Topical kamaʻilio: ka ho'ākāka 'ana,' ano a me ka hana hoihoi kūʻiʻo

A scientific kumumanaʻo biogeocoenose i hanaia e Lūkini nä känaka 'epekema Vladimir Sukachev. Ua 'oi aku ka hulina characterization o maoli nenoai, a kaupaona i nā nāʻano likeʻole o ka hana kūleʻa ma waena o nā māhele o ka ke kaiaola: kanu, holoholona, anakahi iki-meaola. No ia mea like no ano o biotic pili i lawelawe 'ia kekahi Lūkiniʻepekema - V. Beklemishev i hōʻike' eha ke ano o ia mau mea. It E e hoʻomaopopo i ka topical pilina - ia mea i loko o kālaikaiaola kekahi o ka loa e like me ke ano o ka hana kūleʻa o maoli liluwelo eiiieaenu. Ka mea, e hookolokoloia e ia ma keia Haawina.

I ka manaʻo o ka eiini?

Ma mua o mākou e makaikai i ka ninau o ke pehea topical paa ana e hana i loko o ka biocenosis, ia mea pono no ka ike lea i ka liluwelo i loko o ka manaʻo o ka eiini?. Ua pili ia i ka loa-na, interconnected pili o kekahi mau meaola e hilinaʻi ana ma ke 'ano o ka hoʻomāhuahua ai kanaka - hoopili aku la. Ka loa pinepine pilikia meaola i loko o kēia kūlana i na mea kanu a me nā holoholona. Lākou e hana ai me ka Kora naʻEsau, ina kanaka o nā laha ', o ka oi aku i ka ai, a me ka palekana. Live specimens pili e inkonsortu endokonsortami i e, no ka laʻana, a 'ole leki ilo - ilo Style a me nā kānaka. Ekokonsorty - meaola e noho ana ma luna o ka honua (i ke kanaka, i ka Kora naʻEsau o, no kekahi laʻana, sweeper iʻa, noho i ke kino o ka mano).

Inā ka mea, kēlā wā i kēia wā e hele mai me ka inkonsortom i loko o ka leo, ka mea i kapaʻia ekzokonsortami (e like me ka meli nalo meli o kaʻohiʻanaʻapapane, mai kekahi mea kanu? Ueo).

Trophic a topical ma muli o ia mau consortia

Inā ka Kernel ua poe e kekahi kino, ka mea, ua kapaʻia he kaiāulu kanaka, a ina i ka pau heluna paha o na elele a pau na? Ueony, alaila, ua eiini? Kapa o ka heluna kanaka. Trophic a topical palapala ana oi loa aku hoi koke i loko o kanaka ma ka sinuzialnoy eiini?. Ma keia hihia, he hoʻokahi ecobiomorphs - pae autotrophic meaola o nā mea kanu o ka like anatomical a me physiological 'ano a me ka noho like abiotic ana. No ka laʻana, he pae o lōpū ona mau-puni kanu Māhele gymnosperms - conifers (kaa, spruce, larch), ulu i loko o ka hoʻomaopopo like ele ele - kaianoho koholā 'ano apau loa sinuzialnuyu eiini?.

Nā hana o Beklemisheva

No ka hōʻike o ka luna 'a me nā meaola a pau Pilina i kupu i loko o biogeocoenose haawi māhele hoʻoponoponoʻana o Kamehameha o? Ueo pili i kekahi i kekahi, Lūkini nä känaka' epekema Beklemishev noi topical kamailio ana o ka makahiki. Ano he kumu hoʻohālike ka hōʻikeʻana i ko lakou ho okumu, e hōʻike i kekahi meaola aloha ia 'ē aʻe ma muli o ka loli ma? Aneie aʻe. E like me ka mea nä känaka 'epekema i mai la, i ka hopena o ka topical pili' o Randy hoʻoikaika kino abiotic aʻe o ke kaiapuni,ʻo ia hoʻi, ke kahua o ka meaola e ola ana o kekahi mau 'physico-Nine Inch kūlana no ke ola ana o na kanaka o kekahi? Ueo. Penei, i ke kālā no 'epekema ka manaʻo o topical nā loulou Beklemishev hoʻolauna. No laila, i loko o freshwater biocoenosis - ke Lake, kekahi e hiki ke helu hou ma mua o 125 examples o topical pili o nā mea kanu a me nā holoholona.

No ka laʻana, 'ano dragonfly Luetke hoolakolako hua i loko o ka lau parenchyma wai mea kanu e like me arrowhead, yellow wai-lilia, a me kanaka laha' pua - ka malalo o ka lau maka o ka mea ia mea kanu. Wai meaola i noho ma ka freshwater o ic ??,ʻano nui hoʻohana mea kanu like me ka kūpapakū no ka malama ana o ka hua a me ka hanai ana i ka larvae a me ka makua kanaka o ka hookahi? Ueo - wai meaola noho ma luna o ka lau, kumu a me ka aa o ka wai mea kanu - nā hoʻohua.

Ke kūlana o nā mea kanu ma ka kahua o topical loulou

flora 'elele e ho okumu i ole wale walaʻauʻana rula no ke ola o nā meaola, akā, ka mea, ia lakou iho i' Imi ho ololi i ka abiotic aʻe. No laila, mahalo i ka nui nahele o Tropical a me ka Siberian ka ululāʻau noho ma ka nui helu o ka meaola i loko o kēia mau mau mea i loko o ka kūikawā microclimate hana-photosynthetic mea kanu.

