Cell: i ka mana a me ka 'ole. Ke kumukuai o ka mana keena. Ano he kumu hoʻohālike o ka mana keena

Ua hookupaa Hoikehonua, mana haʻawina i ka halepaahao i ka luna 'mall, a ooieoeiiaeuiiai pa alima o ka aneane pau meaola e ola ana, koe wale nā mea hoʻomaʻi, i mea ole-ke kelepona hele ola' ano apau loa. Cytology haʻawina o ka 'ole a me ke kelepona hele aayoaeuiinoe: ka hanu, no kou kino, nā'ōlelo, ulu. Mau keʻano o ka hanaʻana, e e kūkākūkā i loko o keia pepa.

ke kelepona hele 'ole

Ma ka hoʻohana 'ana i ka malamalama, a me ka huina'ine microscope biologists ua loaʻa ia mea kanu a me ka holoholona keena ilokoʻilikai mokuna (nadmembrannye a me ka submembrane eiiieaenu), cytoplasm a me organelles. Ma holoholona keena ma luna o kaʻili lahilahi mea glycocalyx i loaʻa nā'ūhū a me ka hoolako aeea mana mawaho o ka cytoplasm. I kanu keena, prokaryotes (koʻohune a me cyanobacteria) a me fungi ma luna o kaʻili lahilahi ua hana o ka halepaahao pa, a he o kelulose, lignin paha murein.

Ke Kernel Ua OAXA organelle o eukaryotes. He He hereditary mea - DNA me ka palapala chromosomes. Koʻohune a cyanobacteria pihaʻi me nucleoid, e hana e like me ka lawe ana o deoxyribonucleicʻakika. I mai la lakou a pau hana pololei kekahi kuleana pili i, e kauoha ana metabolic ke kelepona hele keʻano o ka hanaʻana.

He aha e mākou aha ma ka manawa "aeea ai"

Life hoikeana aeee i mea akā, me ka hoololiia ana o ka ikaika a me ka hoʻololi 'ia mai' ano kekahi i kekahi (e like me ke kānāwai mua o thermodynamics). Ikehu, Aia i loko o nā māhuaola i loko o ka huna, 'ole. E. paa moku'āina hele i loko o ATP nā lātoma. Ma ka ninau o ka mana keena ma ka kālaimeaola, he mea ka pane e lawe i ka mooolelo o ka kēia postulates:

1. A aeea me ka hamama liluwelo nenoai pono i kekahi mau pele o ka ikaika, mai ka kaiapuni.
2. Ke aloha 'ona i i koi' ia no ka mana, ka halepaahao hiki ke loaa i loko o nāʻaoʻao:

he) mai ka extracellular meakino, ma ke ano o ka hoomakaukau i huiʻia;

b) kū kaʻawale synthesizing nā polokina, carbohydrates a me nā bipi kūpaluʻia, mai o carbon dioxide, ammonia, etc.

Nolaila, ua māheleʻia nā meaola i loko o ka heterotrophic a me ka autotrophic pūnao i nā hiʻona haʻawina biochemistry.

Pūnao a me ka Energy

Ke aloha 'ona komo i ka halepaahao undergo cleavage, a ma ikehu ua hoʻokuʻuʻia i loko o ka palapala o ka ATP a NADP-h2. Ka holoʻokoʻa 'ia paha o nā reactions o kaʻaluna, a dissimilation - ka mea, o ka pūnao. Aia ma lalo mākou e nānā i nā kuʻina o ka ikehu pūnao, ka hoʻolako 'kino heterotrophic keena. Mua, ua hoohioloia nā polokina, carbohydrates, a me lipids i loko o kā lākou mau monomers:'amino nāʻakika, monakō koko, glycerol a me ka momoma nāʻakika. A laila, i loko o ka oxygen ma-noa digestion, ka mea e malalo iho i hou ka palaho (anaerobic digestion).

Ma keia hele ana malaila ua mana intracellular parasites rickettsia, chlamydia, a me pathogenic koʻohune e like me Clostridium. Unicellular fungus-hū hoʻopili monakō koko e ethanol, lacticʻakika koʻohune - i lacticʻakika. Penei, glycolysis, ka waiʻona, butyric, lacticʻakika fermentation - kēia mau mea examples o ka mana keena like me ka hopena o anaerobic digestion ma heterotrophs.

