Sex-ua hoʻopili lākou'āina hoʻoili (ho'ākāka 'ana)

Ka hapa nui o na meaola (me ka pohihihi 'ia), i ka wā e hiki mai no a hiki i keia ai i liluwelo anal ua nānā' i ka manawa, i ka wa fertilization i, a ua hilinaʻi nui ma luna o ka 'ano o ke keka chromosomes hāʻule i loko o ka zygote. Ma keia hihia, loaʻa nō kekahi mau hiʻona a paha e kū hoʻokahi i ka poʻe kāne a pau a me wahine o ka kekahiʻano. Na hoailona me ina inextricably ua hoʻopili i kekahi o na sexes, "ua hoʻopili" i ke kahua hahi. He aha mea he keka-ua hoʻopili hooilina, a no ke aha la i kekahi mau maʻi he aha ka mea kanaka wale paha wale na wahine? ho'āʻo e mākou e pane i kēia nīnau pilikia.

Boy paha ua kaikamahine la?

Mua oe hoʻomaka e pane i ka nīnau, i mea keka-ua hoʻopili hooilina, ia mea e pono ana i ke Pela no hoi he mea i ka ho okumu ana o ke kino wahine a kane, i maopopo. E like me ka poʻe heluhelu o keia 'atikala e pili ana i ka? Ueony Homo sapiens, ka mea, oiaio, e lilo loa hana hoihoi ke aʻo e pili ana pehea kēia kaʻina ua lawe mai i loko o kānaka. Pono i ka naauao o ka mea na aaiaoe? O keka: i ka'āina hoʻoili o kāna moʻolelo, ke keka-ua hoʻopili, puka mai ma muli o kona kulana kekahi maomeka, a me ka mea e maopopo i ka walaʻauʻana kānāwai o ke kahua o ka meaola o kekahi sexes hemahema.

No laila, i loko o kela kanaka aeea he 46 chromosomes. O kēia mau mea, 'elele o okoa liluwelo anal 22'ālike hui. Mau chromosomes i kapaia "autosomes." Wale kekahi mau - ke keka chromosomes - na elele o ka ikaika a me ka maikai ke keka i kekahi oko ao. Ma nā wāhine, ke keka chromosomes i'ālike: ka mea, i X mau (X) - chromosome. I na kanaka, i ka wahine chromosomes i he okoa 'ole, kekahi o i ka X-ua hoʻopili, a me ka lua o ka - V (y me) - chromosome. Incidentally, ka Y-chromosome hāpai he uuku ka helu o nā'ōewe. Sex-ua hoʻopili'āina hoʻoili kumu hoʻohālike hilinaʻi nui ma luna o nā nā'ōewe i i ua kauohaʻia ma luna o ka wahine chromosomes.

Like me, ke keka hooilina mea ole a pau? Ueo. manu kekahi mai e halihali i ke kāne i loko o kona genome Y chromosomes: mau Pńk'pika maternal wale X chromosome. Aia nō i laha 'ma i ke kūpono' ana o ka wahine kino koi he Y chromosome, ke kane, ma ka mea ku ole, i na nā moku halihali mokulele o ka mau X chromosomes.

Homogametic a me ka heterogamety

Ka mea lipke kekahi zygote "e" mau X chromosomes, oiai kekahi poe i Y-chromosome? O ke kumu ho i ka mea i loko o ka maturation o gametes, oa meiosis, na hua a pau kiʻi i 22 "maʻamau" ke keka chromosome a me kekahi X chromosome. Ia mea, i loko o ka wahine kino i'ālike gametes. Sperm aeee i ka ia, ÿelua: e like me ka hapalua o ia hāpai i ka moe X chromosome, oiai kekahi poe "e" Y-chromosome.

Papahele, ho okumu i'ālike gamete ma ke keka chromosomes, ua kapaia "homogametic". Inā he gamete okoa - ia heterogametic. People heterogamety na kanaka, i na wahine no hoi homogametic.

A sperm e fertilize ia i hua manu hilinaʻi nui ma luna iho. Penei, a me ka pahiki o 50/50 zygote launa mau X-chromosomes a X a me Y chromosomes. Maoli ai, ma ka hihia mua, i ke kaikamahine e hoʻomōhala i loko o ka lua - he keiki. O ka ihu, malaila e e kekahi, koe i loko o kekahi ana, na kaikamahine i loko o ka genome o U-chromosome paha e nā moku halihali mokulele o ka kāpili kau o nā'ōewe, i mea, i loko o kā lākou mau keena he mea wale kekahi wahine chromosome. Naʻe, i kēia mea - he loa ke nānā hihia.

No ke aha hoailona hiki ke "ua hoʻopili" me ka papahele?

