Roza Lyuksemburg: ke ola a me ka make ana o ka hoʻokahuli aupuni

Paha he nui i lohe ai heluhelu ia i ka 2009 i ee aku he kupaianaha pua ma Europe - Ku "Kamāliʻiwahine o Lukemapuka." I ka hanana i mākaʻikaʻi ai i ka 18th lā hoʻomanaʻo o Alexandra - ka Luna Nui Duchy o ke aliʻi. Akā, i kēia mea, hele aku no ia. Mua kanaka hoomanao ana i ka hopena o XIX a me i kakahiaka nui XX kenekulia ua mea he Kelemānia hoʻokahuli aupuni a me ka influential lawa kanaka i hoʻokani kūlana nui i loko o ke kahua o ka Communist neʻeʻana i loko oʻEulopa. Kona inoa ua leokanipū me ka inoa o ka pua nani aʻo - Roza Lyuksemburg. Makahiki o ke ola ana o keia wahine i loa ma hope i ka paio no ka pono kīvila o ke ano o kanaka. Ua mea e pili ana ia ia, a e e kūkākūkā i loko o kēia 'atikala.

Iudaio, 'ohana

Hânau 'ia Rose (maoli inoa Rosalia) March 5, 1871 ma ka aupuni o Poland Zamosc kūlanakauhale, ma ka outskirts o ka Lūkini aupuni a pau. Ua ua i ka lima o ua keiki i loko o ka ohana o ka kālepa-kaikamahine Iudaio laau kuai Elias Lukemapuka. Ke kaikamahine i ka haumana maikai ua, a puka 'o ia me ka hanohano, mai kekahi o Warsaw ka gymnasiums.

Ma keia kokoke-hookahi ana Iudaio ohana au ua nui loa leʻaleʻa o nā keiki, ka oi aku o ka muli loa rosettes, a i ka polokalamu JavaScript (dislocation o ka Hip ami). Up i ka 10 makahiki i loko o kona kino, o ka irreversible a me ka loa ola kaʻina, hoopaaia lakou ia ia ma ka moe, i kekahi manawa no kekahi mau mahina. I kona la i, maʻi aku la lakou, akā, noho limp. I ka uuku, e hūnā i kēia kina, ua hoʻokomoʻia hana kamaa. Ke kaikamahine, o ka papa, loa nui kou manaʻo e pili ana i ka lameness, no laila ia mea i mea känalua 'ole ma keia honua ia ke kūkulu i ka helu o ka pono a pau.

e hoomaka ana mai o ke alanui

Au pono aku nei au ia Roza Lyuksemburg, kona Kawaihae ua ikeia e ua uaʻano nui pili i ka hoʻokahuli aupuni hana i hoomaka ai, e hōʻike i ka hoihoi i loko o kālai'āina loa kakahiaka nui, hiki ana këia. Ma hope o ua noho mai makua kiʻekiʻe kula i loko o nāʻano a pau mākou i ho'āʻo e dissuade ia mai i kēiaʻano mea pepehi Hobby, a i hoolimalima ia no ka maikaʻi mele kumu. Ka mea, no ka manao i ka seriously loea kaikamahine, e hoʻopoina e pili ana i ke akamai a me ka kālai'āina, akā, Rose ua lilo i ke ala o ke kipi, a manao e ike i kona mau 'iʻini ma. I waena o kona mau hou hoa ia ua ma luna o ka like wawae eha, mai kekahi o ia uku i kekahi hoʻolohe i kona physical flaw.

I ka pau ana o 1880. Most 'ino ai hoʻokahuli aupuni pūʻulu ua hoʻomaka e lanakila oko ao o ka manao ana i ua pili i ke koho ana o ke alanui. Ma ke alanui, maopopo ka mea, ua mua ia ka weliweli hiki ole ke hoaponoia, a me ka mālama 'ia fanatics wale. Ke bulk o ke keiki kanakaʻohana i kupono ano o ka paio.

Roza Lyuksemburg i ka hoʻokahuli aupuni p ÷ ai i loko o ka manawa i ka wa a ka Anati-poʻe hoʻoweliweli kue ulu ma waena o kona mau lala, a mńlualua me ka poe ikaika e ku ei ka hana pepehi, a pâʻani 'o ia no ka propaganda a me ka manaʻo pīhoihoi. Akā, me ka poʻe hoʻoweliweli ua hoomau, e lawe mai i ko lākou puka 'ana, ma mua o haawi i ko lakou mau dissident aoao lala i loko o ka lima o ka makai.