Autotrophic a me hiʻona o ka metabolic keʻano o ka hanaʻana

No ka meaola e noho ana ma ka Honua, me ka papa kuhikuhiE ikehu kumu o ka la. Mahalo iā ia, me ka pono o ka poʻe e noho lā o ko mākou Honua. Kekahi o ia i synthesized māhuaola aie a hiki i ka malamalama ikehu, ua kapaia phototrophic mea. Na mea e ae - a me ke kōkua o ka ikaika o redox reactions, e kapaia ka mea, chemotroph. I hookahi-aa? Līoho aeea kino, kiʻi o ka a ua hōʻike mai iā ia ma lalo, e photosynthetically.

Green kanu pihaʻi me chlorophyll, i ka hapa o ka chloroplast. me he kukuna, ka hopu quanta o ka malamalama He lawelawe. Ka malamalama a me ka pouli kūlana o ka kāʻamaʻai 'ia enzymatic naoh (Kelvin kalapona), i ka hopena o i mea no ka ho okumu ana o carbon dioxide mai o ke aloha' ona i hoʻohana no ka ai ana. Nolaila, he aeea kona mana mea ku pono i ke ano o ka malamalama ikehu, haawiia autotrophic paha phototrophic.

Unicellular meaola kapa hemosintetikami, no ke kahua o ke aloha 'ona ka hoʻohana' ana i ka ikehu oku u ma Nine Inch reactions, e laʻa me, i huiʻia o ka hao koʻohune oxidize ferrous hao i ka ferric, a me ka hookuu ikehu hele i ka hoʻololi kemikala o ka monakō koko nā lātoma.

Penei, o ka Hawaii photo-kemikala meaola paʻa malamalama ikehu, a hoohuli ia i loko o ka ikehu covalent mono- a me polysaccharides. A laila, ma nā loulou o ka ai kaulahao ikehu ua hoololiia i na keena o heterotrophic meaola. Ma nā hua'ōlelo, hoalohaloha aku i ka kāʻamaʻai, ma laila nō nā mea a pau i ka mall hehee wale o ka biosphere. Mākou ke olelo aku i na keena e mana ke hele autotrophic ala, "i hanai" i wale ia ia iho, aka, i ka poʻe e noho ana a pau o ka Honua Honua.

Like heterotrophic meaola hanai

Keena i hooluolu ana hilinaʻi nui i loaʻa i loko ona ke aloha waiwai, mai ka mea mawaho i hoʻolilo 'ia, i kapaʻia heterotrophic. Meaola e like me fungi, holoholona, kanaka, a me ka parasitic koʻohune e wawahi ia carbohydrates, nā polokina a me nā bipi kūpaluʻia me ke kōkua o digestive nā'ūhū.

A laila, e ke kemu ka kūpono monomers ma ka halepaahao, a hoʻohana 'ia e kūkulu kona organelles a me ke ola. Mea hoʻoheheʻe ka mahuaola komo i ka halepaahao ma ka pinocytosis, a paa ka ai (particles) - phagocytosis. Heterotrophic meaola hiki ke maheleia i saprotroph a me parasites. Ka mua (e like, lepo koʻohune, fungi, kekahi nā mea kolo)ʻai i make ke aloha mea, a me ka hope (koʻohune, ilo, parasitic fungi) - keena a me nā'aʻaʻa o ola meaola.

Mixotrophy, kā lākou mau makana i loko o ke ano maoli

Hui ai ma ke ano maoli, ua hala loa pohihihi a me ka mea i palapala kila (idioadaptatsy) i na aneie aʻe. I ka papa kuhikuhiE ano mixotrophic - o ke alo ma ka keena a me organelles i loaʻa ka chlorophyll no kāʻamaʻai a me ka'ūhū nenoai e hoohiolo no ia i makaukau ka mahuaola e hele mai ana, mai ka kaiapuni. No ka laʻana, he hookahi-aa? Holoholona euglena uliuli a pau he hyaloplasm chromatophores me ka chlorophyll.