Ua Ua wehewehe aku ma ka oi oluolu ka mahana a pau e pono ai humidity. Kēia mea, he maikaʻi ia ma luna o ke ola o mammals, manu a me nā mea kolo - me ka poʻe e noho lā ma ka Tropical nani a me ka taiga. Topical pilina, examples mākou no i i manaoia ma luna, paipai i ka mea pāʻani he nui kūlana i loko o maoli me kona pono, a me ka trophic hana kūleʻa.

Ka pilina ma waena o meaola i loko o ka Arctic biocenosis

maoli eiiieaena o ka Arctic ana këia Mea kūʻiʻo hoihoi e pili ana i ka topical loulou ke alakai. Ma ka pūnāwai a hiki i ka tundra, a ma luna o nā mokupuni o ka Arctic Ocean lele i ka nui helu o ka moana manu: guillemots, eiders, guillemots. Ka mea, e manu panalāʻau. I ka wā o ka hua-ka hoomoe ana (ka hopena o May - i kakahiaka nui June) manu kūlana 'i ka pali, e noho ana ma ka hanauʻanuʻu e kokoke loa ana i kekahi i kekahi. Hoalauna waterfowl mea, he pono ole Moana - ka keʻokeʻo pueo.

Lakou i hānai wale kā lākou mau keiki guillemots a me murres, akā, i mālama i ka holoʻokoʻa ?? eoi? O aiacayueony waterfowl mai ho'āhewa wale na alopeke, a me Moana. Topical pilina, examples mākou no i i manaoia ma luna, he hoʻonui i ke ola ana o na kanaka o okoa laha 'e noho ana i loko o ka loa climatic rula o ka Arctic ciia.

Hiʻona o ka ho okumu ana o topical pili ma ka biocenosis taiga

B. Beklemisheva Pilikanaka ka mea, ua maopopo i ke kumu o ka topical pili ma waena o meaola mea e hoʻololi i ka mea kiko'î o ke ola ana o na kanaka o ka ua laha 'like me ka hopena o ka ha awina o meaola o'ē aʻe? Ueo. No ka laʻana, mau mea o ka Siberian tidara (Siberian kedera) o Laielohelohe nui o na kamaaina o ka taiga: squirrels, chipmunk, sable, a, o ka papa, okoa? Ueo o ka manu. Kekahi o ia mau mea - ka nutcracker. Kanaka o keia? Ueo i brightly nā pōpō i ka nuku manu lōʻihi, a heʻoiʻoi. Ka mea,ʻai nō ma ka tidara hua pisetakia, a hoahu ia ma lalo o kekahi papa o ka limu taiga. Hoopoina e pili ana i kēia mau lako, manu he hoʻonui ai i ka laha ana o ka loa waiwai? Ueo - Siberian kedera.

Ano o ka pili ma o ka meaola i loko o deciduous nahele

Mākou aʻo topical pilina, examples o ke kahua a mākou i nānā 'ia ma o nā kaiaola o ka Arctic a me Taiga, e e kāpili ina mākou e e loaʻa mai i ka mea i kēia mau' ana ma ke i ka io nui. No laila, ma ka lāʻauʻoka nahele noho ma ka mea uuku Hymenoptera - ka laau awaawa, wasps. Kona ovipositor wahine hou i ka ili o ka lāʻauʻoka lau, a injected i loko o ka parenchyma o ka hua. Larvae e hoʻomoe mai ia allocates tuha, ma lalo a he mea'āno'ē ka hoʻonuiʻana o ka pepa, i kapaia o "ka laau awaawa,". Ma ka mea, i ka larva ua pono hoomaluia e ku e na mea he nui enemi, akā, i ka mea kanu iho ho'ēmi i kā photosynthetic haʻawina, e like me ka lau i loli ana i larvae o ka pest.

Topical kamaʻilio 'ia ma waena o meaola - hydrobionts

A ma ko laʻana o ka hana kūleʻa, i kēia mau Lūkini epekema Beklemishev - topical, hiki ke malama i ka nui haʻawina o kekahi laha 'o ka iʻa, ka inoa "cleaners" ma ka ili o ke kino o ke mele wai ola - mano a me nā'ō koholā. No ka laʻana, i kēiaʻano o ka like wrasse, a me kekahi laha 'o meaola shrimp, he la ia i kahu loa e noho ana ma mehana moana. Manōʻili ua pinepine poino a Whales parasitic invertebrate, e laʻa me, sandhoppers, isopods. Ai ia lakou, cleaners wale nō kā lākou mau "nā mea mālama mai" mai infectious mai, kena ae la ia e pathogenic ili parasites. Penei kekahi? Ueo e lilo i kanaka o nā laha 'ole wale ai AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN, akā, i pili kona pūnao, e like me ka mea nui i hana'.

Hōʻuluʻulu i me ka wiwo ole i ka topical pilina, examples, a me ke kahua o ka a mākou nānā 'ana i kēia' atikala i ka luna 'a me nā' ano o nā hana kūleʻa mākou ke olelo - nā kauoha a me kaʻauhau'ēʻaʻe waena o kanaka o okoa laha 'i loko o nā kaiaola maoli - biocenoses.