Ke pili aupuni nenoaiu o Rusia 19-21 kenekulia. Koʻikoʻi Lūkini nā loea kālai'āina

Ko kakou aupuni no ka ekolu kenekulia e hoʻokele e hele kokoke i ka 'ole na i loko o ka nahā i waena o hoʻoluhi a me aupuni a ka lehulehu. Aka hoi, ma kona maemae palapala i loa, aʻaʻohe? Eia i ole ia wahi, ka mea, ua mau Ua ka ua symbiosis. A, ano, i ka Lūkini pili aupuni'ōnaehana hiehie na kumu o kekahi aupuni 'oihana, a me ka authoritarian hui a me ka hooponopono epekema.

Ma hapalua 'ole

Kēia scientific kau pili ia i? Eiia io kahi merged pu na hoailona o ka authoritarianism a me aupuni a ka lehulehu, a me ka hapanui o kēia mau nenoai - waena. Wehewehena mea he nui loa, akā, me ke kōkua o ka hulina Ka Ikepili o ia hiki ke maheleia i mau pūʻulu. Ka mua pūʻulu o ka naʻauao ike hapaluaʻano like me ka illiberal aupuni a ka lehulehu, oa aupuni a ka lehulehu, hua i ka lua, i ka mea ku ole, E hoomanao i ka kālai'āina'ōnaehana o Rusia a me nâ'ōnaehana hoʻokoho authoritarianism, i ka mea he hua hoʻohui authoritarianism.

I iho, i ka wehewehena o ka "hapalua aaeei" Ua mahalo no ka mea, i ke ano o ka ole-judgmental, a'ākilikai. He nui nā kānakaʻepekema manaʻo i ka pili aupuni nenoaiu i loko o Rusia a pau o ka hoʻomaopop 'ana i kemokalaka hehee wale e leie aku no ka mea hoʻonani: parliamentarianism, multiparty nenoaiu, ke koho ana a me nā mea a pau i mea kemokalaka, e uhi mai i ka pono authoritarianism. Naʻe, ka mea e e kaulana i ka Mohai ua neʻe maila i loko o ke ku pono ana i ka ao ao.

ma Rusia

Pili aupuni'ōnaehana ma Rusia e ho'āʻo ana e haawi aku ai ia ia iho i ka mea ia manawa, a oi repressive, a oi kemokalaka ma mua o ka mea nae mea. I ka pālākiō o ka authoritarianism - aupuni a ka lehulehu Ua lōʻihi lawa i ke kumuhana o keia scientific hoopaapaa loaʻa kona manaʻo ma. Ka hapanui o kānakaʻepekema, he mau manao no ka makahiki paha o ka hapalua? Eia i loko o ka'āina, kahi a laila 'aelike no ma ka liʻiliʻi nā kālai'āina poe i komo' ana i loko o ka hale kanawai ke koho. Ua E hoi e pono a me ka pololei, nunui-aoao koho paipai aʻo kai eʻe. A laila, authoritarianism palapala ma ka liʻiliʻi loa ekolu pohaku e e maemae. Akā, ka mea, ua i nui o ka mea i ka Competition ma waena o na aoao elua ia lakou iho? A helu o ka 'aʻe' ana o ke ku okoa ana o ke koho helu?

Rusia - he aupuni pekelala koho pelekikena-hale kanawai repubalika. Ma kekahi hihia, no laila ia hai. Mohai - he hana e hoopunipuni, e like me ka nohona sciences. Kēia mea he nui aku luna 'kŰia. Hapalua eia, yeieiae? Kamaʻilioʻana i ka i ka palaho ma ke kiʻekiʻe loa 'ilikai (a me ka' aha hoʻokolokolo, aʻaʻole wale nō i loko o ke koho), nepodotchotnoe hale kanawai Aupuni,ʻauhau'ēʻaʻe, akā, ikaika mana o ka luna ma luna o ka Media, i kaupalena 'kivila liberties (i ka mea i hanaia o ka lehulehu i ka hoʻolālā a me ka lehulehu halawai). Like mākou a pau i ike, o kaʻikepili hōʻike hoailona o ka pili aupuni'ōnaehana i loko o Rusia i keia la. Naʻe ia mea hoihoi 'e kumumea i ka holoʻokoʻa ala ia i wahi ma ko lakou aina ka ulu kālai'āina.