A hiki i ka? Aieeeua, kahi o ka noho euglena, pono ho'āʻia, ka mea i hanai i ka mea kanu, oa. E. Autotrophically ma kāʻamaʻai. E like me ka hopena o ka carbon dioxide mai ua synthesized monakō koko, i mea o ka halepaahao, a hoʻohana 'ia e like me ka ai. euglena mana po heterotrophically a pipili ke aloha 'ona ma nā'ūhū aia i loko o ka digestive vacuoles. Penei, mixotrophic mana keena, kńnaka manaoio i ka maopopo ana o ke kuʻikahi, o ke kumu o nā mea kanu a me nā holoholona.

aeea ka ulu a me kona pili me ka trophico

Mahuahua ka lōʻihi, nuipa a, ka leo, e like me ka kino a pau a me kona nā loko a me nā'aʻaʻa, kapa ulu. He hiki ole e me ka ikaika lako hou o māhuaola i na keena e lawelawe me ka ālai 'hale. E kiʻi i ka pane ana i ka ninau o ana i ka ulu aeee i ia lŘlŘ autotrophic kino, ia mea pono e möakäka hou mai paha ka mea, o ka kūʻokoʻa kino a me ka hapa o ka mall pa alima o ka multicellular kanaka. Ma ka hihia mua, i ka ulu e e hana i ka interphase o ka halepaahao pōʻaiapuni. Ua hoʻomaka koke keʻano o ka hanaʻana ea pūnao ana. me ke alo o ka ai, e hele mai ana, mai ka mea mawaho i hoʻolilo 'ia mana heterotrophic meaola correlatively pili. Ulu ana o kekahi multicellular meaola ia lŘlŘ hopena ma ka ho'ā hope o biosynthetic hoʻonaʻauao nā'aʻaʻa, e like me ka prevalence o ka lāʻau anabolic keʻano o ka hanaʻana, catabolic reactions luna.

Kūlana o ka o oxygen i loko o ka ai heterotrophic keena

Aerobic meaola: kekahi koʻohune, fungi, holoholona a me nā poʻe hana i oxygen no ka piha digestion o ka mahuaola e like me monakō koko i ke kalapona'okikene lua a me ka wai (Krebs pōʻaiapuni). Ua lŘlŘ i loko o ka'ōpū mai mitochondrial i loaʻa i ka enzymatic'ōnaehana H + -ATP-ase, a synthesizes he lātoma o ATP mai ADP. Ma prokaryotic meaola, e like me aerobic koʻohune a me cyanobacteria, oxygen ma dissimilation anu u ia lŘlŘ i ka wai kokoʻili lahilahi o aeee.

Specificity lako hou i ka gametes

Ma hakakino kālaimeaola a me ka cytology aeea mana hiki ke pokole i ho'ākāka 'ia e like me ke kaʻina puka mai pau ka mahuaola, kā lākou hoʻololi kemikala a me ka cleavage o kekahi mau dala o ka ikaika i loko o ke ano o ATP nā lātoma. Trophism gametes: pio a me ka sperm, ka mea, i kekahi 'ano pili me ka specificity kiʻekiʻe o ko lākou mau hana. He oi loa oiaio o ka wahine reproductive keena, puʻe wale akula kēlā e loaa i ka nui lako o ka mahuaola,ʻano nui i loko o ka palapala o ka hua yolk.

Ma hope o fertilization, ka mea, e hana ia no ka palaoa a me ka ho okumu ana o ka embryo. Ke spermatozoa i maturation (spermatogenesis) ua loaa ke aloha waiwai, mai Sertoli keena, aia i loko o ka seminiferous tubules. Penei, nāʻano o nā gametes i ke kiʻekiʻe metabolic ana, i mea hiki no i kaʻeleu halepaahao trophic.

Ke kūlana o ka mea pōhaku kino

metabolic keʻano o ka hanaʻana i hiki ole me ka influx o cations a me anions mea e mai i ka mea pōhaku paʻakai. No ka laʻana, pono no ka kāʻamaʻai makanekiuma ion, no ka enzymatic nenoai mitochondria - potasiuma Ion a me kalipuna, e malama i buffering nona iho hyaloplasm - i ke alo o ka paʻakai Ion e like me kalepona anionsʻakika. Pāʻoihana o ka mea pōhaku paʻakai komo i ka halepaahao ma ka pinocytosis a maholahune ma ka halepaahaoʻili lahilahi. Mea pōhaku kino hoʻomaopop 'ana i loko o nā autotrophic a me ka heterotrophic keena.

E hōʻuluʻulu manaʻo, ua ike makou i ka waiwai o ka mana keena nui maoli, mai kēia kaʻina hiki aku ai i ke kahua o ka hale i nā puke (carbohydrates, i ka momona, a me nā polokina) o ke kalapona'okikene lua i loko o autotrophic meaola. Heterotrophic keena hanai ma ke aloha waiwai i hanaʻia ma muli o autotrophs hope. Ke kūpono ikehu ka mea, hana no nā'ōlelo, ulu, ka noi, a me nā pōʻino keʻano o ka hanaʻana.