e hoʻomanaʻo ia i ia manawa wale uaʻaʻole nui-me ka unahiʻole Aey? Acaeoey i loko o kēia wahi. E like me ka hopena o ka hana a me ka ike maopopo ana i i alakaʻi ma ka'āina manao Buro, ka mea i loaa i ka hanana kahua o ka "makani pāhili." MLRS keia mea no ka hoʻohana i kēia ōlaʻi o nā'āina a puni ka honua.

Ma kekahi, ka mea hiki ke kōkua kaua a hiki ma Suria. I mau, i ka manawa e ua, ua hoolilo ia no keia noiʻi, ka makana mea i pono ma. No ka laʻana, ka mea ia kū'ē'ōnaehana "Smerch" mau Launch rocket? Ac? A hahao i loko o hana i loko o ka shortest hiki manawa i ke aloha i ka mea i ka liona ka puu o nā hoʻomaulia ua makaukau.

E ka hele hoʻi i ka hōʻike. I ka makahiki 1972, i ka 'aha hoʻokolokolo poe akamai, ua hōʻike mai iā iaʻaneʻane pau i ka prototype'ōnaehana, a ua hala a pau? Iecaianoaaiiie e ho'āʻo ai. I ka papa kuhikuhiE ano, ua like penei:

• MRL i hoʻolako pono me ka unguided mea lele, a kiʻekiʻe-pahū 'ano o ka Cassette i lawe ma luna o 80 a me 105 kilograms, niioaaonoaaiii, o ka mea pahū.
• BM 9P140 no ka i nō hoʻoholo e hoʻohana i ka maʻamau kaʻa ZIL-135LM (aie i ka ka manaʻo pohihihi a me ka nele o ke kikoo hoʻoponopono pūʻolo kaʻa i hooleia).
• Machine no ka transporting a me ka hoʻouka 9T452, a ua kau ma luna o ke kaʻa o ka ia ZIL-135LM.
• Ka luna 'ninoieo o ka lako a pan no ka hoʻoponopono a me ka mālama' ana i ka machines.

Hola dokatka i kekahi mau o nā makahiki, e like me ka a me ka papa hele mai "makani pāhili" i ka hopena. MLRS keia i ka 1974 i pili ana i ka ia hana ano like i loko o ka makana. Eia hoi, i ka 1976, ka luna 'i hope oluolu i hana.

Mau makahiki hao hoʻopau kekahi nīnūnē flaws. Eia hou, i keia manawa mau loea, ua ulu kekahi mau mea hou a me ka olelo mua iaʻi, ke ano o ka leho.

He aha eiiiiiaiou i komo i loko o ka hoʻopau 'ana i luna'?

• 9P140 hakakā kaa iho.
• Machine no ka papa a me ka amo 9T452 leho.
• Kū'ē 'āhewa' ana.
• Lako a pan o ka 'akomi ahi hooponopono a me ka? Iaea 1V126 "Skit-B."
• Haawina no ka, a ma nā kūlana kokoke i ke kaua hoʻonaʻauao 'aʻo ana o nā limahana.
• Machine manao 1T12-2M hi ona'āina.
• Complex no ka kuhikuhi ana-i hoʻoholo 'ia a me ka noiʻi o ka ino ana 1B44.
• E kau ia no ka hoʻoponopono a me ka? Aiiio o ka lako a 9F381.

Ka hapa nui o nā mea a pau nenoai uaʻia i kekahi, no laila, ua hiki hoʻopilikia maoli ia a piha ka polokalamu JavaScript o kaʻenemi ahi mea,ʻaʻole he keʻakeʻa nei no ka hakakā nuʻukia. Eia kekahi, i ke kumu nui loa o ka hana hiki e hana hana lima.

Powerplant

Machine ma ka noi e alakai mau V-hoʻokino engine Zil-375YA, o kela mea keia mea o ia 180 ho'āo ai. i kekahi. Nā huila ma ka aoao i hooauhee aku ai ia ia ma kona engine, i he kūʻokoʻa EYI a me ka drivetrain. Ma ka mea mua a me ka ha o ka iho (axis) kekahi lāʻau 'huila i luna.

Ka mīkini Ua lako pono me ole wale he kikowaena Turo-puʻe ka mālamaʻana nenoaiu, he mea i ka manawa kūpono o ka 'akomi paging ma ka hele. Throughput a me ka mämä holo ano e loa maikai. Ma kekahi hoʻopiha ka mea hiki ke hoʻomau no ma kahi o 600 ei, e haawi ana i kekahi luna ka mämä holo o ka 65 km / h. Machine wai hoopuni lanakila nā pilikia i 1,2 m + ka hohonu me kekahi hou aʻo.

No ka 'ike ma luna o ka mea i ka ho omaulia, a me ka hoʻouka

I peacetime, i ka ia i ka ho omaulia ana o eha kanaka: kaa luna, gunner a me ka mau o ka ikaika, ka poe i kuleana no ka manuale alakaʻi a me ka mā lama. I wartime, i ka pae mahuahua i eono kanaka, no ka nui o na hana i ia e hana hana lima.