He no ka mea, o keia ano, ma ka 18-makahiki kahiko Rose i haʻakoi e hūnā mai ka hoomaau ia e na luna no lākou komo i loko o ka lola honua hoʻolālā "o ka proletariat". Ua loaʻa iā ia e emigrate i Kuikilana, ma kana pule nui i kona hoʻonaʻauao ma ke kula nui o Zurich. Aia, ua aʻo kānāwai, kālaiʻike a me ka hoʻokele waiwai 'pili kalai aupuni.

mua ke aloha

Nā makahiki lilo i loko o ka malu o Kuikilana, Roza Lyuksemburg (e nānā Hawaii photo. Ma ka nāʻanaʻana) hoomanao iho la e like me ka mea happiest i loko o kona ola ana. Here ike iho la malie a me ka paulele aku. I Zurich, ua halawai mai me ka kekahi Leo Iogihesom, ka mea iʻono ai koke ia. Young kanaka i pinepine hoihoi i loko o Rose, akā, na mea a pau ia i kuleana hana a ua i - ua hoemi lākou pili wale, e kamailio e pili ana i ke kulekele, a me ka olelo hale waihona makaikai. No laila, ua loaʻa iā ia, e lawe i ka Initiative ia iho, a hai aku i kou aloha ia ia.

Ua mea waiwai 'ana i kumumanaʻo i mua Leo i ka hookupaa iho la ia kēkelē, a me ka ia i hookuu mai ai ia wale nō ma hope o ke ahi i ka hoʻomaopopo pono Roses. He ua he loa mikiʻala kanaka, akā, i nā hoomaka ae la e nāuki mai i kekahi kanaka irrepressible hana o ke kaikamahine, i haawiia i na hana o ka Iogihesa ua i maʻalahi. Nolaila, maoli ai, lilo pinepine kāna hana e lawelawe ana i ka mea aloha. Eia hoi, Roza Lyuksemburg ma ke Kulanui o Zurich brilliantly kokua aku i kona ia hoʻi, ka wikiwiki o ka hanalima? Acaeoey ma Poland. Kēia hanana i ka culmination a me kā lākou i nuku mai.

Ua ua loa haʻaheo o kona pomaikai, e like me kona hana i mahalo mahalo loa-ikeia Kumu, a me nā 'atikala i kākauʻia e ia i paʻiʻia ma ka reputable nā puke o Socialist aneane. Penei, kona inoa ua 'ike a pau ma luna oʻEulopa. Akā, Leo iho i i haha aku ka olioli, mai ka piʻi like o ka Rose, ka ike piha pono ia ka mea, ua ma lalo o ka aoao o ka wahine i like ka ikaika, a me keia wahi o ka mea i i hoopii mai ia ia i nā mea a pau.

Ka mua ka hopena

Ma keia Roza Lyuksemburg ma ke kono ana o ka Socialist Party o Germany e like, e komo i loko i nā koho e like me ka agitator. Woman hoʻoili ma ka propaganda i loko o ke keena Silesia māhele 'āina,ʻauamo ma na mea he nui. Penei, ia mea nui koke hiki ke lilo i ka hilinaʻi o ka Kelemānia socialists. Ma keia a puni, me kona mau hoapili i ka hoʻokahuli aupuni Clara Zetkin. Ua hoʻolauna iā 'Lukemapuka me kana keiki, e like me me ka mea kaulana theoretician Karlom Kautskim. Eia hou kekahi,ʻaneʻi ma Hawaii, i ka 1901,ʻo ia, kū aʻela ia e hālāwai me Vladimir Lenin.

Ma hope o ka hoʻomaka o ka hanana hoʻokahuli aupuni i loko o Rusia i ka 1905, ua hōʻea ma Warsaw, a mea 'Imi hoʻomau ana i loko o ka palapala hoopii o ka Polish poe hana. Ma hope o kekahi manawa, i ka tsarist huna makai kahu ai, e hopu, a waiho iā ia ma ka halepaahao. Lukemapuka paʻa ma laila no kekahi mau mahina, oiai ma lalo o ka make māinoino o ka hana oolea a hiki hooko. Eia naʻe, mahalo no ka hoʻoikaikaʻana o Kelemānia hoa i ka 1907, ua hookuu ia mai o ka halepaahao, ma hope a hele aku la i Kelemania, no ka maikai.

Personal ola

I mea e neʻe i ka aina no ka paʻa noho, Rosa i German kupa ana keiki. Ke quickest alanui, e hana i kēia i ka hopena o ka mare me kekahi kamaaina o kēia moku'āina. Lukemapuka lilo Gustav Lübeck olelo kane. I ka hookahi makahiki, hoomaka ae la ka wahine i ka lōʻihi aloha hoʻokolokolo me ke keiki a kona hoa Clara Zetkin, Constantine. He mea hoike ma kahi o 600 palapala i i ua hookoeia mai ai a hiki i kēia lā.

Constantine mahalo i ke ahi olelo o kona haku wahine, no laila, ua literally lilo kona mau mentors i loko o këia Marxism. Elima makahiki ma hope, i ka hui i wawahi mai. Mai ia manawa, aole nui ke aloha noho 'aʻole i hoʻomaka Roza Lyuksemburg. Kana mau keiki, ua ole loa hoihoi i loko, no ka mea, ua ike ole e oki, e hoonohonoho i ka hoʻokahuli aupuni neʻeʻana, a me ka ia, ia e hoʻopono, ka mea, ua i mai ia ia.