he kenekulia mua

He mea pono e lawe i ka manaʻo i Rusia mea i loko o ka lua o ka pae o ka'āina i ka hoomaka ana capitalist kūpono 'ana, a me ka hoʻomaka ana i makemake nui ai ma hope o ka Western'āina, a i manaoia nui. Aka hoi, makahiki hoʻokahi kanahā pono ma luna,ʻo ia i ka mea ala ma i kēia mau'āina i na kenekulia hana. Ua hiki no i ka holo 'awelika loa kiʻekiʻe o ka ulu ana o ka hana, a me ka lakou i ka pilina i ka aneiai kulekele o ke aupuni, e puʻe i ka ulu ana o na mea he nui na hana a me ke kukulu ana o aeaciui ai. Pela, ke kālai'āina nenoaiu o Rusia ma ke kakahiaka nui 20th kenekulia i ka ia manawa me ka holomua aina e komo i ka imperialist ke kahua. Akā, ka mea, Ua haawiia mai ia ke ole oluolu, capitalism i loko o kēia māpuna ho okumu hiki ole ia oe ke huna i kona mau Fana. Ke kipi ua inevitable. No ke aha la, a pehea e hoʻololi i ka pili aupuni'ōnaehana i loko o Rusia, a kumumea i ka impetus no'ano'ē loli?

Mālama '-kaua kulana home' ole

Ku ae la o 1. Monopoly koke, me ka nānā 'ana ma o ka lehulehu kiʻekiʻe o ke kapikala a me ka? iecaianoaaiiie, hoʻopio aku i nā mea a pau i ka Hoʻohaku aneiai kulana. ka dictatorship o ke kapikala ua ma muli wale nō ma luna o kona ulu iho, nānā 'ole o ke kanaka waiwai koina. Na kauwa mai i ke kālele 'ana kekahi, a me ka ia i nā haalele i ka hiki, e hānai i ka aina.

i spliced 2. hana anuanu nā kiʻi a me nā kapa, kālā kapikala ua ulu, a me he mea he kālā oligarchy.

3. No ka mea, o ka aina o ka mea hoʻolilo o ka waiwai a me ke kahe o ka maka mea, kuai o ka papakaukau me ka unahiʻole, a me ka withdrawal o ke kulanakauhale alii. Na ano e like, e like me ka mea, i kēia manawa: ka moku'āina loan, pololei waiwai kūʻai i loko o nā nā noʻeau hoʻokele waiwai o nā Hawaii.

4. He lahui monopoly kālepa, a ano hoomainoino i ke paio no ka maka mea aha kanaka, kuai ana a me ka hana o ke kulanakauhale alii waihona kālā.

5. Competition no ka ole ma waena o ka waiwai'āina o ko ke ao nei i hiki aku kona climax, keia ka mea mua alakai aku ai i ka helu ana i nā kaua, a laila, wehe ae, a me ka First World War. A eia ua kanaka luhi i nā hiʻona a pau o ka nohona a me ka pili aupuni nenoaiu i loko o Rusia.

I ka pau ana o ka 19th, a kakahiaka nui 20th kenekulia: ka hoʻokele waiwai

Hanalima mea hoʻonui o ka nineties, o ka papa, i pau ai ekolu makahiki o ka loa oicyenoaaiiie ka hoʻoponopono ulia, a hoomaka ae la i ka 1900, ma hope o ka mea i hiki i ke ahiahi oi loa-makahiki kaumaha - a hiki i ka makahiki 1908. A laila, aia ua hope kekahi manawa i ka pomaikai - he helu o lākou huahana makahiki, mai ka makahiki 1908 a hiki i 1913 ae i ka hoʻokele waiwai e lawe i kekahi ua lele akula nō ka wā hanalima? Iecaianoaaiiuo ala he hapalua manawa.

