Keleawe-nikala: waiwai, GOST. ? Iecaianoaaiiuo o ke keleawe-nikala oka a pau. Ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe malihini o ke keleawe-nikala oka a

Keleawe no a hiki i ka pae o ka ole-ferrous ke hooheheeia. Ma kona maemae ano ka mea, ua kiʻekiʻe thermal a me ka uila conductivity, ka mea, ua naeʻano nui hoʻohana 'ia i loko o ka pou hana. Keleawe - he loa ductile mea, i lends iho pono i ka puʻe lapaau i loko o ke anu a me ka wela.

No ka hoʻoikaika 'ana i ka me mechanical manao a me ka hana ka waiwai o ke keleawe i huiʻia me ka hoʻohana' ia a me nā mea hiki ke hooheheeia. E like me ka hopena, i ke kuʻi nukeliu kaʻina hoʻololi i ka 'ole o ke anianiʻolu, eia hou kamaʻilio ma waena o Ion a me nā'ātoma. O ka mea maoli he oka a ikaika hoʻohālikelike i ka maemae metala.

He aha keleawe oka a me ka nikala

I ka alloying nikala o ka papa kuhikuhiE alloying hehee ai. Ua loaʻa he ka popopo ia'ku, nae, uaʻano nui hoʻohana no e hoopaakiki. I ka alloying ia me ke keleawe palapala ana paa pāʻoihana. Keleawe-nikala loaʻa iā ia kekahi i ka helu o ka hou hiʻona:

• maoli ka wela ia'ku o ka mea;
• me ka nui loa hoemiia wela kaʻi lau waiwai o ka resistivity;
• he mea kiʻekiʻe ia'ku i ka popopo, o ka oi aku i loko o ka wai.

Mea Maluna

Nā waiwai o ke keleawe-nikala oka a hilinaʻi nui ma luna o ka pakeneka o na nikala a me nā waiwai. I kēia manawa, i hana mai i kekahi wahi lihi iki o ka hou kūikawā mea me ka hanana harakteristikami.V ke kaumaha ma muli o ka palapala noi, ka mea, ua mahele ia i loko o mall a me ka uila.

• Mall - i kiʻekiʻe anticorrosion a me ka ikaika ano. Products o ia e hoʻopale ai iʻano pākīkē Media. Kēia German kālā, nikala kālā, a me ka kunial. A kūikawā wahi i loko o keia papa inoa o Monel, kona haku mele 'ana a me ka huliāmahi o na kumu mua i kekahiʻokoʻa.
• Electro - e ua mahuahua uila ia'ku a me thermoelectric ka waiwai, kā lākou hoʻohana i ka ikehu a me ka uila wilikî. Ua constantan, manganin a me Copel.

Knowledge o ka Nine Inch haku mele 'ana a me ka physical ano, e hooholo i ke keleawe-nikala oka a pau i loko o kekahi o nā pūʻulu.

Kelemānia kala

Ua maupaʻa ka hola 80% keleawe, 20% nikala, e like me uuku hao a me ka manganese. Oia ka oka a ua ike ia kanaka a hiki i ka III kenekulia BC. e ka. kapaia "keʻokeʻo keleawe" ma muli o ke kukui kālā kala like 'ole, i kohu kala. Ua loaʻa kiʻekiʻe Anati-ka popopo waiwai, a me ka nui palena pau o ka palekana a me ka mea paʻa o ka keleawe-nikala oka a pau. Heheʻe wahi - pakike 1170 ° C. Good ductility hiki lawelawe Products o ka puʻe. Hoʻohana 'ia i loko o ka? Iecaianoaaiiie o capacitors, ka mea, ua i mai o' inikua mau mea, nike Jewelry, cutlery, nâ malihini.

nikala kala

Kēia keleawe-nikala oka a me ka hou ana o kiniki me ke kālā ano me ka omaomao iki hue. Ke kaumaha ma muli o ka 'ano e komo mai i ka 35% o ka nikala, a i ka 45% kiniki, ke koena - keleawe. Ua paa kiniki maʻiʻo me ka nui loa ho'ēmi i kā ka lilo ana o kona? Iecaianoaaiiuo. German kālā i ka hola o ka ia ÿano waiwai me ka cupronickel. He hoʻopale i ka popopo, mau nō, malleable lawa ia e hoʻokō 'ia i loko o ka wela, a anu puʻe hana.