Hana iloko o ka First World

Ma ka Ewa o ke kaua, i ka 1913, no ka mea olelo i ku ei ka hoʻomaka koke ulu militarism ma Germany, Lukemapuka, i hopu ia no hoʻokahi makahiki. Ma hope o ka haʻalele 'o ka halepaahao, ia i hooki aku i kona Anati-kaua propaganda. August 1, 1914, i ka wa a ke Kaiser o Kelemania, hai aku kaua ma ka Russian aupuni a pau, Socialist he mokuahana, laila lâlâ 'o ka German hale kanawai, hooholoia i ka lokomaikai o ka lawe koa loan. Lukemapuka ua pono'ē aʻe,ʻo ia me ia i ka nele o ke kilo, a me kona nā hoapili me kona hou hoa koke i hana mai i ka pili aupuni Magazine "Internationale." i ole i Rose manawa e kākau i kaʻu 'atikala mua no keia paiia e like me ka mea i hopu hou, a hahao i loko o ka hale paʻahao i loko o Pelelina.

Ma Pepeluali 1915, oia hookahi manawa hou i loaʻa i ka wahi o ka hoʻopaʻahao, no ka olelo ana ma kekahi halawai e paa ana ia i loko o Frankfurt am Main. A makahiki ma hope, ia i hookuu, akā, ekolu mahina ma hope, ua hopu hou. Kēia manawa, ua hāʻawiʻia ma luna o ka lōʻihi manawa - elua a me ka hapa makahiki. I ia manawa, ua i hou opiopio, he okoa ka poe mai a me ka mehameha, akā, e noonoo pono i ka mea momona a kauka o ka hana, Rose kakau iho la i kekahi puu, e noho ana i loko o ka hale paʻahao.

Hanaia'na o ka Communist Party o Germany

A hiki aku i ke kaua i hele mai, ua loaʻa he ardent adherent o ka ia, e like me ia i, ma ka maka o ka hoʻokahuli aupuni Karla Libknehta. Together, ka mea hana i ka hou hui - "Spartacus o Oʻahu". Ma December 1918, ka mea i hou pu lilo na Mamua o ka German Communist Party.

Ma ka Ahaolelo Lahui mua o ka hou hui Roza Lyuksemburg i ka palapala hoike, a ua hala loa harshly nema aku i ka Lūkini Bolsheviks e hookupaa i ke aupuni o kekahi-aoao dictatorship mea, ma kona manao, rigidly hehi aku i ma kemokalaka kīvila, e like me ka pilina i ka suppression o nā mea a pau kū'ē aoao.

Ruthless rinkʻOiʻenehana

A hiki aku i ka wahine i hookahi manawa hou loaa mai o ka halepaahao i ka 1918, i kēia manawa i loko o Germany mea ano ma ka piha kowali kūpikipiki'ō NovemberʻOiʻenehana. Mana hoʻomalu ma luna lehulehu kulana home 'ole loa hoʻi ia, a ua koko weliweli literally haniniia mai i loko o nā alanui, e hali ana me ia a pau i ka huhu e i loaa ma luna o nā makahiki o ka First World War.

E like me uaʻike, i kekahi kipi ka weliweli i loko o ia mea, aole mahele i kanaka ma ka akau, a me ka hewa, a me ka lua kaomi waina i na mea a ke hele mai ma lalo o kona koko rink. A me ka moʻolelo o ko Rosa Luxemburg ka maopopo. Ua lilo kekahi o nā mōhai i kā lākou mau hoa mamua i loko o ka aoao, ka mea i wikiwiki koke, no laila, e'ōlelo aku, ma ka sly, pakele o ka pōpilikia a me nā hoapili lilo disagreeable.

I ka make ana o ka hoʻokahuli aupuni

15 January 1919 Lukemapuka, pu me kona colleague Karlom Libknehtom i hopuia, a lawe i ka hotele "Edena,". Ma ke komo ana i ka hale, ua halawai mai e ka lehulehu i komo loa ana o na koa a me na ilamuku, ka poe i hoomaka e ua auanei i ka wahine hoohiki hua'ōlelo. A lailaʻo ia i na hoopai ana i ka loa ke kūlana interrogation, ma hope i ka mea, ma lalo o ka pretext o nā pā i loko o Moabit halepaahao, alakai aku ai i ka OAAIeOO o ka hokele.

A lohe ka wahine i alakai ma ke ala hele, ua hooukaia mai e kekahi o na koa, a luku aku la i na manawa elua i loko o ke poo. I kona hina, na kiai hapai ia mai, a lawe mai i loko o ke kaʻa, ma ka pepehi ana hoʻomau. Pepehi kanaka o Rosa Luxemburg ua i loko o kēia kaʻa, ma ke ala a hiki i ka halepaahao ia ma hope o ka kanawai, e hoomaewaewa mai i kekahi wahine pana aku la ia i kona mau poe kiai halepaahao, a me ka make, kiola ia i loko o ka wai Landverskogo Kanal. Wale i kekahi mau mahina ma hope, o June 1, i loaʻa i kona iho, a kuʻu mai o ka wai. Hoʻokahuli aupuni kanuʻiaʻo ia ma hope o 13 mau lā ma ka pā ilina Pelelina Friedrichsfelde.