Koʻikoʻi kālai'āina kii i loko o Rusia, hoʻomākaukau i ke kipi ana o 1905 a me ka lehulehu nui palapala kue,ʻaneʻane lilo i ka momona anuu no kā lākou mau hana. Monopolization loaa kekahi bonus i loko o ka hoʻokele waiwai Lūkini: he wahi lihi iki o ka liʻiliʻi pāʻoihana i nalowale i ka ulia, i oi meakino-pepa paia hana, hele bankrupt iloko o ke kaumaha, hele aku la nawaliwali a me ka ikaika hanalima? Iecaianoaaiiuo ke noʻonoʻo i loko o ko lākou mau lima. Hana nuipa kudala, ia ka manawa monopolies - cartels a me syndicates, a i hui i 'oi market lākou me nā huahana.

ʻikepili

Rusia ka pili aupuni'ōnaehana i loko o ke kakahiaka nui 20th kenekulia ua he piha aupuni mō'ī, ka mana a pau i ka Emperor me OAXA imperial nohoalii. Menina-hina aeto me ke aliʻi regalia hoʻokiʻekiʻe kau ma luna o nā mea kaua, a me ka hae ua o ka ia me ka mea i keia la - o ka keʻokeʻo-uliuli-ulaula. A hiki i ka loli o ka pili aupuni'ōnaehana ma Rusia, a ma laila nō e kekahi dictatorship o ka proletariat, me ka hae o waleʻulaʻula. E like me ke koko e kanaka hookaheia no na mea he nui kenekulia. A ma luna o nā mea kaua - ka hāmare a me ka pahi me ka pepeiao. Akā, ka mea, e ia wale i ka 1917. A ma ka hopena o 19th kenekulia, a i kakahiaka nui 20th ma ke aupuni nō lanakila'ōnaehana hana ma lalo o Alexander ke First.

Ka 'Aha o ke Aupuni i zakonosoveschatelnogo ole ke hoʻoponopono i kekahi mea, hiki wale nō ka hoike manaʻo. No pāhana me ka inoa o ke alii, aole lilo kānāwai. Aha hoolilo o ke Senate. Public oihana e pili ana me na hooponopono ana Aha Kuhina o Kuhina, akā, no hoi me ke aliʻi iʻaneʻi, aole e hoʻoponopono i kekahi mea - i ka ua i ka pili aupuni'ōnaehana o Rusia ma ka 19th kenekulia, a kakahiaka nui 20th. Akā, i ke Kuhina Waiwai a me ke Kuhina o Kūloko Affairs ua i ka loa nui mākaukau. Financiers ke dictate hua'ōlelo, a me ke aliʻi, a me ka malu-huli me kona malu makai provocateurs, censorship o ka palapala, censorship a me ka hoʻokolokolo 'pili aupuni, ina ole dictated, a ua hiki ke loli ke alii olelo hooholo radically.

emigration

Kanawai hewa, he lua kupapaʻu kulana home 'ole i loko o ka hoʻokele waiwai, a me ka repression (ʻo ia,ʻaʻole Stalin invented ia!) Ua alakai aku ai i ka ulu ana a me ka hoʻokāʻoi' pele o ka emigration - a ia mea,ʻaʻole 21, akā, 19 minuke! Nā kauwa haʻalele i ka aina, e hele mua ana i ka kokoke'āina - i ka hana, a laila, holo a puni ka honua, ka wā i hoʻokumuʻia Lūkini noho i loko o ka United States, Canada, Argentina, Brazil, a hiki ma ka Australia i ka. Aʻole ka kipi ana o 1917 , a me ke kaua mahope haawi ala i keia pele, ka mea e pono kekahi manawa i ae aku ia ia e mae ai.