I kekahi manawa hou aku doped alakai i ka maikaʻi machining. ʻano nui, no ka mea, hana eiiiiiaiou mea, kiaʻi a me ka 'inikua kani. He hana hoihoi ia i keia la, no o ka mea haʻahaʻa lilo no ka mea, o ka mea oi ma mua o Kelemānia kālā pinepine, paka Jewelry, mau mekala a me nā kauoha. Nikala kala, ua i hoʻohana 'ia i loko o ka hana o ka enamel.

Kunial

Ua ninoieo o ke keleawe waihona ipu nikala - 20%, e lewa uuku o ka Aluminum. Fused ma ka wela o ka 1183 ° C hahai ia e kinaiʻia a me kūnewa ma mua o loaʻa kiʻekiʻe loa ka ikaika a me ka ia'ku i haʻahaʻa mahana. Maheleia i papa A (MNA13-3) a me ka B (6-1,5 MNA).
Brand A he mau nui ano - kiʻekiʻe ikaika a me nā ka popopo ia'ku ma corrosive hana kūpono. No ka laʻana, i ka moana wai, ka mea hiki ke hoʻohana no ka makahiki. Nolaila, he oka a hoʻohana no ka hana ana i māhele no kūikawā hana (propellers).

Papa B i resilient waiwai, no laila ka mea, ua hoʻomano hoʻohana 'ia e hana laholio hehee wale kuleana mākaʻikaʻi. He hoi loa hoʻopale i uhai aku i loko o ke anu. Mai ka mea, paka mall māhele ke hoʻohana i ka haʻahaʻa ana wela ana.

Monel

Ua loaʻa ma kahi o elua-hapakolu nikala, a hoʻokahi-kolu keleawe. Heheʻe wahi - 1350 ° C. I ka papa kuhikuhiE waiwai o ke keleawe-nikala oka a - ka popopo e kū'ē'ē mai. Ua loaʻa kiʻekiʻe ÿano waiwai - ka ikaika a me ka ea deformation. Monel momoku ahi NMZhMts kekahi mau ma kahi o 28% keleawe, 3% hao, ma kahi o 3% o ka makanekiuma, he uuku nui o ka cobalt a me ka nikala.

Ka mea, i ka ia ano Monel-he 400. He He He momoku ahi o Special ke hooheheeia Inc, a i Palapala Sila Nui i ka 1906. No laila, 'ē aʻe manufacturing poʻe hiki ole hoʻohana i kēia inoa. A he mea kekahi oka a - Nicorros. Eia naʻe, i kēia mau mea i'ālike i loko o nā mea a pau Nine Inch, a oaoieei harakteristikam.Tak ka oka a he oi ma mua o ka hapalua o ka pakeneka o ka nikala, kona kāki meaʻano kiʻekiʻe. Eia naʻe, he mea ka 'ike loea hou a? Iecaianoaaiiie o ke keleawe-nikala oka a ka hoʻohana maka mea o maoli sulphide i eliia me ka maʻiʻo o ka mau hehee wale, me mamua kaawale ana i loko o kanaka constituents. Kēia hiki me ka nui loa emi i ka lilo ana o ka huahana hope loa.

Monel ua hoʻohana 'ia no ka-i? Iecaianoaaiiuo, ekspluatruemyh maʻano pākīkē hana kūpono ma lalo kiʻekiʻe me mechanical hoʻouka. Kēia shipbuilding, Nine Inch a me ka aila hana, hana o ka 'inikua mau mea, noho pilikia māhele o machines a me na manao ona.

constantan

He keʻokeʻo ka waihoʻoluʻu a pau me ke ano yellowish molasses. I ka haku mele 'ana oia o ka: -59% keleawe; nikala - 39-41%; Manganese - 1-2%. Heheʻe mahana 1260 ° C. Kēia keleawe-nikala oka a ua loaa kona inoa mai ka papa kuhikuhiE waiwai - thermal kumupaʻa. He ua loa pono hana o ka uila ia'ku ma ka haʻahaʻa ana wela anoe kaʻi lau waiwai. Ke oka mea no ka? Iecaianoaaiiuo o thermocouple uea, ma ka hana o ka mea, e like me uila paio hahana maoli nō kumu e hana i mahana mai i 400-500 degere.