Ano, e ka mea heluhelu i ka mea a ka hoohanau aaiaoe?, E noho ai, concatenated me ka papahele, e e maikaʻi maopopoʻano papa hana. Chromosomes puni Media: ka hapai ana o kēlā me kēia kanaka kino i ka mea nona o ka "waihona" o 46 puke, a exhaustively hōʻike i nā 'ano a me nā hiʻona o kona kino. I ka nui o ka 'ike i ua iloko o na kanaka aeea, mai ka 1.5 gigabytes! Eia hou kekahi, kēlā chromosome he he mau 'hapa: maka a me ka lauoho kala like' ole, manamana lima dexterity, ka buke o ka pōkole-makahiki hoomanao ana, i ka welelau o ia e overweight ... Chromosomes i loa hana kūikawā: kekahi mea kuleana no ka pūnao, oiai kekahi poe - no ka makaʻano, a me ka uku o ke aʻalolo keʻano o ka hanaʻana .. . Eia naʻe, no ka mea, nui nā'ōewe ike ua palapala ma luna o kumuʻiʻo nā lātoma - nā'ūhū, a kau i nā hiʻona o ka functioning o ke kanaka meaola.

Part o ka aaiaoe ike encoded a me ka wahine chromosomes. No laila, i ka hoailona ana i "kākau" i loko o kēia mau chromosomes, hiki wale nō ke hoolilo i ka 'elele o ka liluwelo ke keka: keia mea he keka-ua hoʻopili'ōewe hooilina. Pela, ua hiki ke unuhi nui ka hopena. Inā ka'ōewe kahi ma luna o kekahi o ka ke keka chromosomes, na biologists kamailio e pili ana i ka kŰia o ka'āina hoʻoili o kāna moʻolelo, ke keka-ua hoʻopili. Ma keia hihia, i ka'āina hoʻoili o kēia mau moʻolelo i ka helu o nā hiʻona: ka mea, i loko o na aoao e hoike mai ai ia ia iho i loko o kekahi sexes meaola.

Ka mua haʻawina

Aaiaoe?ʻike i ka'āina hoʻoili o ka maka ano ma Drosophila facets mea pololei e kaukaʻi ma ka hoohanau ana o na kanaka, ka poe i nā mea hōʻoia a okoa alleles. Ke'ōewe e hoʻoholo i ke kūpono 'ana o ka ula-maka mea Hoʻohaku ma luna o ka "keʻokeʻo-maka"'ōewe. Inā ke kane ulaula maka, oiai wahine - keʻokeʻo, a laila, i loko o ka mua o ka hanauna mamo loaa i like ka helu o nā wahine a me nā kāne a pau me kaʻulaʻula me keʻokeʻo maka. Inā ke keiki o ke kane me ka keʻokeʻo maka a me ka ulaula-maka wahine mākou e hele, e loaa i like ka helu ana o ke kane a me ka wahine ulaula-maka. Penei, i ke kane phenotype i loko o ka recessive kāna moʻolelo ka hoike mai ai ia ia iho, oi pinepine ia ma mua o wahine. Kēia hoʻoikaika ai i ka hopena i ka'ōewe maka waihoʻoluʻu ua aia ma luna o ka X chromosome, a 'o ia hoʻi i ka'āina hoʻoili o ka maka ano ma Drosophila - o ka'āina hoʻoili o nā' ano, hui pu ia me ke kahua hahi.

Specificity ua hoʻopili i ka'āina hoʻoili o ka palaoa

Sex-ua hoʻopili lākou'āina hoʻoili i kekahi mau 'ano. Ka mea, i pili i ka mea i ka Y-chromosome hāpai he uuku iho ka helu o nā'ōewe ma mua o ka X chromosome. No laila, no ka mea, he nui nā'ōewe, a i aia ma ka X chromosome, a hiki ma ke kane kino,ʻaʻohe alleles ma Y-chromosome. No laila, i kekahi recessive'ōewe e huli ma ka X chromosome hiki ole e allelic'ōewe ma luna o ka Y chromosome, a 'o ia hoʻi i ka mea pono, eʻikea au i loko o ka phenotype.

