Kinoea bog: a ana haʻilula

Ka pakele kinoea mai ka lalo o ka Reservoir - Marsh kinoea laulau puaʻa (oi nōhie inoa - methane). Mai 'epekema wahi o Hawaii ka mea, ano, hydrogenous paha meto. No ka mea hapanui loa ninoieo o methane (Ch _4). Ua hiki no hoi e ike, naikokene, argon, hydrogen, phosphine a me ka o carbon dioxide.

Key hiʻona

Maʻamau haku mele 'ana, Nine Inch haʻilula Marsh kinoea - a pau keia pono hōʻike i ka mea e pili ana i ka simplest kalapona i huiʻia. A puni keia hehee ai e Hoʻohui 'mau eiiiiiaiou. Marsh kinoea ia lŘlŘ maoli ai i loko o ka noa moku'āina like me ka läÿau, me ka o carbon dioxide a naikokene. Ua lŘlŘ aie i ka decomposition o ke aloha 'ona. E like me ka rula, ka mea, ua trapped ma lalo o ka wai a me ka nele o ka hookipaia ma ka lewa loa.

Lanahu mines - kekahi wahi ma ka hana combustible Marsh kinoea. He accumulates i waena o nā pōhaku ma hope o ka decomposition o ke aloha residues. Kēia Ua kōkua ai i nā ka lehulehu voids. e huki ia kinoea ka wā i coincidence i kupu mai puka.

wahi o ka hoʻonaʻauao 'ana

I loko nō kona 'ano unambiguous inoa, Marsh kinoea (aho paha e olelo, methane) kū mai, a hiki mai ka honua aku mawae kokoke i ka aila mahinaʻai. Ka mea mua i na hihia i hoike ia ma ka United States o Amerika, ma na kapa o ka Allegheny River, e like me ia ma Rusia ma ka Caspian māhele 'āina. I ka Baku, no keia mea, no ka mea, he lōʻihi manawa, aia ua kekahi kaʻao e pili ana i ka mea pohihihi kukui i loko o Baku. Ua hui Naturalʻike manaʻo me ke kalapona'okikene lua, naikokene a me ka aila ma ka ohu Marsh kinoea.

Me ka hooulu ana o ka hana a me ka 'ike loea hoʻouku, kanaka aʻoʻia e recycle hoʻokuʻu methane. Ka mua i ka hola ikea ma Pennsylvania. Marsh kinoea ua wehewehe aku i loko o ia ua hana noke, ka mea hiki ke 'akomi i loko o kekahi piholo maila a loko. Pinepine, no ka keia mea he mea nano koʻokoʻo i ka sludge. Mahope, ke kinoea Oe lana i ka wai ili honua.

Kumu Marsh kinoea

Ho okumu ana o kekahi kumu nui ke keʻena o maoli kinoea (methane) kōkua koʻohune. No ka mea, o ka ia, e hoʻomaka ka fermentation o ke kanu puluniu, ka hoʻopukaʻana i ka helehelena o ka methane. Ke methane loa maemae ua manaoio aku no lakou ia e ano o ka lua pele mud ma Absheron a me ka Kerch Peninsula.

Eia hou, e kupu ana ma ka paakai hoʻokomo kālā, a me nā kumu wai fumaroles - lua, a mawae, a i aia ma ka wawae o ka lua pele. Methane mea i loaʻa i loko o ke kanaka gut. Kona huahana nā exhalation o kekahi mau holoholona. Kekahi o ka mea mua i kākau hoike e pili ana i keia mea hiki ke manaoia na hana o kahiko kākau moʻolelo Pliny, olelo ai ua i ka combustible gaseous i huiʻia.

explosiveness

Ka hapa nui o Marsh kinoea ua ikeia ma kona mau luku waiwai. A hiki aku ka mea hō'ā kaʻa mea i loko o ka läÿau, me ka lewa, ka mea e hookomo ana i ka Naita. Ke kumu no keia mea i ka ÿike o ka methane. Ka Naita o Marsh kinoea make a me ka like i huiʻia ua lōʻihi ka weli na kanaka, e hoomaopopo aku i ka hana ma ka'ōuli. Ke kumu no abnormalities lilo'ē aʻe wale nō ma hope o ka scientific study o keia kŰia.