E like me ua oleloia, ua i haulage a me ka hoʻouka leho me ka kūikawā mīkini 9T452, a ua kūkuluʻia ma luna o ka mea hookahi kaʻa. Kēlā me kēia mīkini ua ole wale hāpai 16 Kao lele lako kaua, akā, no hoi ua hoakaka ia me ka lako a me nā lako a pan. Ke kaʻina Ua oo mechanized, ka mea i emi mai o 14 minuke. Hoʻohana 'ia TZM manu'ū, a hiki ke hoʻohana' e hookiekie wahie, i hiki i 300 kg.

Incidentally,ʻo ia hana, a mau Launch rocket'ōnaehana "Kuisa:".

Lako a kauoha aku la i machines

Ka lako a nā ka loa kauoha aku la i mīkini haka ai no ka halihali ana i Kao lele lako kaua, rammer, manu'ū, a me ka huki aʻela i trolleys. he okoa ka aha, ke kāʻili 'ana i ka mea lele lawe mai ma ke kaawale "manamana o" no ka Aʻole. All hana dosylka pūpū, huli i ka piula wai a me ka hapa-manawa hoʻoponopono i i koho, akā, e hiki ke hana lima lawe mai, ina he pono.

Rammer ia iho - he kūikawā alakai me ka pusherʻano papa hana, a kūkulu makani a puni i ka akau wahi. Me ka mea pono a me kaʻano papa hana no ka pono o ka Aʻole ua hoomahaia o ka pono, e hana lima paʻa i ke alakai a me ka rammer. A pau na mechanics hana ma pou kipaku aku ai a me nā mīkini uila i nā pono hana nona iho, a no ia mea, no kā lākou hana eʻaʻole pono e holo i ka papa kuhikuhiE Hawaii o ka mīkini.

hoʻohana 'ia leho

It E e kaulana i ka hapanui o ka manawa na nā kānakaʻenehana i aku,ʻaʻole mea i manao ai i ke kaʻa, a me ka hanaia'na o ka hou ano o leho. It E e kaulana ia i ko lakou manao hana hoao iho la e e'āina hua nui. Pela, i ana hoʻohana i ka 90% -establishedʻikepili ma "Smerch" nenoai ulu.

E like me ka hopena o ka lehulehu ia mea ia i hana eiwa ewalu a nui ke ano o na leho. Currently, kekahi o ia mea i hoʻohana 'ia e like me ka mea i UAIAaIN e hou ana hoʻohālike. He nui no ia i hoʻolaha.

Ka loa, he pono ole i ka 9M27F lele i hoʻolako pono me kaʻike mau kiʻekiʻe-pahū fragmentation warhead. He paʻa, manao no ka make ana o nāʻenemi nā limahana a me nā kapa kila kaa. Ka nuipa a ka mea pahū mea wale 49 kg ka wā o ka lele huina kaumaha o 180 kg.

A me ka hola o ka ia alapine kū'ē'ōnaehana "makani pāhili" momoku ahi hoʻohana 'āhewa' ana 9M27K e iai? Oaiaaiiua submunitions i "hoʻokomo akula" me ka luku hehee wale. Ka mea, ua mākaukau mana i loko o ke kaua e kū'ē i kaʻenemi infantry a me ka malamalama hana.

Lele iho kaupaona ma kahi o 271 kg, he 30 kī oihana mua. Kēlā me kēia no ia - ma 350 māhele luku me ka pahū. A hiki i ka mamao o ka 100 mika, mai ka Naita o ka lele kūkala hiki wawe ka puka nō ia o 2mm homogeneous kona mea e like kila.

Mea i like loa me keia kauoha 9M27K1 kükohu i hoʻohana he Cassette hapa me ka ai iiiaanoaa o submunitions. Ke wale koena unuhi o ia ka hookaawale ana hehee (kekahi ma kahi o 30 na apana) ka wā hitting ka honua hou lele i loko o tenfold e māhuahua lesion wahi. Ma 'ana, ka mea ia ua lako pono me ka mau Launch rocket'ōnaehana "Tornado",' aka "Tornado."

Ke Kahiāuli Ho'ā o ka luna ', a me ka oiaio haaheo o ka poʻe akamai,ʻo ia ka iwi 9M27K2 papahana no kākou mea hoʻonoho o Anati-pahu minefields. Ua hoʻohana i ka hae Anati-pahu mines PTM-1. I kekahi mea lele 24 mines. Ka mea, i papahana no ka oluolu mea hoʻonoho o nā pale kaʻa ka wā e hoomaauʻenemi poʻina nalu. Nā kūlana min mea i ma hope o 3.4 hora, ka mea, pakiko-destruct, aʻo ka mea hiki ia e ka hoouka iho pahu hapa.

Ka hola no ka mea wahi mea? Ac? 9M27K3. Ke koena unuhi o ia ka mea hoʻohana i ka PFM-1s mines i ke hoʻololi e lukuʻenemi Manpower. I kekahi mea lele ua hookomoia ma 312 landmines. Volley kekahi mīkini uhi 60 aa. Au pono aku nei au i keia mea he weliweli loa ka mea kaua. "Makani pāhili" o ka manawa kūpono a kākou mea hoʻonoho piha o minefields pono i mua o kaʻenemi hoʻolimalima i ka puu o ka maikai hōʻike manaʻo i loko o Afghanistan.