Kaula i ka constantan, malalo iho o kūikawā wela lapaʻau, e like me ka hopena o i ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia 'ilikai, e hana i ka lahilahi'okesaside ho film. Me keia huahana 'Aʻole e koi hou lacquering a aiiay ka penaʻana. Constantan ka loa ea. Kēia waiwai apono 'kona hoʻohana i ka kuʻihao keleawe-nikala oka a pau.

Ke keakea ana o constantan o kona 'ano kiʻekiʻe EMF - ma kahi o 43 MV. Kēia eliminates ka hoʻohana o nā kaula a me ka leki o ia i loko o kiʻekiʻe-waho e neʻe ana kani.

manganin

Ua Ua loaʻa ma kahi o 5% nikala, 12% manganese a me ke keleawe kumu. Heheʻe wahi - 960 ° C. Interestingly, Ua invented ka manganin ma Amelika Edward Venstonom e pili ana i ka 1888 i ke kumu a lakou i invented constantan like me ka kūikawā mea no nāʻanuʻu o ka pou nā mīkini home. Ua hana i ke kiʻekiʻe uila resistivity a loa haahaa EMF hui kaulua me ke keleawe (i oi aku 1 MV), i distinguishes ia mai constantan.

I mea e emi i ka mahana kaʻi lau waiwai o ka ia'ku manganovuyu uea ua annealed ma ke anawela ma o ma kahi o 600 degere ma lalo holo, a laila, lohi ho'ēmi. Kēia enehana apono 'e hoʻonui i ka mahana i a me ka lako e hoopaa mai ai i kona pou waiwai i ka 200 ° C. Ua i loko o kaʻeha'ōwili hao uea hou pinepine ae la oia enaena i 150 ° C. Ua hoʻokō 'ia ka hopena o kaʻimi hoʻopunipuni poe oo hoi, ma hope i hoʻololi i loko o ka mea pōaka' ole o ka metala i minimized.

I ka papa kuhikuhiE 'āpana o ka palapala noi o manganin e like mea me ka hale lio resistivity - manufacturing likeʻole miomio mea kani, e ana i ka hana ana o ka uila he (amperage, anakahi uila, mana).

Kopel

Kekahi kūikawā oka a pau. Ua he keleawe, 43% nikala, wahi hao a me ka manganese. Heheʻe mahana 1290 ° C. Me ka mea e pono ai ke lākiō stably haahaa resistivity a kiʻekiʻe TEDS hui kaulua me kekahi metala oka a hoʻohana 'ia no ka hana o ka uea no na thermocouples a me nā uila aʻa lolo. Anakahi TEDSʻia kēia piʻina ma ka like ana i ka hana mahana.

• ma 100 kekelē Kelekia ma - 6,95V;
• ma 600 - 49B.

Copel loa thermally ka pilina paʻa - me ka hōʻoni i ke kumu o ka waiwai hiki ke ku imua o ka wela i ka 600 degere, a mea hoʻopale i ka popopo.
Copel thermocouple mīkiniʻimi ua hoʻohana 'ia i loko o na manao no ka contactless mahana ana. Ua hoʻohana 'ia nā thermocouples me kā mākou TEDS - chromium, ke keleawe a me ka hao mau kumu mua i maikaʻi nā uila aʻa lolo a me Copel -negative. Kopel-chromel thermocouple ua hoʻohana 'iaʻano nui ma ka pyrometry no ana ka mālamaʻana o ke ana wela i loko o ka laulā o ka mai 200 a hiki i 600 degere ma ka hanalima, a keʻena hoʻokolohua napoo ana no hoi.

smelting kaʻina

Ma ka? Iecaianoaaiiie o ke keleawe-nikala oka a hoopili aku kŘpa a like loea. Melchior, nikala kala, kunial, constantan, manganin mua hehee iho i loko o ka hoʻokomo umu ahi ma lalo o ka charcoal moe calcined. Ohui i ka'ōhui o ka wao akua, e ia 80%.