Marsh kinoea, methane a me nā pahū hui ua paipaiʻia kanaka e invent Davy Lamp. Ua Ua hoʻohana 'ia nā ma na wahi lepo wai, a ma na mines lanahu. Ma keia kukui e wehe 'ia'ā huahana hoʻohana' ana i ka kūikawā hei, pela ae ho'āʻo ana i ka manawa kūpono o ka mea hō'ā kaʻa o ka combustible kinoea ukuhiia.

Mōʻaukala o ka Kaka

Nui na makana i ka hoʻopaʻa 'ana o Marsh kinoea (methane), hoʻolauna ka Italia nä känaka' epekema Alessandro Volta. I ka 1776, ka mea i hoike ia ka waiwai mea okoa mai ka hydrogen, no ka mea, pono palua hou i oxygen no ka'ā. Eia kekahi, ia Volta manao ia Marsh kinoea - he kumu o carbonicʻakika.

Italian methane loaʻa ma luna o ka mokuna o Kuikilana, a Italy, e hiki mai ana i Lake Maggiore. Ke ulu no ka mea nä känaka 'epekema ua ka' atikala o Amelika nä känaka 'epekema a me ka politician Beniamina Franklin e pili ana i ka kŰia o "ea-wahie". Volta mua i loaa methane kaʻohiʻana kinoea kinoea piholo maila.

hoomau iho la lakou i ka noiʻi

Other nui maoli kŰia noiʻi ua Palani chemist Klod Bertolle a me Pelekāne chemist Uilyam Genri. Ka hope o ia mau mea i loko o 1805 hoʻoholo i ka haku mele 'ana o Marsh kinoea, a maopopo ia mai ka'etolina (he ai-kapa kinoea maslorodnogo).

Nane pahū waiwai huna i loko o kona kumu o ke keʻena - methane. Ua Ua hoakakaia ma ka malamalama hydrocarbon kinoea (i kū'ē i ka hydrocarbon kaumaha o ka'etolina kinoea). Over manawa ka mea, ua noho kekahi manawa - hydrogenous meto. Henry hana mau i ka noiʻi i Dzhon HaleakaLā a me ¶ Jakob Berzelius.

I ka 1813, i ka 'ōlelo Pelekānia chemist a me kanaka hulihonua Gemfri Devi ua kālailai firedamp a me ka manao ana o ka waiwai - i ka läÿau, o ka methane, carbon dioxide i a me ka naikokene. Pela ka mea i ho'āʻo i ka combustible läÿau, ua hoʻokuʻuʻia i loko o mines, i ka wahine paha, i like ukuhiia i wahi lepo wai.

Ke kanawai ma ke kaiapuni

Ano Marsh kinoea methane ia lŘlŘ no ka mea, o kekahi Nine Inch reactions. Ka mea mua o ka distillation maloo o ke aloha mea (e like me peat a me ka laau). Chemically i hoomakaukauia ma ka decomposition tsinkmetila wai (pela hua mai la kiniki'okesaside) maemae methane. I kēia lā, ua waiwai,ʻo na mea kaiapuni no ka mea, o kona komo i loko o ke kahua o ka hoʻomehana honua. He mea pono e hoʻomāhuahua ana o methane i loko o ka lewa. Marsh kinoea absorbs thermal pāhawewe i loko o ka welaʻula spectral māhele 'āina. Ma keia aiao ia mea kekona wale i ka maemae o carbon dioxide. Mea kaiapuniʻo loiloi i ka makana o ke methane i loko o ka hoʻokāʻoi 'hoʻomehana honua ma kahi o 30%.