Ka mea, e wehewehe i ka luna. Allele mea he ano o ka hoʻokahi'ōewe. Allele hiki e ana o nā kumu o ke ano: he Hoʻohaku a me ka recessive. Ma keia hihia, no ka Hoʻohaku allele i loko o ka genotype pono hoike mai ai ia ia iho, a me ka phenotypically recessive - wale ina mea ua hōʻike ma ka homozygous moku'āina. E kahaki ii, e hiki i ka'āina hoʻoili o ka maka ano i loko o kānaka. Ke ano hilinaʻi nui ma luna o ka nui o ka melanin i loko o ka iris pigment. Inā melanin wahi maka e e alohilohi, ina he hailona - pouli. Ma keia hihia, no ka pouli, makaʻano mea kuleana Hoʻohaku allele ināʻo ia i loko o ka genome, i ke keiki e eʻeleʻele-maka. Ua 'Aʻole i nui paha nā nā'ōewe e Hoʻohaku paha recessive kekahi,ʻo ia hoʻi, ina paha i ke keiki ma luna o ka pā hale o homo- paha heterozygous. Akā, me nā maka uliuli - kŘpa a "opiopio" mutation, a ua noho mana ana ma ka recessive allele. All uliuli-maka kanaka i nā moku halihali mokulele o elua recessive alleles, oa ka mea, e homozygous no ke kumu o ka maka ano. Hoʻohaku'ōewe, e like me ka mea hala ole oe i kona inoa, dominates ka recessive ina kekahi keiki i loko o ka genome o ka'ōewe e regulates ke ano o na iris, Hoʻohaku, recessive allele hiki ole ka hoike ana ia lakou iho phenotypically.

Eia naʻe, ua okoa keka chromosomes ma keia hihia. Men ka Y-chromosome mea okoa mai ka X chromosome i loko o lākou ka nui a me ka shape: mea maoli nana e like mea,ʻaʻole he kea, e like me ka koena o ka chromosome, a me ka palapala Y. Nolaila, e hōʻike i kekahi o na nā'ōewe, a i aia ma luna o ka mea, a hiki ina he e e hoʻokahi wale recessive kope: keia ke keka linkage mea okoa, mai nāʻano o ka'āina hoʻoili.

X-ua hoʻopili recessive maʻi

Sex linkage, o ka mea nui no ka 'inikua aaiaoe?, No ka mea, ma ka manawa, aia nō ma kahi o ekolu haneri recessive nā'ōewe mea i IIeEeAIEUIeXAIIUE ma luna o ka X chromosome, a i aaiaoe maʻi. Oia maʻi nā hemophilia, myopathy, muscular dystrophy, ichthyosis, fragile X chromosome maʻi pale, hydrocephalus, a ua nui no hoi na maʻi.

Sex-ua hoʻopili lākou'āina hoʻoili i loko o kānaka ua hana like penei. Inā ka'āno'ē'ōewe kahi i loko o kekahi o ka X chromosomes o ka wahine, kāna mau kaikamāhine loaaʻi ka hapalua a me ka hapalua o nā keiki kāne. Ma keia hihia, ke kaikamahine, kona genome ua hemahema chromosome, e nā moku halihali mokulele o ka maʻi. I loko o ka phenotype o ka mutant'ōewe ua i loli like ke kaikamahine hookipa mai i ka maʻamau X chromosome mai o kona makua kāne. Akā, i ke keiki, e ae aku, mai ka maʻi, i mea e "loaa" iā ia ma ka'āina hoʻoili mai o kona makuwahine, no ka mea, o ka mea Hoʻohaku allele o ka'ōewe i loko o ka Y chromosome aʻole ole. Kēia ololi He nui ka wā ka hoʻoholo 'ana ma o ka hana ke keka-ua hoʻopili lākou'āina hoʻoili, e noonoo.

Hooilina X-ua hoʻopili recessive maʻi mea, aole i huikau külana. No ka laʻana, he like maʻi, IeAUPIIe, IAa IO iwaena o hanauna o ka hoomanawanui, ua loaʻa i loko o maternal makuakane a me na hoahanau ona, i mai na kaikuahine o ka makuahine ka i hanauia.

Dominatnye X-ua hoʻopili mai

Mau maʻi ke hana i loko o nā sexes. Kekahi ke kuhikuhi aku i examples o ia hooilina, ke keka-ua hoʻopili like hypophosphatemic rickets a me ka pouli niho enamel.

E loaa ana mai ka X-ua hoʻopili Hoʻohaku kāna hana no nā wāhine ka manawa a oi mau manawa ma mua o nā kānaka. Maʻi wahine me ka pahiki o 50% o nā mea a pau? Aaeaao ka maʻi i kā lākou mau keiki, a me ka maʻi ke kanaka - kaikamāhine wale nō.

I kekahi manawa, ke keka-ua hoʻopili hooilina Ua hiki ke malama i ka kŘpa a pohihihi keia maʻi i mea lethal i kane fetuses ai na wahine maoli he ka likelihood o ka noho'na makaainana i ulu abortion.