He aha nō nā kumu o ia mau outflows kanaka i loko o ka umikumamaiwa kenekulia? Rusia ka pili aupuni'ōnaehana i loko o ka 20th kenekulia, i kela kanaka keia kanaka ke hoomaopopo, aʻae, no laila ke kumu o kālaʻe. Akā, ua heʻe akula kanaka, mai ka piha aupuni mō'ī, pehea pela? Ma waho aʻeo ia o ka ino ma ka lāhui i kai, i na kanaka i ka lawa ana no ka maikaʻi ka hoʻonaʻauao a me ka hana kūikawā aʻo i loko o ka 'oihana kumu, na kanaka i huli i ka pono noi o kona nā mea hiki a me ka ikehu i loko o ka puni ke ola, akā, ka mea, ua hiki ole i ka ai na kumu. A me ka nui loa o ka immigration - na tausani he nui o kanaka - he mau poʻe kaua e kū'ē i ka autocracy, i ka wā e hiki mai revolutionaries nana i alakai i ka risers mai ma luna o ka eheu aoao, paʻi nupepa, i kākau puke.

liberation ana

ʻokoʻa i loko o ke kaiāulu kanaka, ua noho Nolaila, hoopaapaa ikaika i loko o ke kakahiaka nui iwakalua o ke kenekulia, a pinepine i ke ano o na tausani o ka lehulehu kue, ka hoʻokahuli aupuni pilikia ke ano ma ka lele pūʻana a me ka pale a. I waena o nā haumāna i mau kūpikipiki'ō makani ino. Ka hana ana pâʻani 'o ia i ke kūlana loa mea nui i loko o keia kulana, a no laila ia i mua, ua manao ia ma ka 1905, ua koi hui me ka hoʻokele waiwaiʻikepili. Social a me ka pili aupuni'ōnaehana i loko o Rusia i kanalua noticeably. I ka 1901, hana aku la ia ma ka hahau ma May Day Kharkov ka poʻe me ka hahau i ka Obukhov mea kanu o St. Petersburg, kahi malaila i ua hai clashes me ka mākaʻi.

I ka 1902, i ka hahau uhi i ka holoʻokoʻa hema o ka aina, mai Rostov. I ka 1904 he mau hahau ma Baku a me na kulanakauhale e ae. Eia hou kekahi, shirilos a me ana i loko o ka poʻe kaua o ka peasantry. Uhauha ana a Kharkov a Poltava i ka 1902, make ka nui o ia mea, ua loa like me ke kua'āina kaua o Pugachev a me Razin. i hoala i ka lokomaikai hoi o ka kū'ē i kona leo i loko o ka Zemstvo kai eʻe i ka 1904. Ma ia mau ana, i ka hui ana o ka palapala ua e lawe wahi pono. Ke aupuni, nae, nō manaolana, akā, ia nō i ole e kekahi mauʻanuʻu i ka'ano'ē? Aeiino?, A me ka loa lohi make loa aku nei ola ma hope iho kona pili aupuni nenoaiu i loko o Rusia. Ma pōkole, ke kipi ua imminent. A me ka ia i wahi October 25 (November 7), 1917, me ka nui loa okoa mai ka mua a mākou: ka bourgeois - 1905 a me Pepeluali 1917, i ka wa a na Aupuni ikea Kuikawa Aupuni.

Nā twenties o ka iwakalua kenekulia

Ka moku'āina nenoaiu o ka Russian aupuni a pau i keia manawa radically hoʻololi. Ma ka ?? eoi? Ee, koe wale no ka mea Baltic Hawaii, Finland, Belarus a me Western Ukraine, Bessarabia, ka mea, ua ka dictatorship o ka Bolsheviks like i kekahi koho kālai'āina'ōnaehana me kekahi aoao. Other Soviet aoao, a nō ola i loko o ke kakahiaka nui twenties, i pepehi: ka SRs a Mensheviks ua mea hoʻoheheʻe i ka 1920, ka Bund - i ka 1921 a me ka 1922 o ka luna o na SRs i hoopiiia o ka loan-kipi a me ka weliweli, ho'āʻo a repressed. Me ka Mensheviks i ka iki hou humane, no ka mea, ka mea 'ē ma loa e ku ei ka repression. Ka hapa nui o ka wale kiola mai o ka aina. No laila, i ke kue i ua pau. I ka 1922, ua hoonohoia ka mea mau kakauolelo o ke Komite Central o ka RCP (B) i Iosif Vissarionovich Stalin, a me keia hōʻeleu i ke centralization o ka aoao, e like me ka pono me ka 'enehana mana hanauna - me kaʻoʻoleʻa vertical hale i loko o ka kūloko oihana.