Ka waiwai, haku mele 'ana, Nine Inch haʻilula Marsh kinoea manawa ua aʻo i loko o ka ao o kona hopena ma luna o ka lewa o ko mākou Honua. Ka nui maoli, hua mai la ma ke ano maoli, oia ua i pilikia like me ka aoao o ka hoʻomehana honua. Naʻe, i ka pilikia moe i loko o ka mea ana nunui dala o methane i loko o ka lewa ma ka hewa o na kanaka ia lakou iho. Mea like Marsh kinoea hua mai la ma ia wahi nā hale hana. Kēia no laila,-kapa abiotic methane. Kekahi mea ia lŘlŘ ana ma na wahi lepo wai, noʻonoʻo biogenic - i ke ala me ka hopena o ka loli ana o ke aloha mea.

methanogenesis

Biosynthesis o methane (a ma keia hope aku i ka hanana o ke piholo maila kinoea) ua i kapa methanogenesis. Kēia kaʻina komo ai i ka Archaea koʻohune. Ka mea, e aerobic, ke ano, ka mea hiki ke paka ikehu no ke ola, me ka i kiaʻi ka oxygen. Archaea i oleʻili lahilahi organelles a me ka nucleus.

Koʻohune paha methane, hoihoi hoʻokahi-i carbon hui Via ka kalapona-kalapona i huiʻia me ka waiʻona mai ke kino. Kekahi ala - disproportionation'ākeka. Ka mea ua loaʻa ikehu ia iho me mea koʻohune'ūhū ATP synthase. Ma methanogenesis komo i kekahiʻano o nā lātoma: coenzymes, methanofuran, tetragidrometanopterin a pela aku ...

methanogens

'Epekema ike 17 genera a me ka 50? Ueony o archaea hiki o ka hoʻomakaʻia waihona ipu piholo maila kinoea. Ka mea, nāna i hana i ka primitive multicellular panalāʻau. Ka loa? Anoee'ōewe e like archaea - Methanosarcina acetivorans. Ka mea, i hoohuliia mai i ka acetates a me methane , kalapona monoxide, ka hoʻohana 'ana i nā nā'ūhū atsetatkinazy a me ka phosphotransacetylase. Aia Ua hoi ka pähola 'ana i kēia mau archaea i kahiko hiki ke iho i loko o ka thioester, nae ia i loko o ka laila mud mai he kiʻekiʻe lehulehu o ka hao sulfide.

Ke kumu no ka ahi ululaau

I lawa nā hoʻohui like ea puka a me Marsh kinoea, vozgorevshis hiki i nui maoli peat a me ka ulu lāʻau i ke ahi. I kēia lā, aia nō i ka huahelu o ka hakakā iaʻike manaʻo. Special lawelawe hana ka mālamaʻana o ke kinoea loa waterlogged pāhili. Ka mea, e kuleana no ka Kāohiʻana a me ka hooponopono ana i laupaʻi ka lākiō. O eiiiiiaiou ka palena papaha hoʻopōʻino kinoea.

No ka laʻana, kekahi o na 'ūnelunelu i loko o ka Moscow'āina o ka hikina Shatursky wahi. Ma kona wai ka waiwai ma ka iʻa (carp, kukū ai, gobies, carp, pike, carp), newts, na rana, nahesa, muskrats, manu (aredea, bitterns, waders, Duck). Nā iwi o kēia mau holoholona i kakauiaʻi maluna phosphorus. Ua Ua hoʻokō 'ia e koʻohune, laila, loaʻa nō kekahi mau' ē aʻe 'ona. Kēia diphosphine a me ka phosphine. Ka mea, i ka papa kuhikuhiE initiators o ke kaula naoh o ka noho'na makaainana i ulu'ā. Hoomaka i keia ahi ano - mea he nui? Aneie pilikia. Mai ke ahi e aa ana i loko o nā wahi lepo wai,ʻaʻole wale ka nahele akā, i ka peat ka pohopoho o. Ke ahi ke hohola hohonu i loko o ia mau mea. Oia peat hiki kuni i ka mea a pau makahiki.

Ma Rusia ka mea paʻa ma kahi o elua-hapakolu o ko ke ao nei ka ūnelunelu. Lakou halawai ana ma ka waena konu o ka Europa hapa o Rusia, Western Siberia a me Kamchatka. Ke iauae ieiuaae o ūnelunelu ma Rusia - ma kahi o 340 miliona aa, 210 o i i uhiia me ka nahele uhi. Ka hapa nui o nā mea a pau kinoea hua mai i loko o ke kauwela. Ma ka manawa o ka lā i loko o ka wahi o ka kekahi aa, ec eioi ke ku no ma kahi o elua a me ka hapalua kilograms o methane.

AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN me ka o oxygen, a chlorine

Natural Marsh kinoea, nona Nine Inch haʻilula - Ch _4, aneane puhi haikea luminous lapalapa. I ka hoʻohanuʻana ikaika me ia e wahi i ka mea hō'ā kaʻa i loko o ka läÿau, i loaʻa ka 7,8 puke o ka lewa, a 2 ka leo o ka oxygen. Kinoea iki wailana i loko o ka wai (like waiʻona). Ua reacts wale nō me ka halogens.

By naoh me ka chlorine kinoea 'ano apau loa Marsh meto koloriside Ch ₃ Cl. Kēia mea i hoʻomākaukauʻia ma ke keʻena hoʻokolohua ki ina hana like. No keia mea, hydrochloride kinoea ua hala i loko o ka baila aʻela i kākoʻo pāʻoihana o ka waiʻona, a metilnogo hoʻoheheʻe kiniki koloriside. I ka hopena o ka colorless kinoea, a ua wehewehe aku ma ka maikaʻiʻala o Etera wale no me ka meaʻalaʻaiʻana. Ma lalo o ikaika puʻe paha ka huʻihuʻiʻana, ka mea condenses i loko o ka wai.

Ka hana a me ka reactions me halogens

Methane (Marsh kinoea), a haʻilula a me ka hoʻohana 'ana i mōʻalihaku? Anoee ma ka polokalamu kula' Imi hana me halogens. E like me ka hopena, i kēia mau waiwai hakahaka reactions hua mai la i ka hahaiʻana i huiʻia bromide, koloriside, fluoride, koloriside a me ka fluoride. Ka hope o ia mau mea i mua loaa e Lūkini chemist Aleksandrom Butlerovym. Meto iodide - ikaika refracting malamalama yellowish wai. Kona baila aʻela i mahana - 180 ° C.

Like i kapaia o Marsh kinoea, maopopo hookomoia ma halogens? Kēia o carbon tetrachloride. Ua Ua weheʻia ka Palani chemist Anri Reno i ka makahiki 1839. He He wai a me kekahi ano spicy ala. Ua loaʻa he anesthetic hopena. Kekahi i 'ano like ka waiwai - kalapona tetrabromide. Ua Ua loko mai o ka lehu o ka meaola mea kanu.

Health P ÷ ino

Ma ona iho, ke Marsh methane mea physiologically noho malie hoi. Ka mea, e pili ana i ka ole-ʻawahia paraffin hydrocarbons. Kēia pae o ka 'ona ua wehewehe aku e Nine Inch inertness a me ka haahaa solubility i loko o ke koko wai koko. Ka lewa me ka lehulehu kiʻekiʻe o Marsh kinoea ke pepehi wale, ināʻo ia e 'ike i ka muli o ka oxygen.

Ka loiloi mua hoailona o ka suffocation (asphyxia) hoikea mai oia, i ka maʻiʻo o 30% methane. Ma keia hihia, e māhuahua ka leo o ka hanu, naau ana e hoola ae, nee ōhumu o Muscle ka neʻe 'ana. Akā, i ka pahiki o ia mau hihia, he uuku loa. Ka mea i methane mea māmā ma mua o ka ea ole, a aole i ae aku ia ia e loaa ana ma excessive huliāmahi.

I ka Ia manawa, noiʻi equate i ka hana o ke piholo maila kinoea ma luna o ke kanaka psyche i ka hana o ka diethyl Etera wale no. A like ai hiki ke equated me ka narcotic. Ma kānaka, hana lōʻihi manawa i loko o ka mines me ka lehulehu kiʻekiʻe o ka methane, ko läkou 'i ka hou i loko o ka autonomic ko mākou hopohopo'ōnaehana (hypotension, maikaʻi oculocardiac reflex, a no laila, ma luna o. D.).