No no ka demolition o kaʻenemi paa kūlana pale 'ikamu i hana 9M51 Kao lele lako kaua. Ke poo hapa Ua lako pono me ke kinowai mea pahū, manao no thermobaric Naita. Ke keakea ana o keia kükohu mea i ka i kā mākou ia i kī pū huahelu, aole ia i oi aku mamua o 13 ei.

Shell 9M27C - mea hō'ā ahi. Pela papahana no ka nuipa a luku mea ole wale i kaʻenemi ka Manpower, akā, i ka waiwai nui loa o ka mea (kaa ma hangars, aee a me ka lako a pan).

I hiki ke ike, mau Launch rocket nenoai (no ka loiloi 'ia o kekahi o lakou ua hōʻike i ka' atikala) hiki ke hoʻohana 'ole wale, e uhi i ka entrenched infantry a' ike loea hou ma o ka hele ana, akā, no hoi no ka hoʻoponopono 'i ka hou maalea a me ka lōʻihi-manawa Pahuhopu.

Hoikehonua, kuanaʻike a me modernization o nenoai

E like me mākou i pinepine kaulana, ka luna 'ia iho ua mau ke hōʻano hou, o ka hooulu ana o ka hou ano o leho. I kēia lā, mau Launch rocket'ōnaehana "makani pāhili" ke kumu nui e lawe ana i ke ahiahi, i ka poe koa o Yemen,ʻaʻole e hōʻike i ka mua Moscow. Ke Kuhina o Pale Kaua makahiki aelike no ka hoolako a me ka malama ana o kēia mau nenoai ma ke ao nei, no laila, i ka nele o ka hiʻona uaʻaʻole pono e olelo ole.

I kekahi manawa, Ukrainians i ae MRL ma ke kaʻa o KrAZ-6322.

hakakā noi

Me ka outbreak o ke kaua i loko o Afghanistan ua manaoia e ke olonā i MRL Ua maopopo i loko o ka hakakā ana. Eia hou, ka mea, ua pinepine hoʻohana i ka Suria koa hoʻi i loko o nā 1980s ka wā o onei lehulehu me ka ka Iseraela. Kēia'ōnaehana Ua pinepine ae la oia hoʻohana 'ia e mākou na puali koa e ku e' ino ai koa militias ma Chechnya.

E like me ka mea, e olelo aku ia lakou iho i ke koa, ka hope manawa mau Launch rocket nenoaiu o kēia 'ano ua hoʻohana' ia ka pono i na hanana notorious ma Georgia 2008.

He aha nō na ka manaʻolana 'ia?

He nui nā kilo'ōlelo aku nei au i ka MLRS "makani pāhili" ma ka manawa kekahi OOAOAaXUEE. Ke kumu o ka mea no ia i assertion, i ka i kā mākou huahelu o kaʻenemi ka make, kŘpa a uuku - wale 35 ei. Na ia "Smerch" ua haawi 80-90 kilomika.

Akā, eia ka mea, e pono ia e nui i wahi. Ka mea i ka manaʻo o kēia mau nenoai mea nō okoa. Not ia e pioloke lele caliber 200 mm o, a me kā lākou mau counterparts i loko o 300 mm o. Ka hope (no ka mea "Cyclone") mea ole waleʻOi aʻe, akā, i mea kaumaha. Lākou lōʻihi o ka mika a no laila, oi aku ma mua ia o ka "makani pāhili." Alaila, pono manawa no ka uhauha ana, a me ka hakakā kuhikuhi i ka hana kūpono kou hou eiiieaena.

Akā, i ka "makani pāhili" i kekahi koho maikaʻi i kahiko loa-huahelu mea kaua. O pakiko-propelled howitzers (me "MSTA-S") ae hoʻolele i loko o 13-30 ei, a me ka hope o ko lākou mau leho i nui nawaliwali. MRL kekahi e leie aku ka loa pōkole wā o ka manawa e kūkulu i kekahi maoli lethal kahua.

Kekahi o na pu ki (eono kaa), hiki ke luku kekahi mau mea e kahiko ai waha ai a hiki i "hua" na haneri o ka eka o ka antitank a Anati-limahana mines.

Aia ka hoi ole exaggeration e olelo aku i ka malama ana o ka lōʻihi-huahelu wale nō MLRS kumu kūʻai nui, mai ka aneiai wahi o ka hoomaopopo, a me ke aʻo ana o 'ana, ai oi manawa.

Ua hōʻano hou, kū'ē nenoai o salvo ahi "makani pāhili" ole wale kuai hou ka mākaʻana, a alakaʻi'ōnaehana ma ka pale umauma hoʻokahi, akā, i hiki pono pāʻani aku me ka UAV. Currently, ka Lūkini koa kaua ka loaʻa o oi a oi unmanned Honolulu kaa, no laila, i kēia manawa kūpono mea io no e hana wale.

Ma pōkole, mau nenoai nae nui o ka manawa.