Hiki i infinitely hooilina examples, ke keka-ua hoʻopili. E like me ka maʻi like urinary pigment a melanoblastoz Bloch-Sultsberga. Urinary pigment loaʻa wale i loko o na wahine: he lethal'ōewe i ke kane fetus. Kino anal loaa mai i kēia maʻi, he mau rashes i loko o ka palapala o Oe. Ma hope o ka poʻe noʻonoʻoʻole e hele, ili pigmentation i typical i loko o ka palapala o kaʻehu, a eddies. 80% o nā mea maʻi, ma laila nō nā 'aʻe': malformations o ka lolo? Acaeoey, a na nā loko, maka a me skeletal kahua.

hemophilia

Aia nō i ka helu o ka hereditary maʻi, e loaʻa wale nō i loko o kekahi wahine. E like me ka hana o ka mea i keka linkage, hemophilia Ua aneane nā puke. Hemophilia mea he maʻi i loko i ke koko, aole ia i coagulate. he nui na hana e hoʻolaʻa i ka hemophilia me ke keka ua hoʻopili'āina hoʻoili: oe ke olelo aku i keia mea kokoke i ka puke laʻana. I loko nō o ka mea i hemophilia mea pohihihi keia, kona ola ana ua ikeia e aneane a pau. Kēia mea e kahaha ko oukou naau: ka mea, ua pili paa ka papa o Lūkini mōʻaukala. Ua waiho wale aku no i ke alii o ka hooilina ma Rotehama II Tsesarevich Aleksey.

ʻO ka mea uuku e oki ai i ka mea ia manawa hiki i loa ke koko me keia poho. Naʻe, i ka pilikia ua ole wale kahe ana ke koko pili me kaʻole ili ano hoopono. A nui hoʻoweliweli 'ana i na ola o nā mea maʻi i intraenteric, intracranial hemorrhage, a me ka puʻu, e like me kahe ana ke koko ma na ami. Ma keia hihia, haemophilia mea maʻi. Hoʻomanawanui iki mai i ka wa e ola ana, eʻae hakahaka ai ', a i ole wehewehe aku ma kiʻekiʻe ka hoʻokōʻana.

Mai na wahine e ae mai ka haemophilia?

He nui nā kanaka kuhihewa manaoio i na wahine mai ole e ae mai ka hemophilia. Eia naʻe, ia mea,ʻaʻole pēlā: i ka nani ke keka, hoi, e ae mai i kēia maʻi weliweli. Naʻe, ka mea, hana nui kākaʻikahi. Nui aku pinepine, na wahine i nā moku halihali mokulele o ka'ōewe e predetermines i ka maʻi.

Ka wahine i nā mea kaua o kekahi o ka ke keka chromosomes i ka recessive'ōewe predetermining incoagulability koko. Inā he mea kekahi genotype o Hoʻohaku allele o keia'ōewe, i ka maʻi, aole ia i hoike mai ai ia ia. Eia naʻe, ina he wahine i ke keiki, a komo i ka recessive'ōewe,ʻo ia, e hoike hemophilia. Akā, i ka hemophilia mai ai i loko o nā kaikamāhine pono i ka wahine nā moku halihali mokulele o ka'ōewe i mare ai i ke kanaka me ka hemophilia (akā, a hiki ma lalo o ia mau ana, i ka pahiki o ka hanau ana o kekahi kaikamahine e e like i ka 25%). Na hihia ka apuepue malama: mua, ka hemophilia'ōewe ka loa pohihihi keia, a me ka lua, kanaka e loaa ana mai keia pilikia maʻi kākaʻikahi ola i reproductive elemakule.

MeaningʻAno like anal linkage

Hoʻokolokolo 'ana pehea e hele hooilina o ke keka-ua hoʻopili kāna moʻolelo ka mea o ka mea nui no ka manaʻo kanaka. O ke kumu ho kuhikuhi ana i ka mea i keka-ua hoʻopili ili maʻi he nui loa, a me pilikia i kanaka ola. Paha i loko o ka wā e hiki mai ia e e hiki i ka ho okumu ana i kū hoʻokahi, ke 'ano o ka hana maikaʻi ia mai, ma muli o ka ona' ana ma luna o ke kanaka genome, i mea ka lawe ana o ka pathological allele. Eia hou, ua noiʻi Radio he nui kūlana i loko o ka ulu ana o keʻano o ka hanaʻana no ka kokololioʻike, o ka ke keka-ua hoʻopili maʻi. He mea nui oi loa aku hoi no ka poe mai, e i pili me ka metabolic kāna hana: Ka mua oe hoʻomaka lapaau, me ka houʻana, e e hiki ke loaʻa ai.

Aaiaoe? Ninoaaeyao nui i wahi i loko o kanaka ola. Ma hope o nā mea a pau, i kēia 'epekema ke wehewehe ana i ka hana o ke kanaka nā'ōewe, a me ka mea i pathological hoailona. Aia o kekahi pūʻulu o symptoms, kena ae la ma ka hooilina a ke keka chromosomes. He aha mea he keka-ua hoʻopili hooilina? I ka ho'ākāka 'ana hākālia nō i ka hoolilo ana o na hoailona, no ka mea, i ka mea kuleana nā'ōewe, a i aia ma ke keka chromosomes.