Ke kaʻina hoʻomaka me ka smelting o ke keleawe a me ka nikala. E like me ka mea, heheʻe i ka pākuʻi neoneo nui chunks, alaila maikai. Ka hope ke hoʻoukaʻia nei kiniki. Ma hope o ka mahele heheʻe i ka hope o ke kauoha hua deoxidized me ka manganese a me ka silikone (nikala kala), a me silikone a me ka manganese (constantan a me ka nikala kala). Mahope wehe mai o ka mahele heheʻe i ka 'ilikai a me ka mea a pau slag ua hou a hiki charcoal. I wela i ke ahi nuipa a hiki i ka wela o ka ma kahi o 1300 ° C, i huiia manganese koloriside no ka hoohehee maemae au ia ina e pono ai.

Iki kekahi imuʻano hana kunialey, no ka mea, aia no iloko olaila Aluminum. Ma mua o Aluminum i hoʻolaunaʻia ma loko o ka mahele heheʻe i ka ua koi 'ia e hoʻokomo 0,1% manganese no deoxidation. Ma hope o mea hoʻoheheʻeʻia i ka Aluminum heheʻe 'ilikai kāpīpī koko. Inā keia ua ole ke hana, ke ho film i hana mai i ka mahele heheʻe i ka i ukele no ka ninini ana.

Nine, physical a mall waiwai ho oholo i ka mākaʻikaʻi āpanaʻokoʻa keleawe-nikala oka a pau. GOST 492-73, GOST 5063-73, GOST 5187-70, GOST 5220-78, GOST 17217-79 a me GOST 10155-75 mau hae i walaʻauʻana i loko o kā lākou hana.

coinage

hoomaka ae la na wahi a puni o ka pau ana o ka hope kenekulia i ka mineta malihini o ke keleawe-nikala oka a pau. Kona haku mele 'ana ua nui e lauwili i loko o kekahi ka mineta. Akā,ʻano nui ka mea, iloko ona i ka 30% nikala, hao nīnūnē huikala a me ke keleawe me he kumu. Noʻike mau metala no ka malihini e e kuhikuhi ductile, malleable, mau nō a me ka inexpensive, he mea hiki ala mākou hoʻoholo i ka haku mele 'ana o ke dala oka a pau. A laila oi mahalo no ka hana ana o nâ malihini nikala kala i hoʻohana.

Hoikehonua, Lūkini malihini i i ka okoa oka a pau. I ka nui, loa iloko o ka apana kala nikala kauoha mua 2009. Steel malihini o kekahi a me elua keneta, a elima-ruble keleawe kapa komo iā ia me ka lahilahi ahu iho la ka nikala kālā. Oia mea ua kapaia "bimetal". No laila, nui a oi hoemi i ka uku o ka manufacturing o ka mea hao i ke kala.

Oka a pau o ke keleawe a me ka nikala, wahi susceptible i ka lewa'okesaside. Nolaila, kona symptoms hiki ke loaʻa wale nō ma luna o ka malihini kahiko, a me ka poe mea i lōʻihi i kaʻenemi hana kūpono. Poe akamai, waiwai aiia a me dala hoʻohana no ka mea, i ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe o specimens o ka malihini likeʻole mea - mai Popular ideas i ka holomua loea.
Ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe me ke kopa a me ka wai e lawe aku oe i ka pono wale uliuli keleawe oxides. Pili like olivaʻaila, aceticʻakika, nulu'Īkalia "Goya". He pono e halihali i ka manaʻo i hiki ole mau hana wehe plaque wale nō, akā, i pane koke me lakou iho oka a pau, ma o na la pōʻino i ke dala. Ka loa efficient, akahai a me ka kokololio, i ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe o nā malihini mea he keleawe-nikala oka a ma ka electrolysis.