Weliweli iho la ia, a koke nalowale loa, eia nae, e like me ia i ka noho aliʻi o ke kānāwai i loko o ka kēia hoohalike ia i kukulu. Eia naʻe, i loko o 1922, i aponoia e ke kanawai a me karaima nā loina, hoopau loa ia 'aha lunakānāwai hoʻokumuʻia e ka loio iʻoihana kahuna, a prosecutors, censorship ua hoʻopaʻaʻia e ke Kumukanawai a me Cheka iho i loko o ka GPU. i kekahi manawa o ka hanau ana o ka Soviet republics ka pau ana o ke Kanawai Kaua: Byelorussian, Ukrainian, Armenian, Azerbaijani, Keokia ka RSFSR,. Ua oi Khorezm a me Bukhara a me kaʻAʻole loa East. A me na wahi a pau i alakaiia e ka Communist Party, a me ka Lūkini moku'āina'ōnaehana (RSFSR) ua i okoa mai ka mea o ka, olelo, ka Armenian. Kēlā me kēia repubalika i kona iho Kumukanawai, kona iho ke aupuni a me ka hooponopono. I ka 1922, hoomaka ae la ka Soviet ke aupuni e coalesce i loko o ke aupuni pekelala hui ana. Ka wahi ua ole oluolu, aʻaʻole he oluolu, ka mea i huli mai,ʻaʻole i kekahi manawa. I hana i ka Soviet Union ua he aupuni pekelala palapala, kahi aupuni ho okumu wale nohona kū kaʻawale i, akā, ka mea i nui loa hanaia: ma na 20s i hana mai i ka nui helu o kaiakū nupepa, hale kiʻiʻoniʻoni, na kula, i ka moʻokalaleo i nā mea a pau, me ka a koe, 'ōlelo o ka USSR massively paʻi, a ua nui na kanaka, ka poe i ole kākau 'ia, loaa ia, mea i lawe mai i ka brightest manaʻo o kekahi nä känaka' epekema i loko o ke ao nei. Ke Soviet Union Ua hōʻike hanohano launa mana, hoʻowahāwahā i ka mea i ka'āina i huli mai i na manawa elua i ka wahi e pili ana. Naʻe, ka mea, ua i luku ia e kaua no he kanahiku makahiki,ʻaʻole i loko o ka halepaahao, akā, ... satiety a me ka manao. A me na poe kipi i loko o ka rula ana ka papa.

21st kenekulia

He aha ka ka he? Eia? 'O kēia ka 90s, i ka wā o nā Aupuni koke noonoo wale i ka pono o ka bourgeoisie, a me ka oligarchy ikea. Mea, he akea kanaka no ko Pilisetia nuipa a me Media, he podogrevaemy i loko o lākou iho hoihoi a me ka manaʻolana i loko o ka wā e hiki mai ma kahi o "e wehe ai i". Ua ua i ka'ōnaehana, akā, e aho no ka nele o ka mea. Full looting a me ka hewa. He aha kēia manawa? Ano, o ka moku'āina nenoaiu o ka Russian Hui, e like me kekahi poe akamai, ka loa reminiscent o Bonapartist. Hoopii i ka laekahi hou 'ana o ka polokalamu Lūkini e leie aku oe e ike like koho i loko o laila. Kēia polokalamu Ua ee aku i ka hoʻoponopono i ka papa mua o'ano'ē pōʻai loli 'pili me ka rejection oʻino overexposed Soviet kumu hoʻohālike o ke kaiāulu, a ma keia ano, o ka papa, i ka makeʻe kulana kohoʻia. Legitimating haʻilula no ka mea hou Lūkini kālai'āina nenoaiie o keia la no hoi i ke pālua maoli, i ka nānā 'elua ma luna aupuni ke koho ana a me ka legitimacy o ka kuʻuna Soviet.

State capitalism - Auhea la hoi ia?

Ua ua kūkākūkāʻia ia mea, ua nenoaiu o ka moku'āina capitalism ma lalo o Soviet rula. Eia naʻe, i kekahi capitalism nui kuhikuhi ma luna o ka waiwai. Ano, - ka mea, ka mea i like loa me ka'ōnaehana a me kona lehulehu hui. Akā, i loko o ka Soviet Union, i ka wā Kosygin i ho'āʻo ana e huli? Aneiai levers, ka mea i mai nei. Ka Soviet Union ua he malumalu kahua, a me nā hiʻona o ka socialism a - a hiki i ka uuku loa - o ka capitalism. Socialism hoike aku ia iho,ʻaʻole wale nō i loko o ka auaaeaiea o ka lehulehu dala i ka consumer moku'āina hoʻohiki no ka mea kūpuna, poe mai a me ka polokalamu JavaScript. Keia iloko o ia i hoomau no nā mea a pau iʻikeʻia wale nō i loko o ka hope ke kahua o ke aupuni o ka lakou ola.

Akā, eia no ka hui i ka hooponopono ana o ka lehulehu ke ola, a me ka hoʻokele waiwai 'ua ole capitalist, ka mea, ua paʻa i kūkuluʻia ma luna o technocratic kumu, aole i ka ke capitalist. Akā, socialism i loko o konaʻoe i palapala nei i ka Soviet Union znal.Razve mea ua loaʻa no ka lehulehu ona o nāʻano o? Iecaianoaaiiuo. Eia naʻe, moku'āina ona mea ole synonymous me ka lehulehu, no ka mea, aohe manawa kūpono e hoolilo aku i ka waiwai, a me kekahi manawa, a hiki i ka ike ana i ka hana ia. Openness i mauʻenemi a puni, i ole e hiki, no laila, i ke ahiahi, i loko o ka 'ike i ka moku'āina monopoly. No publicity kahi i ahu iho la ka man- akia kahu ai 'ike i ka waiwai. Social like - i ka loina o ka socialism, ia mea, ma ke ala, i hiki i ka mea like ole. Antagonism ma waena o nā papa ma laila,ʻaʻohe mea'ē aʻe, ahu iho kaiapili ua ole inhibited, a no ia mea, i ka nohona pomaikai mea i ole hana hoʻomalu. Naʻe, ua he poe koa ikaika, a puni ka mea, - i ka hū o ka poʻe kauwā, ka mea i ole wale he nui oko ao ma ka uku, akā, i ka mea i ka pomaikai o ka mea a pau nenoaiu.

ke alu like

Socialism i loko o kona maemae ano like Marx ike ia, ma ka hiki ole e kūkulu i ka haawiia aupuni. Ke kaulana Trotskyite twenties o ka iwakalua kenekulia Saahobaev ua kūkākūkāʻia i ka hoola ana o ko ke ao nei - wale i loko o ka honua kipi. Akā, he mea hiki ole, no ka mea, e holo nōhie lawe i nāʻokoʻa ma, mai ka mua-pae'āina i loko o ka industrialization o ke kolu o ka honua'āina. Akā, e hiki hoomanao unfairly hahi i nā aʻo o Lenin, ka poe i mohai aku i ka hoʻololi i ka wahi o ka Hawaii o ke kūkuluʻana socialism i loko o ka malu o ka makaainana ke kākoʻo 'ana.

State waiwai e ole ia i ka mea ia manawa hoololiia i Free, e nā mea a pau e hana i hoʻokō i nā loina o ka hoʻoponopono-aupuni. Iudaio, i ike ka mea, pono '- i loko o ka kibbutzim i nā mea a pau i nā hiʻona o ka poʻe, a wehewehe Lenin. Ma ka mea no hoi i ka hana kalepa hui hana ma Amerika, a ua ola i ka ka kūkuluʻana o ka aina kumumanao o ka hana. Eia naʻe, ma lalo o capitalism, o ka pomaikai o kēia mau hana, ua problematic. Ma kahi momona, ka mea, e he like capitalist hana. Wale hoʻopio ma ka proletariat ka holoʻokoʻa kālai'āina mana hiki ke malama i ke kumu no ka hana o ka socialism.